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What to Do and How to Do it: A Guide for
Energy-Efficient Living
May 2011
Edited by the Japan Center for Climate Change Actions
(Editorial assistance provided by Japan’s Ministry of the Environment)
Household Edition
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Basic Facts about this Year’s Power Shortage
2.1 How Large will the Power Shortage be this Summer? 2
2.2 “When” and “Where” is Electricity Used? 3
2.3 “When” Should Power be Conserved? 4
2.4 Where in the House is Electricity Used? 5
3. Effective Ways of Saving Power: Power Saving 21 for the Summer 6
4. Let’s Get Down to Details
4.1 Things to be Careful of: Power Saving and Risks
(1) Air Conditioning and Heat Stroke 7
(2) Refrigerators and Food Deterioration 8
4.2 Save More Power Using a Multi-Pronged Approach 9
4.3 A Power Saving Simulation: A Model of 15% Power Savings 10
1
1. Introduction
We would like to extend our heartfelt condolences to all those who were affected by the Great
East Japan Earthquake.
Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) continues to be unable to supply sufficient electric
power due to the impact of the disaster, which resulted in suspended operations at many
power plants. Moreover, a massive power shortage is anticipated as we enter the summer
months, which are the most power-intensive of the whole year.
TEPCO is striving to increase power supply through a variety of methods. However, supply
remains inadequate, and both industry and households are being asked to curtail energy usage.
At present, roughly 30% of electric power is used by households. This means that not only
can you help with the power shortage by cutting down on power consumption at home, but
you can also contribute, even slightly, to preventing air pollution and carbon dioxide
greenhouse emissions in exhaust gases from thermal power plants.
We have heretofore worked to save energy in the household sector in order to build a
“low-carbon society” that does not emit carbon dioxide that causes global warming. We are
now striving to leverage this experience through joint action so that you can save power using
effective methods.
We have created this manual to enable you to reduce energy consumption via effective
methods so that you can enjoy the summer in somewhat cleaner air and free from worries
about power outages. Please read through it. Finally, rather than making your energy-saving
changes just something you will do specially for this summer, let them spur lasting
power-saving efforts that will reach into the future and contribute to the prevention of global
warming.
May 13, 2011
Joint Action Committee on Energy Saving, TEPCO Service Area Center for Climate Change
Actions
2
2. Basic Facts about this Year’s Power Shortage
2.1 How Large will the Power Shortage be this Summer?
TEPCO predicts it will be able to supply somewhere between 55,200,000 kW and 56,200,000
kW this summer.1
So how much power will be required? The following graph shows an estimate of hourly
power supply on the day this summer on which TEPCO power will be used the most. The
peak is from around 9:00 to around 20:00, reaching a maximum of about 60,000,000 kW of
power consumption.
In other words, if the temperature rises this summer like it did last summer and a similar
amount of power is used, there will be a predicted electricity shortage of approximately
5,000,000 kW.
*1
Electricity Supply-Demand Emergency Response Headquarters, Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry; document released on May 13, 2011
Electricity Supply-Demand Emergency Response Headquarters, Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry; document released on May 13, 2011
Estimate by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
[Daily Power Demand in Summer
(Day of Maximum Demand)]
Ten
s of
thousa
nds
of
kW
Time of day
Total demand
Households
3
2.2 “When” and “Where” is Electricity Used?
From May into the summer, electric power consumption gradually increases, and in recent
years the period from July through September has been when the most power was used during
the year.
Moreover, at present, 31% of the power produced in Japan is used in households.
Power Usage during the Year
(Maximum Power Consumption by Month)
Power Demand on Peak Days Last Year (Estimated)
1988年度
2001年度
2008年度 2009年度
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月11月12月 1月 2月 3月
(万kW)
1988年度
2001年度
2008年度 2009年度
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月11月12月 1月 2月 3月
(万kW)
Modified from View of TEPCO by Numerical Tables, FY2010
Source: How to Reliably Avoid Power Outages in the Summer: Power Saving
Activities in the Household Sector Hold the Key
News release by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. (April 21, 2011)
(Tens of thousands of kW)
FY2001
FY2008 FY2009
FY1988
Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
59,990,000 kW
Industry
Businesses
Households
Time of day
Ten
s of
thousa
nds
of
kW
4
2.3 “When” Should Power be Conserved?
In the peak period from 9:00 to 20:00 when the most power is used on summer days, thermal
power plants fueled by oil and gas were drawn on heavily even before the Fukushima Daiichi
(No. 1) and Daini (No. 2) Nuclear Power Plants were shut down. The electricity produced by
the thermal power plants at night is also used to draw up water for hydroelectric power, and
the water is in turn used by pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants to produce power in
the daytime.
This means that by saving power in the summer from 9:00 to 20:00, we can reduce the
amount of oil used in power generation, thereby contributing somewhat to cleaner air and
helping to prevent global warming. Furthermore, by conserving energy even after the peak
ends at 20:00, the nighttime power can be used for hydroelectric power as reserve energy for
daytime peak demand.
Daily Power Generation by Time Period
Source: View of TEPCO by Numerical Tables, FY2010
General hydroelectric
power Reservoir type
Balancing reservoir type
Pumped
hydroelectric power
Oil
Power for
pumping
Daily demand
curve
LNG, LPC, and other
gases
Coal
Nuclear
General hydroelectric power (run-off-river)
(Time of day)
5
2.4 Where in the House is Electricity Used?
In households, much electricity is used in air conditioners, refrigerators, lighting, and
televisions. The time when the most power is used is around 21:00. Since the overall peak
period of power consumption (see pg. 3) is from around 9:00 to around 20:00, households can
reduce power usage especially during the peak after 16:00 by striving to conserve energy.
Power Consumption in Households by Use
Graph of Average Daily Household Power Load by Use
(Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Summer 2005, Weekdays)
(Source: Overview of Power Demand (Estimates for
FY2003), Agency for Natural Resources and
Energy, FY2004)
Note: This is an estimate of yearly power
consumption.
Analysis of survey on power and hot water demand structure and its response to air temperature and daily
load characteristics within the Tokyo metropolitan area
Modified from Research Report Y08054 (October 2009), Socio-Economic Research Center, Central
Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
(Source: Electricity Supply-Demand Emergency
Response Headquarters, Ministry of Economy, Trade
and Industry, document released on May 13, 2011;
estimate by the Agency for Natural Resources and
Energy; figures assume day of maximum demand)
Others
Air
conditioner
Refrigerator
Lighting
Television
Heated carpet
Warm-water cleansing toilet seat
Clothes dryer
Dishwasher/dryer
What household appliances use a lot of
power?
Air
conditioner
Refrigerator
Television
Lighting
Warm-water cleansing toilet
seat
Computer
Standby
power
Others
Total washing machine
Total information-related
devices
Total audio/video-related
devices
Total television
Total microwave oven
Total dishwasher
Total refrigerator
Total air conditioner
Others (lighting, etc.)
6
3. Effective Ways of Saving Power: Power Saving 21 for the Summer
The following Power Saving 21 list for the summer summarizes energy-saving measures that
are effective in curtailing morning and nighttime power usage in households. The list seeks to
recommend actions that are sustainable because they can be taken without inconvenience, and
that do not cost very much.
Power Saving 21 for the Summer
Area Type No. Countermeasure
Exterior
Heat
shielding,
insulation,
etc.
1 Apply a heat-insulation sheet with air layer to the windows (or
install inner windows)
2 Hang a reed screen or bamboo blinds outside
3 Sprinkle leftover bathwater around the outside of the house in the
morning and evening
Living
Air
conditioner
4 Make use of electric and hand fans
5 Set the air conditioner to 28°C
6 Close curtains/blinds when using the air conditioner
7 Gather family members in one room while using the air conditioner
8 Clean the filter on the air conditioner (about twice a month)
9 Limit the time of air conditioner use as much as possible (turn off
one hour before sleeping, and so on)
10 Make the air conditioning space smaller by closing doors and
sliding doors while the air conditioner is in use
Lighting
11 Replace incandescent light bulbs with fluorescent or LED bulbs
12 Limit the length of time during which lighting is used as much as
possible
Television 13
Reduce television viewing time (rather than just leaving the TV on,
limit it to the specific programs you want to watch, and so on)
14 Adjust the television screen so that it is not too bright
Kitchen
Keeping
warm 15 Do not use the hot-holding function on electric pots
Cooking 16 Do not use the hot-holding function on rice cookers
Refrigerator
17 Leave an appropriate amount of space between the refrigerator and
the wall, and do not place objects around or on top of it
18 Change the refrigerator setting from high to medium
19 Organize the refrigerator and limit the time that the door is open
Washing Dryer 20 Do not use clothes dryers or the drying function on washers
Others Standby
power 21
Reduce standby power consumption by unplugging or turning off
the power source for electric devices after use
Prepared by the Japan Network for Climate Change Actions
7
4. Let’s Get Down to Details
4.1 Things to be Careful of: Power Saving and Risks
(1) Air Conditioning and Heat Stroke
“Heat stroke” (from hydration or sodium imbalances in the body, or from overheating)
can result merely from going about your daily activities indoors when the air
conditioning is reduced and the room temperature rises above 28°C. Heat stroke can
cause mild symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and muscle cramps, as well as
serious symptoms such as disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, and motor
disorders of the limbs. Care must be taken especially for the elderly and children, as
well as those who have impaired heart or kidney function and those who do not feel
well, since such persons may be unable to adjust their body temperature effectively and
hence prone to heat stroke.
<Preventive Measures>
• Drink water frequently and supplement with salt carefully
• Circulate room air by opening windows to let in the breeze, using fans, or using the
fan function on air conditioners
• Make sure the room temperature does not get too high
• Gradually acclimate to the higher temperatures
<Emergency Measures if Heat Stroke Occurs>
• Call an ambulance if someone loses consciousness or gives odd responses
• Cool the room, loosen clothing, and assume a relaxed position (if you go pale, lie
down with your feet elevated)
• Cool your body: after applying cold compresses to your neck, underarms, and base
of thighs, wipe lukewarm or room-temperature water on all your skin (because cold
water will not evaporate easily and will cause the blood vessels to constrict, limiting
its effectiveness in cooling you off)
• If the person is clearly conscious, rehydrate (0.2% saline (put about half a pinch of
salt in 100 mL of water), sports drink, oral fluid replacement, or similar)
• If the person gives odd responses or feels nauseous, cannot rehydrate on their own,
does not recover immediately, or if you are otherwise unsure what to do, take them
to a medical facility
For reference: 2009 Healthcare Manual for Heatstroke, Ministry of the Environment
8
(2) Refrigerators and Food Deterioration
The overall cooling capacity of refrigerators falls when the outside air temperature is
35°C or more, when there is hot air trapped in the house, when there is not enough open
space above and around the refrigerator, or when the filter on the underside of the
refrigerator is blocked. Under such conditions, food can be damaged when the
temperature in the refrigerator rises due to setting the refrigerator temperature too high,
repeatedly opening and closing the door, packing in too much food, or inserting foods
that are not well cooled.
The following smart ways of using the refrigerator are to be used to prevent food
poisoning and properly manage food items.
<Methods of Use>
• Reduce the time that the refrigerator door is open by deciding what you need to take
out before opening the door
Note: Opening the door for 15 seconds when the room temperature is 30°C raises
the temperature in the refrigerator from 0°C to 18°C. It then takes 10 minutes to
return to the original temperature.
(Source: Routine Instruction Manual, Food Sanitation Instructor (FSI) Routine
Instruction Manual, Japan Food Hygiene Association)
• Use cooling materials to cool hot foods well before putting them into the
refrigerator
• When only using part of a package of a frozen food item, seal the rest and
immediately return it to the freezer
• Organize the refrigerators to that the contents take up 70% of the space or less, as a
rule of thumb
• Place food items in the refrigerator/freezer as soon as you return home from food
shopping
Note: There is no need to place potatoes or root vegetables (burdock, lotus root,
onions, etc.) in the refrigerator.
• Place items you would like to cool the most in the back
Note: The back near the cooling device tends to be colder, while the door shelves
tend to be cooler.
• Wrap or seal items in plastic wrap or plastic bags whenever possible to keep air out
before placing them in the refrigerator
Note: This can prevent degradation from drying out and fat oxidation.
<Maintenance>
• Clean the door gaskets regularly to prevent damage
• Pull out of the filter from the underside and clean it (about once a year; before
summer is effective)
9
Heat-insulating sheet with air layer
*Double-paned glass and inner windows
are even more effective!
Water for sprinkling around the
house
Wind chime
4.2 Save More Power Using a Multi-Pronged Approach
The key to saving power in the house during the summer is to “keep the house cool inside.”
The focus of such measures is to combine (1) blocking out heat (shielding the heat from the
Sun) and (2) insulating (not letting in heat from outside). These measures will reduce the
burden on air conditioners at night. In addition, the temperature around the house can be
lowered by sprinkling the leftover bathwater around the house in the following morning and
evening.
Other techniques, like using wind chimes and pictures with watery scenes, and actively
consume summer vegetables and other foods that have a cooling effect, can reduce sensible
temperature.
Reed screen
* Bamboo blinds or plants (greenery curtains) also work!
Note: Be sure to hang the reed screen outside!
Picture with a watery
scene
Examples of Fruits that
Cool You Off Example of Using a Greenery
Curtain (in Tokyo)
Tomatoes Cucumbers Bananas
Others examples include lettuce,
watermelon, soba noodles, cold tofu,
yoghurt, and milk
10
4.3 A Power Saving Simulations: A Model of 15% Power Savings
Let’s look at methods of reducing electricity consumption by 15% as households are being
urged to do. For example, for the average three-person household in the TEPCO service area,
measures (1) through (4) can be taken. This model enables a 15% reduction in yearly power
consumption, but we believe it is also sufficient as a method of reducing peak consumption
this summer.
Note 1: This model is based on actual reductions conducted at 240 households in the TEPCO
service area in the 2010 Home Eco Diagnosis Project. It estimated emissions due to electricity
usage (1,285 kg-CO2 per year; 3,870.5 kWh per year; 322.5 kWh per month) out of the total
yearly carbon dioxide emissions (5,510 kg-CO2 per year), and calculated the electric power from
TEPCO’s unit emissions (0.332 kg-CO2 per kWh).
Note 2: “kWh” indicates the total amount (area) of
electricity generated and consumed. In contrast, “kW”
indicates the momentary amount (height) of electricity
generated and consumed.
(From document by the Electricity Supply-Demand
Emergency Response Headquarters, Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry)
(1) Save power with focus on air conditioning
• Apply heat-insulating sheets to windows and sashes 14.65 kWH/month
• Increase air conditioner temperature by 1°C 16.25 kWH/month
• Clean the indoor air conditioner filter 3.20 kWH/month
• Adjust the television screen so that it is not too bright 7.42 kWH/month
• Ensure there is space between the refrigerator and the wall 6.77 kWH/month
Total: 48.29 kWh
15.0%
Daily Power
Consumption
kW
(height) kWh (area)
11
(2) Save power with focus on lighting
• Clean the indoor air conditioner filter 3.20 kWH/month
• Replace incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs 26.54 kWH/month
• Reduce the time that lights are on by one hour 3.59 kWH/month
• Adjust the television screen so that it is not too bright 7.42 kWH/month
• Do not use the hot-holding function on rice cookers 9.05 kWH/month
(3) Save power with lifestyle changes and careful actions
• Reduce the time that lights are on by one hour 3.59 kWH/month
• Reduce the time the TV is on by one hour 5.28 kWH/month
• Adjust the television screen so that it is not too bright 7.42 kWH/month
• Do not use the hot-holding function on electric pots 9.87 kWH/month
• Do not use the hot-holding function on rice cookers 9.05 kWH/month
• Ensure there is space between the refrigerator and the wall 6.77 kWH/month
• Cut standby power consumption by unplugging devices 6.98 kWH/month
(4) Save power with purchased items
• Apply heat-insulating sheets to windows and sashes 14.65 kWH/month
• Replace refrigerator with a more energy-efficient one 41.26 kWH/month
• Replace incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs 26.54 kWH/month
• Replace refrigerator with the most recent commercial model 32.84 kWH/month
Total: 49.80 kWh
15.4%
Total: 48.96 kWh
15.2%
Total: 55.91 kWh
17.3%
Total: 59.38 kWh
18.4%
12
5. For More Information (List of Websites for Reference)
<統計資料など>
•エネルギー白書 2010
http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/topics/hakusho/2010energyhtml/index.html
•2009年度エネルギー需給実績(確報)
http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/statistics/jukyu/result-1.htm
•経済産業省電力需給緊急対策本部 http://www.meti.go.jp/earthquake/electricity_supply/0325_electricity_supply.html
•「平成 22年度 数表でみる東京電力」 http://www.tepco.co.jp/corporateinfo/company/annai/shiryou/report/suuhyou/index-j.html
<解説資料など>
•環境省/東日本大震災関連情報/節電対策
http://www.env.go.jp/k/jishin/setsuden.html
•全国地球温暖化防止活動推進センター(JCCCA)―うちエコ診断事業 ―
http://www.jccca.org/about/works/works01.html
•(財)電力中央研究所 社会経済研究所 研究報告
http://criepi.denken.or.jp/jp/serc/research_re/index.html
•「緊急節電」(東京大学•岩船由美子研究室による節電情報ポータルサイト)
http://kinkyusetsuden.jp/
•Yahoo!JAPAN―効果的な節電と計画停電の対処方法―
http://setsuden.yahoo.co.jp/
13
<身近な取り組み例など>
~東電管内地域地球温暖化防止活動推進センター節電共同行動委員会の構成メンバーサイト~
•茨城県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://business2.plala.or.jp/ibakobo/senta/sub001.html
•栃木県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://homepage3.nifty.com/tochiondan/
•群馬県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.gccca.jp/
•埼玉県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.kannet-sai.org/
•熊谷市地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://ksccca.kumakanren09.net/
•千葉県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.ckz.jp/onndannka/
•東京都地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.tokyo-co2down.jp/
•神奈川県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.kccca.jp/
•川崎市地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.cckawasaki.jp/kwccca/
•山梨県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www15.plala.or.jp/yamanashi-f21/
•静岡県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://sccca.net/ <事務局>
•全国地球温暖化防止活動推進センター
http://www.jccca.org/