O.Dinesh kumar

Tlvs MurthyM. Abhishekby

Prof. Nagaraju

Introduction

Climate

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

BUILDING FORM - VENTILATION

Example

Conclusion

Reference

INDEX

The architecture that has developed in arid zones of the middle east have had consistent and deep-rooted building techniques which promote passive climatic conditioning of their environments to provide shelter and comfort from their natural environment of hot arid deserts.

Contemporary design of homes in hot arid desert conditions have much to learn from the great history and development of city planning, building form and construction methods of the past

INTRODUCTION

The general characteristics of climate plateau plains are as follows:

•hot dry weather in summer and cold in winter •very little rainfall •very low humidity •very low vegetation cover •high temperature difference between night and day • the desert and desert areas , combined with wind and dust

CLIMATE

Ductility and implementation of urban and rural living conditions with natural factors and the use of these agents in very adverse weather conditions in these areas, is considerable. Dare to be expressed in one very important achievement in the implementation of our traditional architecture and provide a suitable living environment in arid regions and is without water and grass.

General urban and rural areas is as follows:•very dense urban and rural •urban area completely surrounded bynarrow alleys and irregular and sometimes covered with a vault •buildings joined together •the establishment of biological collections according to sun and wind

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

• very dense urban and rural

• Kashan is a city in Iran that located in hot anr dry area.

KashanKashan

• urban area completely surrounded by narrow alleys and irregular and sometimes covered with a vault

• buildings joined together

The traditional courtyard house, which has become the indigenous urban and rural standardin the Kashan, has developed from many civilizations. The courtyard house typology with surroundingrooms is the most basic response to the hot arid climatic regions.Surrounding roomsenclose the outdoor space with often only the depth of one room. In urban settings, the courtyardhouse is completely bounded by the wings of the house, and in more rural and farm situations ononly one or two sides. The form of the courtyard is deliberately regular and contained. The

BUILDING FORM - VENTILATION

surrounding principle rooms also display regularity and respect to the courtyard geometry. Verylittle architectural distinction is made between social and sleeping quarters. Internal circulation isoften through the courtyard or colonnades which border the courtyard. Service spaces such askitchen, toilets, storage, and workspaces are tucked into corners. These spaces are sometimesawkward in geometry and are not intended to be representational of the overall architecturalspaces within the home. The hotter the climate, the taller the proportions are for the courtyard.In very hot arid areas, multi-story courtyards are not uncommon. This increases the shaded areaof the courtyard and makes for a cooler microclimate

The nature of the courtyard is of a domestic garden where children can play, adults can gather, and friends can lounge and visit. Courtyards commonly display vegetation and or a water feature.

Openings of adjacent rooms are often biased towards the interior courtyard with little or no openings to the exterior surface of the building. This attitude suggests an introverted typology of building design that protects its inhabitants from wind, sand, sun, and strangers outside. I n hot arid zones, the function of light, ventilation, and view are difficult to achieve in one window opening. For this reason, these functions are separated. In order for an opening to provide for air movement, it must be small which however, reduces natural lighting for the room. This is whywind towers, called Badgirs, are made which serve the sole purpose of air movement.

Wind captured at the top of the tower has less solid material such as sand and is cooler and stronger than at ground level. Houses are commonly constructed with one or two wind towers often rising 15m above grade. Towers allow cool air passing across the sky to be caught and brought down through enclosed rooms at and below grade.

Boroujerdiha House In Kashan

Wind towers are either open on all four sides or just two depending on whether the cold winds from the north are isolated.

Wind velocity at this height is generally 1.5 times the velocity of that at 1m above ground level.

Boroujerdiha House In Kashan

Boroujerdiha House In Kashan . This part had been used in winter

Boroujerdiha House In Kashan . This part had been used in summer

ABASSIAN houseUsing light color fao external and internal surface

ABASSIAN houselighting in interior space

Boroujerdiha house Using light color for external surface And using vegitation for reduce the heat

Boroujerdiha houseUsing water for make evaporationAnd court yard

Plan and section through a Persian house showing a unidirectional badgir which is open to cool breezes from thenorth but rejects the hot winds from the south. A vacuum at the mouth of the badgir pulls cool air into the rooms from thepatio

Wind Mud or mud brick is the most common building material used to make the thick walls of the hot arid zone buildings. These walls were often 400 to 800mm in thickness. The mud mixtures often included earth, soil, dry vegetation, and stone aggregate. Specific climatic conditions of humidity, soil, and sun produced the need for varying techniques of mud structure construction. In the ‘puddled’ form technique, earth material is placed in a form with water and layered upon itself to form a laminated wall. The addition of rocks and boulders provides strength and reenforcement,to the construction of the wall. The ‘wattle and daub’ technique used a crude armature of light framework built of sticks and wood to serve as both formwork and reinforcing, for mud to be placed within and around the structure. The rammed earth technique is often employed to make mud bricks in areas where water is not readily available to form ‘puddled mud’.Short walls or brick forms are filled with damp, and not wet, mud with earth placed between them .The moist mixture is then compacted with a mallet or tamp until the maximum density is achieved. In order for this technique to work, long periods of hot, dry weather are required to allow for the rammed earth to dry and strengthen.

The building techniques of the hot arid climatic zones, developed over a long history ofconstruction, have progressed to promote passive climatic conditioning to protect inhabitants fromtheir harsh environments. Those ideas and techniques of city planning, building form, andconstructions methods offer great insight to the contemporary designer of Middle Eastern desert.

Conclusion