How did the Worlds Collide?

Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003

When and where the first trips to Latin America?

How did the Worlds Collide?

1492-1493

1493-1496

1498-1500

1502-1504

When and where the first trips to Latin America?

Spanish Empire in the Americas

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1148.html

When and where the first viceroyalties and cities were established?

Treaty of Tordesillas-1494

http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geogres/maps/smgif/smtorde.gif

Why is it so important?

The Columbian Exchange• Plants• Animals• Diseases • Demographic• Mineral Wealth• Trade Items• Technology• Language• Religion• Economy• Government• Urban Planning

• “The Columbian Exchange” is the sharing of cultures that transformed the lives of two continents.

• Its was a two-way process with people, goods, and ideas moving back and forth.

• The three G’s

• What was exchanged?

Plants

Americas

• Maize• Potato• Tomato• Tobacco• Beans• Cacao• Cotton

Europe

• Sugar• Rice• Wheat• Coffee• Banana• Grapes

Origin of Plants and Livestock

Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003

PlantsSo what?• Asian and African plants were introduced such as bananas,

plantains, sugarcane, and rice.

• Crops were introduced to a new environment to which they were better suited and to a location that could easily be transported.

• The Portuguese made it a policy to introduce plants from one part to another in their empire. Bananas to Brazil and maize, manioc, and peanuts to Africa.

• These crops became important global commodities.

• Diffusion of plants throughout the world.

Diffusion of Plants

Diffusion of Plants

Animals

Americas

• Turkey

Europe

• Cattle

• Horse

• Pigs

• Sheep

Animals• Introduction of Animals from

Europe had a big impact on land use, economies and lifestyles.

• L.A. had no large domesticated animals except for llamas.

• The imported animals became the center of Latin America livestock industry.

• Environmental impact.

Diseases

Americas

• New strains

of syphilis

Europe

• Smallpox

• Flu

• Measles

• Typhus

Diseases“The greatest genocide in human history.”

• Central Mexico:– Indigenous population decline from 25 million to less

than one million with a century. Mexico and Central America experienced a population decline by as much as 90 percent.

• Caribbean:– In the island of Hispaniola, population declined from one

million to 1492 to 46,000 by 1512.

• North America– 90 percent of the Indian population were gone within a

century of the Puritan landing on Plymouth Rock.

Demographics of the Columbian Exchange

1) Indian population decrease

2) African Diaspora

3) European Migration

4) Mixing of Populations (miscegenation)

Animals

Indian Population Decrease• Diseases:

– In Europe, an outbreak of small pox would kill 30 percent of those infected.

– However, in the Americas the small pox death rate was nearly 50 percent.

• War:

– The battle of Tenochtitlan lasted eight days where 240,000 natives perished.

• Labor: 11-12 million African captured by West African Kingdoms like Songhai, Asante, Dahomey and the Kongo

African Diaspora• A decrease in Native American population

prompted labor import from Africa.

• They worked in:– mines, – agriculture, – port towns, – sugar mills.

• African slaves were imported to all parts of America. They were traded for rum, guns and molasses along West Africa trading ports

African Diaspora

Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003

European Migration• A relatively small number of European males migrated to

Latin America and the Caribbean during the colonial period.

• To give an example, from Mexico and Central America in 1570 only about 60,000 or 2 percent of the total population 3,096,000, was classified as white.

• By 1650 that white population had doubled to 120,000, roughly 6 percent of the depleted total of 1,880,000.

• At the close of the colonial era in 1825 about 1 million or 14 percent of the total population of just over 7 million was white.

European Migration 1800’s

Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003

Miscegenation • The intermixing of Indians, Africans, and Europeans created a multi-

racial society.

• Color became status symbol.

• Complex race structure.

– Peninsulars: Europeans born in the the Iberian Peninsula.

– Creoles: Children of European descent born in America.

– Mestizo: Offspring of European and Indian unions.

– Mulatto: Children of European and African unions.

– Zambos: Indians and Black.

– Coyotes: Mestizos and Indian…..

Religion• Religious Proclamation:

English crown- ordered their agents to “conquer, occupy and possess” the lands of the “heathens and infidels.”

Spanish crown- sought not only to grab the land but to convert any indigenous people to “embrace the Catholic faith and be trained in good morals.” (by any means necessary)

Governors- Diego Velasquez, the Cuban governor instructed Hernan Cortez as he departed to Mexico in 1519,

“Bear in mind from the beginning that the first aim of your expedition is to serve God and spread the Christian Faith. . . You must neglect no opportunity to spread the knowledge of the True Faith and the

Church of God among those people who dwell in darkness”

Diffusion of Religion

Source: Getis, Getis, and Fellman, 2005

ReligionResults:• Baptism- within a month of Hernan Cortez arriving in

Mexico first baptisms took place.

• Consensual Unions/Marriages- newly baptized Indian women were grabbed as concubines.– Marriages were performed by priests.

• Destruction- The first bishop of Mexico, Juan de Zumarraga, claimed to have destroyed more than five hundred Indigenous temples and twenty thousands idols.– In essence, the Spanish conquest of 1519-1521 destroyed the core

of Aztec religion—the cult of warfare and human sacrifice.

Religion• Transformation- The result of two strong religions was

that old god went underground, and the Indians learned to cloak their worship in a Christian disguise.– Virgin of Guadalupe: the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared to an

Aztec man named Juan Diego. Within six years 9 million Indians had been baptized as Catholics in central Mexico.

– The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe

– Christians lyrics were written to Indian melodies and native dances were incorporated into Catholic morality plays.

– The church accepted a process of mutual adaptation, in which Indians embraced Christianity symbols and forms, while the church turned a blind eye to the pagan content beneath the Catholic surface.

Religion• The Spanish missionaries early adopted the myth of Quetzalcoatl and

thought that he was actually St. Thomas the Apostle, who had come to Mexico to help convert the Aztec Indians to Christianity and that the spirit of St. Thomas was in Cortes.

• Jesuits encouraged adaptation of African deities, filled the church with black figures, created Christian rituals in African languages, music, and dances in order to reach the slaves.

http://www.crystalinks.com/aztecgods.html

ReligionThe Church reached every aspect of colonial life.

• Administrative center- Functioned next to or above the Spanish Civil Government.

• Financial center- while the crown collected its royal fifth from the elite, the church collected 10 percent from everyone. – Large landowner and had large labor force.

• Revolutionary figures- Father Miguel Hidalgo, a Creole priest, organized an uprising of Mestizos and Indians.

• Religious symbols- Virgin of Guadalupe

http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/images/virgin.jpg

COTContinuities Changes

FarmingBuilding infrastructureTradeReligious ideas still permeated (saints and deities intertwined)Mix of indigenous and Christianity (Voodoo, Santeria)Social hierarchiesWarfareMita systemTribute systemIndigenous languagesNative survivors provided similar labor and tracked the lay of the land many served as interpreters

Great Dying (diseases)European voluntary migrationAfrican forced migrationViceroyalties ( colonial governments)Spanish language and religion (Roman Catholicism)Introduction of new foodstuffs ( pigs, sheep ,chickens, cows, wheat, grain)Deforestation to leave room for grazing and cropsLas castas racial based society (Peninsulares, Creoles,Mestizoes, Mullatoes, Natiive, African)Introduction of new skills and literacyEuropean style cities (ex. Lima)Building of Missions and UniversitiesHorse would change culture of AmericasStable food supplies

COT Americas 1450-1750• From 1450-1750 European mercantilism and the exploitation of the land

( resources) labor (indigenous and African) and capital ( markets) created a new racialized society referred to as the las castas society (as evidenced by the encomienda system) , facilitated by the demographic shift due to the labor scarcity brought about by the great dying, however many native farming techniques and labor systems (mita) would persist.

• 1450-1750 would see a vast decline in native populations due to lack of immunity to “old world” diseases like small pox, however, the need to provide sustenance through agriculture and trade would continue as would the inability for Europeans to expand into the vast rainforests and high mountain ranges where indigenous populations would maintain their culture and way of life free from interference from foreign rule.

Religion

Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003

ReligionThe importance of the Missions:• The church sent an army of Franciscan, Dominican, and Jesuits

priests to the new territories.

• Missionaries sought to escape the moral decay of Europe and save the lost souls of the Americas.

• Missions became the principal frontier for the Spanish expansion.

• The first mission was founded in Venezuela in 1520.

• Tension arose between missions and landowners.– In 1767, the colonial elite succeeded in expelling the Jesuits.

At that time 2,200 Jesuits were working in the colonies with more than 700,000 living in the missions.

Religion

• Missions played a key role in colonizing the United States.– Franciscans founded 40 thriving missions in Florida and

the Southwest.

– Founders of key USA cities such as San Antonio, El Paso, Santa Fe, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles, Monterrey, and San Francisco.

• Acculturation Center- agricultural practices, cultural, and religious.

Fig. 7.25

Source: Getis, Getis, and Fellman, 2005

Religion

Language

Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003

Trade Items

Americas

• Minerals

• Raw Materials

• Agricultural products

Europe

• Manufactured goods

Mercantilism- using colonies as sources of raw materials and Markets for finished products

North/Latin America Colonization• North American

• Charters of Joint Stock Co

• Mostly Protestant

• Laws forbidding intermarriage of race

• Family colonization

• Heavily private financing

• Both: Christian/Ethnocentric/Competitive/Racist/Reformation

• Latin American• Royal Patronage• Predominantly Catholic• Miscegenation(Castas

System)• Mostly European Males• Exploitative (Labor/Natural

resources)

Summary of the Legacy of ColonizationWhat you think is the legacy of colonization?

• Political-audiencia became centers of newly independent states in Spanish America, so the colonial legal and administrative structure influenced state formation.

• Architecture/Urban planning- The use of architecture and urban planning as tools of European conquest is a recurrent theme in Latin American history. King Philip II of Spain ordered town planners to use a grid or checkerboard plan for the layout of new towns and cities in his “Laws of the Indies” (1573).

The plan featured a plaza major, or central square, with the mainchurch, government buildings, and residences of the authorities facing the square. In port cities straight streets connected the plaza major to the warehouses and docks of the port and to the imposing fortresses that protected them.

Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• Social- a social class was created based on color, class, and culture.

• Religion- a blending of religion occurred.

- The church became an important power.

• Language-

• Demographic-

Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• Economic- colonial Latin America produced primary products and was dependent on the Iberian Peninsula for markets, capital, and credit

• Land ownership- the colonial era saw the development of large landowners at the top of the hierarchy.– Many landless peasants at the bottom.– Unequal distribution of land, resources, and wealth

continued into the independence era.– The gap between rich and poor.

• Gender relation-

VocabularyEurope Africa Latin America North America AsiaMercantilismChristianityProtestantCaravelsPrince HenryAlternative trade routeIndentured servantsGoldCommercial RevolutionBourgeoisieAbsolute monarchsUrban centersManufactured productsLimited monarchies (constitutional)RenaissanceAge of explorationReformationReligious intoleranceNew world foodstuffsUniversitiesJesuitsWhat goes on in Europe…

IslamChristianityChattel slaveryCassava and Sweet potatoDahomeyKongo ( King Alfonso and Queen Ndzinga)Benin IfeCivil WarFirearmsMolassesRumDiplomacyPortuguese trade portsBight of BeninMiddle PassageTriangle TradeSlave shipsGreat CircuitAnimism10-14 million enslavedIntensive labor

EncomiendaRepartamientoSugarSilverLas castas systemViceroyaltiesNew Granada, New Spain, New CastileJesuitsMitaAudienciaGod, Gold and GloryPeninsularesCreolesMestizosMullatoesNativeAfricanEuropean urban centersHorses, guns, wheat, chickensDeforestationCatholicismUniversitiesColumbus, Cortez, PizzaroTreaty of Tordesilla

North AmericanCharters of Joint Stock CoMostly ProtestantLaws forbidding intermarriage of raceFamily colonizationHeavily private financingFamilies settlingVirginia joint stock CoDutch West Indian CoMassachusetts Bay CoIndian warsPilgrimsNew AmsterdamNew EnglandNew FranceFurTimberFishRough wintersMercantilismRoyal patronage

SilverManila GalleonsLuxury productsSweet potatoCoastal trading portsJesuitsAustralia (not Asia I know)Philippines (Spanish Colony)Treaty of TordesillaIndonesia (Dutch colony)SpicesSugarLas castas system in coloniesPortuguese and Dutch then English and FrenchIsolation of China and JapanOttoman and Safavid blocking trade along Mediterranean and Silk Rotes

Further Reading• Schwarts, Stuart B. (1985) Sugar plantations in the formation of

Brazilian society: Bahia 1550-1835.

• Clayton, Lawerence A. and Conniff, Michael L. (1999). A history of Latin America.

• Winn, Peter (1992). Americas: The changing face of Latin America and the Caribbean.

• Blouet, Brian W. and Blouet, Olwyn M. (2002). Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic and regional survey.