Household Water and Electricity System

7/31/2019 Household Water and Electricity System

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Table of Content

1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 Electricity Supply in General .............................................................................................................. 2

2.1 Electricity generation ....................................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Electricity transmission .................................................................................................................... 2

2.3 Uses of electricity ............................................................................................................................ 2

2.4 The effecting factors when the installation of electricity ................................................................. 3

3.0 Water supply system in General .......................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Service quality ................................................................................................................................. 4

3.2 Continuity of supply ........................................................................................................................ 4

3.3 Water quality .................................................................................................................................... 4

3.4 Water pressure ................................................................................................................................. 4

4.0 Factors Influenced the Installation of the Water Supply and Electricity System................................ 5

4.1 Rules and Regulations ...................................................................................................................... 5

4.2 Number of occupants and Ease of access ........................................................................................ 5

4.3 Conservation of Resources .............................................................................................................. 6

5.0 Main electricity Accessories and Apperators ...................................................................................... 7

6.0 Important Components in a Water Supply System ............................................................................. 9

7.0 Some Frequently Used Standard Symbols in Electricity Layout Drawing ....................................... 13

8.0 Some Frequently Used Standard Symbols in Water supply Layout Drawing .................................. 15

9.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 16

10.0 Reference ......................................................................................................................................... 17

Annexure ................................................................................................................................................. 18


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1.0 Introduction

Water supply system is an essential to a building. Conventional water services for buildings provide

water to each floor through two or more separate piping systems especially for domestic use. Each

system has a separate pump that is usually housed in the basement of the building. The domestic

service is typically provided through a system that pumps water to plumbing fixtures through a network

of pipes on each floor. The source of supply of water to a building will depend upon prevailing

conditions and the location of the building. City buildings are usually supplied from city mains, while

country buildings are supplied from wells, lakes, and streams, by means of pumps, hydraulic rams etc.

For a two storey building distributing water is not complex. A water-distribution pipe is located inside

a building and delivers potable water to the fixtures. The supply system delivering water from the

potable source to the building is the "water-service" pipe.

Each building requires an electrical system to provide power for the lights and to run various

appliances and equipment. the electrical (or power) system consists, the power plant that supplies the

electrical power, the electrical distribution system that carries the electrical current from the generating

station to the various buildings, and the interior electrical wiring system that illuminates the building

and feeds the interior electrical power to the appliances and equipment within the building.

An eight storey building has been selected to identify the water and electrical service of the building.

This project has been reported the water and electrical service of the selected building, and theinstallation process of above services. The water and electricity layout of the floors have been

identified in accordance to express more details as well as to enhanced the process of the services. It

has been mentioned the importance of services to particular building.


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2.0 Electricity Supply in General

Electricity is one of the most important building services that we have to talk under this project.

Electricity becomes the main factor for all the building services such as HVAC, Water supply system,

Telecommunication, Data communication, Movement Systems (Lifts, Escalators, Travalators) etc. As a

result of that, demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernizes and its economy

develops. So world has to invent new sources of electricity and generate more.

2.1 Electricity generation

There are so many new sources use to generate electricity. Electrical power is usually generated by

electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat

released from nuclear reactions; or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or

flowing water. Environmental concerns with electricity generation have led to an increased focus on

generation from renewable sources, in particular from wind and hydropower.

In Sri Lanka 55% of the nations electricity need is fulfilled by burning fossil fuels and the other 45%

is from hydro power. Very small percentage is generated via wind power.

2.2 Electricity transmission

The transformer meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage

but lower current. Efficient electrical transmission meant in turn that electricity could be generated atcentralized power stations, where it benefited from economies of scale, and then be dispatched

relatively long distances to where it was needed.

2.3 Uses of electricity

Electric energy, the most versatile form of energy available, is used for lighting, heating, and cooling. It

is also used for communications, for running motors, in various kinds of industrial processes, and for

many other purposes.

Electricity is measured in Amperes. Normally the Voltage of the main supply for the households in Sri

Lanka is 230V. In household applications, current is often described as being either Direct current (DC)

or Alternating current (AC).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_concerns_with_electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_concerns_with_electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator


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For commercial purpose it is supplied in large voltages (for example 11000v). Then it is reduced by the

transformers into the small values. In a commercial building the electric supply used for the following

purposes.

Plant operation purpose (such as chiller or boiler) For movement systems (such as Lifts, Escalators) Other services operation (such as lighting or sound system)

Main problem of using electricity is heat. Heat disposes too much of energy. There are new

technologies to reduce this wastage. So countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting

or banning the use of electric heating in new buildings. Electricity is however a highly practical energy

source for refrigeration, with air conditioning representing a growing sector for electricity demand.

Especially in commercial buildings which are used for economical purposes, the electricity is the most

usable service. So buildings must have properly planned, installed, and maintained electricity supply

system which supplies enough safety and facilitate the operations inside the buildings.

2.4 The effecting factors when the installation of electricity

Demand of the building Cost of installation Purpose of the building The latest technology Availability of electricity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration


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3.0 Water supply system in General

Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in the water industry,

commonly a public utility, of water resources of various qualities to different users. Water supply

system is a vital part of building services. It varies with the type of the building. Houses, schools,

hospitals, offices etc uses different water supply systems that suit for their requirements.

Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations, including groundwater, surface water,

conservation and the sea through desalination. The water is then, in most cases, purified, disinfected

through chlorination and sometimes fluoridated. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is

pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the ground.

3.1Service qualityWater supply service quality has many dimensions: continuity; water quality; pressure; and the degree

of responsiveness of service providers to customer complaints.

3.2 Continuity of supply

Continuity of water supply is taken for granted in most developed countries, but is a severe problem in

many developing countries, where sometimes water is only provided for a few hours every day or a few

days a week.

3.3Water qualityDrinking water quality has a micro-biological and a physico-chemical dimension. There are thousands

of parameters of water quality. In public water supply systems water should, at a minimum, be

disinfected - most commonly through the use of chlorination or the use ofultra violet light - or it may

need to undergo treatment, especially in the case ofsurface water.

3.4 Water pressure

Water pressures vary in different locations of a distribution system. Water mains below the street mayoperate at higher pressures, with a pressure reducer located at each point where the water enters a

building or a house. In poorly managed systems, water pressure can be so low as to result only in a

trickle of water or so high that it leads to damage to plumbing fixtures and waste of water. Pressure in

an urban water system is typically maintained either by a pressurized water tank serving an urban area,

by pumping the water up into a tower and relying on gravity to maintain a constant pressure in the

system or solely by pumps at the water treatment plant and repeater pumping stations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_(automatic_control)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_(automatic_control)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_industry


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4.0 Factors Influenced the Installation of the Water Supply and Electricity System

The building selected is still under construction. It is an 8 storey, government building. It is designed to

house approximately 100 people in a single floor.

The main factors influenced the design of the system are,

Rules and regulations Consumption of Resources Easy of access Number of occupants Conservation of Resources Disability access

4.1 Rules and Regulations

Water services and electrical services should be designed and installed according to the rules and

regulations of the Ceylon Electricity Board, Water Supply Board, Local Authority and Environmental

Authority. Therefore drinking water lines should not be closed to the waste water lines and number of

toilets should be decided considering about the number of occupants. The electricity supply must have

a proper earthing system.

4.2 Number of occupants, Ease of access and Consumption of Resources

Due to the number of occupants and the visitors that will come to the office for various reasons, the

underground water sump and the overhead cistern has a water capacity of 130 m3

and 45 m3

respectively. The water sump also provides water for the buildings fire system as well.

Since there are lift and air conditioners in use the main supply of electricity is at 11000v. Then it is

transformed to reduce levels for other users as well.

In the ground floor there are two wash room areas. But altogether there are five wash rooms. Two are

for the use of gents, another two are for the use of ladies and the other one is a disability assess toilet.

The main washroom area is located at the back corner of the middle area of the building. The disability

assess toilet, one gents toilet and one ladies toilet is located there. The main staircase is located in the

middle of the building. Therefore access is for anyone from the staircase into the toilet area is easy.


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All the floors are provided with a proper light system. There are 400x400 mm tube lights installed in

the ceiling area. They are installed in a grid pattern. Each line of lights is controlled by separate

switches. There is a special light system for path ways too. In the diagram we could see that there are

normal single bulbs are installed along the path from the staircase to the wash room areas. The light

system for the path ways are controlled by a single switch.

4.3 Conservation of Resources

The building has a method of conserving the water consumption. For that reason a system to use rain

water for the WCs are being installed. A common service duct is located adjoin that area. There are

three down ward distribution lines installed in it. Two lines are carrying clean water and the other one

is carrying rain water from the roof. The two clean water lines are connected to the sinks, taps and

Bidet Showers. The rain water line is connected to the cisterns of the WCs and the Urinals. The other

toilet area is located in the left corner of the building. The same water consumption method is installed

there as well. The water is supplied to the area via another service duct.


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5.0 Main electricity Accessories and Apperators

Electric transformer: - Transformers are devices that transfer a voltage from one circuit toanother circuit via induction. To induce a voltage in the second circuit, the first circuit usually

uses alternating current (AC) which, unlike direct current (DC), constantly reverses direction,

thereby causing the magnetic flux it generates to constantly shift. Transformers vary in size and

design, but in their basic form they consist of two coils of wire, sometimes sharing a single iron

core. The coil directly linked to the power supply is the primary coil; the other, in which a

current is induced, is termed the secondary coil.

Fuse: - An electrical fuse is a current interrupting device which protects an electrical circuit inwhich it is installed by creating an open circuit condition in response to excessive current. The

current is interrupted when the element or elements which carry the current are melted by heatgenerated by the current. Fuse terminals typically form an electrical connection between an

electrical power source and an electrical component or a combination of components arranged in

an electrical circuit.

Electric meter: - An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount ofelectrical energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically-powered device. Electric

meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. A

periodic reading of electric meters establishes billing cycles and energy used during a cycle.

circuit breaker:- It is designed for small circuits and is an automatically-operated electricalswitch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately

discontinue electrical flow large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an

entire city.

Isolator: - Disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can becompletely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical

distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power

removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical

substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and

transmission lines, for maintenance.
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/electromagneticinduction/index.htmlhttp://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/ac/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/ac/index.htmlhttp://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/electromagneticinduction/index.html


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Distribution board: - The power distribution grid delivers electricity at a consistent voltage, butresistance (and therefore current) varies in a house. All of the different light bulbs and electrical

appliances offer a certain amount of resistance, also described as the load. This resistance is

what makes the appliance work. A light bulb, for example, has a filament inside that is very

resistant to flowing charge. The charge has to work hard to move along, which heats up the

filament, causing it to glow.

ELCB (Earth leakage circuit breaker):- An earlier circuit breaker that tripped when adifference in voltage was detected between the in house ground (water pipes, etc.) and a ground

rod or the ground line from the electric company. Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) were

replaced by "residual current devices"

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker):- Rated current not more than 100 A. Trip characteristicsnormally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.

Neutral Bus Bar

Live Bus Bar

Earth wire

Live wireDB

Main Swit

Electrical

Breaker kWh Meter

Owned by the Electricity Board

ELCBMCB

Neutral wire
http://science.howstuffworks.com/light-bulb.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/light-bulb.htm


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6.0Important Components in a Water Supply SystemFoot valve

Foot valves are normally installed to stop the backflow of water. It is installed to the end of a pipe fixed

vertically.

They can be seen in underground sumps where water is stored prior pumping to the overhead tank. The

bush inside the valve goes up and gets stuck under the mesh once the pumping starts. The mesh is used

to stop the bush from going up and also to let the water pass during pumping. Once the pumping stops

the bush falls to its original place and seal off the mouth. Therefore the water already inside the pipe

stays inside without flowing back to the sump.

Ball valve

This is used to stop water storage tanks being overflowed. The mechanism of the valve depends on the

floating ball attached to it. The ball will gradually come up with the water level once the tank is getting

filled. Therefore the bush attached to the other corner of the ball attachment will be pushed towards the

mouth of the valve. Once to water level reaches the limit the bush will get sealed to the mouth stopping

the flow of the water.

Malfunctioning of the valve may occur once the bush is worn off. Bush must be replaced on such

occasions.

Float Switch / Sensors

These are used to stop storage tanks from overflowing. It does the same work as the Ball Valve, but in

an electronic way.

Float switches comes as magnetic, mercury switches.


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Once the water level rises up, the mercury inside will gradually move towards the two pins. Once the

water level is maximum, the mercury will touch the two pins, completing the circuit. Then the circuit

will stop the pumps from pumping water.

Sensors are used to replace the floating part of the float switch. Sensor systems come in different forms

too. One system which is commonly used is described below.

According to the diagram the sensor system has three sensors. The 1st sensor is called as the common

sensor and is always inside the water. It is used to know if the tank is empty due to a malfunction of the

system. The 2nd

sensor is the middle sensor. Once the water level reduces below the middle sensor, it

will switch on the system so the pumps will start pumping water. The 3rd

sensor is the stop sensor.

Once the water level reaches and touches the 3rd

sensor it will send electronic signals and switch off the

pumps.

1

3

2Overhead Tank

Sensors


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Underground Sump

Underground sumps are used in water supply systems integrated to high raised buildings. Since the

building is too high, the water pressure is not adequate to pump the water to overhead storage tanks.

Therefore the water is initially stored inside underground sumps and later pumped to the overhead

tanks. In commercial buildings these pumps are made from concrete. The capacity of the sump differs

according to the consumption of the building. A ball valve is installed to control the water intake to the

sump and a foot valve to avoid any return water from the pumping line.

Overhead Cistern

Overhead Cisterns are used to store water before the distribution of water. As the name denotes, it is

placed on the top most place of the building normally the roof level.

In a domestic environment the cistern get filled directly from the street main. But in a high raised

building the cistern gets filled by pumping water from an underground water storage sump. In a

domestic tank the water level is controlled by a Ball Valve but a Float Switch or a Sensor unit is needed

in a high raised building. The Float Switch or the Sensor unit must be wired through a control box

down to the basement level water pumps.

A cistern must be constructed with an overflowing pipe and another pipe to flush the cistern in order to

carry out maintenance work.


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Gate Valve and Stop Valve

These valves are designed to manually block the flow of the water inside distribution or supply lines.

They operate by lowering or raising a metal gate out or into the lines. A spindle is there to operate the

gate. Thought the outer appearance of these two Valve types are the same inside of these valves are

different.

The Gate Valve is normally referred to as the Fullway Gate Valve since when it is fully opened it

doesnt restrict the water flow. Gate Valve is used in water lines with low pressure.

Though there are no parts to restrict the flow, inside the Gate Valve other than the Gate, the stop valve

has projected parts inside. The bust or the gate of the valve loses the void between these projected parts

once the gate is lowered. Therefore the Stop Valve is used in lines where there is high pressure and in

hot water lines.

Pipe material

The materials that are commonly used are Cast Iron, G.I (Galvanized Iron) and uPVC (Unplasticised

Polyvinyl Chloride).

The advantages of these are,

Low Cost

Ease of cutting Speedily made joints High range of fittings


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7.0 Some Frequently Used Standard Symbols in Electricity Layout Drawing

Symbol Description

Ceiling Fan

Chandelier Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp Single Fitting

Fluorescent Lamp Double Fitting

Ceiling Lamp

Pendent Lamp

Bracket Lamp

Water Tight Bracket Lamp

5 A. Socket Outlet

13 A. Socket Outlet

15 A. Socket Outlet

Television Outlet

Telephone Outlet

Hot Water Geyser

Cocker Control Unit

T

G

CCU


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Diesel Generator Set

Garden Lamp

Bell push

Intercom

Switch Position

Two Way Switch Position

Meter Board

Distribution Board

Master Main Switch

Vertical Conduit

Horizontal Conduit

Sub-Main Conduit

M.B

D.B

G


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8.0 Some Frequently Used Standard Symbols in Water supply Layout Drawing

Symbol Description

63 mm dia. uPVC Pipe

50 mm dia. uPVC Pipe (Clean Water)

50 mm dia. uPVC Pipe (Rain Water)




Gate Valve / Stop Valve

Water Meter

Water Pump

Non-return Valve

High Level Cistern

Low Level Cistern

M

HLC

LLC


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9.0 Conclusion

Water, electricity, transportation, HAVC servicers are essential services to the building. Depending on

the occupants requirement and the function of the building deference servicers have installed in

particular buildings. The system used to distribute the required service may vary from building to

building. The selected building is an office building which has capacity of occupied hundred people.

To distribute the optimum service to the users without uncomfortable the building has been used new

technologies as well as sufficient systems. As examining the layout plans of electricity and water have

been helped to understand the process of the services. The project has been identified the factors for

install the each servicers in the building. It has been fixed water and electricity service of the building

sufficiently as the satisfactory of the occupants. The distribution system of water and electricity is

significantly similar in each floor. The project has been collected the information of water and

electricity services and understand the process.


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10.0 Reference

Barry, R., 1998, Barry 5 - The Construction of Buildings, 3 rd ed., United Kingdom; BlackScience Ltd.

Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C., 2006, Barrys Advanced Construction of Buildings, New York;Blackwell Publishing.

Michael, C.Y.T., 2003, Construction Technology for Tall Buildings, 2nd ed., Singapore;Singapore University Press.

Wikipedia, Plumbing, (Online). Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing. [Accessed 13

th

March 2010]
http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/


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Annexure

Contribution of group members

Introduction, Conclusion and Acquiring necessary data: - Weerasinghe R.P.N.P.

Drawing Layouts: -

Services in Genaral: -

Factors Affecting the Design: -

Details on Important components of services: -

Information on Symbols: -

Samarakoon S.B.R.G.K.

Kumara W.H.C.D.

Gunathilaka A.A.U.S

Herath H.M.P.B.

Abeyratne R.M.A.S

Abeyratne R.M.A.S

Hemachandara D.H.J.P.G.L.

Herath H.M.P.B.

Ahmed Y.S.

Britto A. D

Gayathri N.

Abeyratne R.M.A.S

Documents

Household Water and Electricity System