How circular is Norway’sBIOECONOMY ?

100%

Resources

Resources

Emissions

NorwegianBIOECONOMY

Nutrients Energy Water Land

Importance of Phosphorus

Critical Plant

NutrientIrreplaceable

P N

Limited Underpins all food systems

NO P = NO FOOD

Used Inefficiently

Eutrophication

Image Sources: https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/index.html (top) https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/K3G0M7/Havforskningsinstituttet--Oppdrett-har-ikke-skylden-for-algeoppblomstring (bottom)

Material Flow Analysis

Image Source: MinFuture Project, https://minfuture.eu/

Norwegian Phosphorus Flow Analysis

Wat

er B

odie

s

Import/Export

Waste Management

Crop Production

Meat and Fish

Production∆S

Food Processing

Human Consumption

Min

eral

Fer

tilize

r

Impo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Food

Impo

rted

Food

Feed Crops

Animal and Fish Products

Food Products

Fish for FeedRunoff

Crops

Seco

ndar

y Fe

rtiliz

er

Slau

ghte

r Was

te

Sewa

ge S

ludg

e/M

SW

Was

te fo

r fee

d

Manure

Losses

Animal Husbandry

Min

eral

Fe

rtiliz

er

Impo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Food

Impo

rted

Food

Grazing/Feed Crops Animal Products

Fish for Feed

Runoff

CropsSe

cond

ary

Ferti

lizer

Slau

ghte

r Was

te

Sewa

ge S

ludg

e/M

SW

Farmed Fish

4410 49

Manure

85

84

44

152

25

120

25 42

Discharge11

9

47

Aquaculture

Fertilizer Production

12

Crop Production

∆S = 120

Food Processing and Human

Consumption

Wat

er B

odie

s

Fish for Human Consumption78

Fish

mea

l5

36

Import/Export

Impo

rted

Fish

Fe

ed 94

Excrements/Feed Losses90

Waste Management (Hamilton et al., 2016)

100 t P/yr (2009-2012 average)

Animal Husbandry

Min

eral

Fe

rtiliz

er

Impo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Food

Impo

rted

Food

Grazing/Feed Crops Animal Products

Fish for Feed

Runoff

CropsSe

cond

ary

Ferti

lizer

Slau

ghte

r Was

te

Sewa

ge S

ludg

e/M

SW

Farmed Fish

4410 49

Manure

85

84

44

152

25

120

25 42

Discharge11

9

47

Aquaculture

Fertilizer Production

12

Crop Production

∆S = 120

Food Processing and Human

Consumption

Wat

er B

odie

s

Fish for Human Consumption78

Fish

mea

l5

36

Import/Export

Impo

rted

Fish

Fe

ed 94

Excrements/Feed Losses90

Waste Management (Hamilton et al., 2016)

100 t P/yr (2009-2012 average)

(Hamilton et al., 2016)

100 t P/yr (2009-2012 average)

Animal Husbandry

Min

eral

Fe

rtiliz

er

Grazing/Feed Crops

Runoff

Crops

Seco

ndar

y Fe

rtiliz

er

Manure

84

152

25

120

Discharge11

9

Fertilizer Production

12

Crop Production

∆S = 120

Wat

er B

odie

s

Fish

mea

5

Waste Manage

Animal Husbandry

Min

eral

Fe

rtiliz

er

Impo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Food

Impo

rted

Food

Grazing/Feed Crops Animal Products

Fish for Feed

Runoff

CropsSe

cond

ary

Ferti

lizer

Slau

ghte

r Was

te

Sewa

ge S

ludg

e/M

SW

Farmed Fish

4410 49

Manure

85

84

44

152

25

120

25 42

Discharge11

9

47

Aquaculture

Fertilizer Production

12

Crop Production

∆S = 120

Food Processing and Human

Consumption

Wat

er B

odie

s

Fish for Human Consumption78

Fish

mea

l5

36

Import/Export

Impo

rted

Fish

Fe

ed 94

Excrements/Feed Losses90

Waste Management

100 t P/yr (2009-2012 average)

(Hamilton et al., 2016)

Animal Husbandry

Min

eral

Fe

rtiliz

er

Impo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Feed

Expo

rted

Food

Impo

rted

Food

Grazing/Feed Crops Animal Products

Fish for Feed

Runoff

CropsSe

cond

ary

Ferti

lizer

Slau

ghte

r Was

te

Sewa

ge S

ludg

e/M

SW

Farmed Fish

4410 49

Manure

85

84

44

152

25

120

25 42

Discharge11

9

47

Aquaculture

Fertilizer Production

12

Crop Production

∆S = 120

Food Processing and Human

Consumption

Wat

er B

odie

s

Fish for Human Consumption78

Fish

mea

l5

36

Import/Export

Impo

rted

Fish

Fe

ed 94

Excrements/Feed Losses90

Waste Management

100 t P/yr (2009-2012 average)

(Hamilton et al., 2016)

2050?

Norwegian Secondary P Sources

(Hamilton et al., 2016)

Fisheries and Aquaculture Eutrophication Footprint

500000

550000

600000

650000

700000

750000

800000

850000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

t N e

q.

Marine Eutrophication

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

17000

18000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

t P e

q.

Freshwater Eutrophication

Figure 1. Global marine and freshwater eutrophication due to fisheries and aquaculture (Source: Hamilton et al., 2018, Nature Sustainability)

How circular is Norway’sBIOECONOMY ?

~50%

[in terms of phosphorus]

Is circular always better?

Manure

Plant Availability

Fish Scrap

Meat bone mealFish excrements and feed losses

Sewage sludge

Food waste

Plant available P

Total P

76-100%100 100

10-60%

22-40%

100

19-60%

41-75%

100

100

100 21-

115%

(Hamilton et al., 2017)

Sewage sludge

22-40%

Residual P Readily-available phosphorus pool

Residual phosphorus pool

Phosphorus uptake

Phosphorus runoff

(Hamilton et al., 2017)

Sewage sludge

22-40%

Residual P Readily-available phosphorus pool

Residual phosphorus pool

Phosphorus uptake

Phosphorus runoff

(Hamilton et al., 2017)

Readily-available phosphorus pool

Residual phosphorus pool

Phosphorus uptake

Sewage sludge

22-40%

Residual P Readily-available phosphorus pool

Residual phosphorus pool

Phosphorus uptake

Phosphorus runoff

(Hamilton et al., 2017)

Readily-available phosphorus pool

Residual phosphorus pool

Phosphorus uptake

Norway’s Secondary P Potential

0 5 10 15 20 25 30kt Pyr-1

(Hamilton et al., 2017)

P Supply

P Demand

(Hanserud et al., 2015)

X

Means to an end

Thank you for your attention

Helen Ann Hamilton, Ph.D.Industrial Ecology Programme

Norwegian University of Science and Technologyhelen.a.hamilton@ntnu.no

Helen Ann Hamilton, Ph.DSources:

Hamilton, Helen Ann; Ivanova, Diana; Stadler, Konstantin; Merciai, Stefano; Schmidt, Jannick; Van Zelm, Rosalie; Moran, Daniel; Wood, Richard. (2018) Trade and the role of non-food commodities for global eutrophication. Nature Sustainability. vol. 1 (6)

Hamilton, Helen Ann; Brod, Eva; Hanserud, Ola Stedje; Müller, Daniel Beat; Brattebø, Helge; Haraldsen, Trond. (2017) Recyclingpotential of secondary phosphorus resources as assessed by integrating substance flow analysis and plant-availability. Science of the Total Environment. vol. 575.

Hamilton, Helen Ann; Brod, Eva; Hanserud, Ola Stedje; Gracey, Erik Olav; Vestrum, Magnus Inderberg; Bøen, Anne; Steinhoff, Franciska Senta; Müller, Daniel Beat; Brattebø, Helge. (2016) Investigating cross-sectoral synergies through integratedaquaculture, fisheries and agriculture phosphorus assessments: A case study of Norway. Journal of Industrial Ecology. vol. 20 (4).

Hamilton, Helen Ann; Peverill, M. Samantha; Müller, Daniel Beat; Brattebø, Helge. (2015) Assessment of food waste preventionand recycling strategies using a multi-layer systems approach. Environmental Science and Technology. vol. 49.

Hanserud, Ola; E. Brod, A.F. Øgaard, D.B. Müller and H. Brattebø.(2016) A multi-regional soil phosphorus balance for exploring secondary fertilizer potential: the case of Norway. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. Vol 104.

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