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Islets of Langerhans(Image from: http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diabetes1.htm)
• groups of cells in the pancreas
• beta cells produce insulin
• alpha cells produce glucagon
Diabetes Mellitus
• insufficient production or use of insulin
• without insulin, blood sugar levels rise quickly after eating (hyperglycemia)
• because glucose is eliminated in urine, body uses protein & fat as energy source
Adrenal Glands(Image from: http://images.yourdictionary.com/adrenal-gland)
• adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
• adrenal cortex produces 3 different types of hormones
Adrenal Cortex
• glucocorticoids– group of hormones designed to keep blood
glucose levels high (in times of stress)
• mineralocorticoids– group of hormones that regulate salt-water
balance (such as aldosterone)
• sex hormones
Puberty in Males
• hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• activates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
• FSH acts on seminiferous tubules to increase sperm-production; LH acts on interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Female Reproductive System(Image from: http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/female-reproductive-system-overview)
Female Reproductive Cycle(Image on next slide from: http://all-nurses.blogspot.com/2011/05/menstrual-cycle.html)
• hypothalamus releases GnRH
• causes anterior pituitary to release FSH
• FSH acts on ovaries and causes follicular development
• follicle releases estrogen, which causes thickening of uterine wall and feeds back to inhibit FSH release