How does botulinum toxin work?Botulinum toxin prevents the release of neurotransmitter at all cholinergic terminals.What are the major effects of α1-receptor activation?α1-Receptor activation increases vascular smooth muscle contraction, as well as pupillary dilatormuscle contraction ,mydriasis.What are the major functions of α2-receptor activation?α2-Receptor activation decreases sympathetic outflow and insulin release.What are the major functions of β1-receptor activation?β1-Receptor activation increases the following: heart rate and contractility; release from the kidneys; and lipolysis of adipose tissue.What is the major effect of β2-receptor activation on the body's vasculature? What is the effect on the respiratory system?Vasodilation; bronchodilation.How does β2-receptor activation affect glucagon release?β2-Receptor activation increases glucagon release.Name five indirect cholinergic agonistsNeostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium, physostigmine, and echothiophate.What symptoms are likely in patients taking cholinomimetic agents?Exacerbation of COPD, asthma, and peptic ulcers.Which pharmacologic agent is used to treat atropine overdose?Physostigmine. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and is able to reverse effects on the CNS and the peripheral nervous system.What is a methacholine challenge test?A test in which methacholine is inhaled to stimulate muscarinic receptors and induce broncho- constriction. The test is used to diagnose asthma.A farmer presents with diarrhea, abdominal pain, wheezing, pinpoint pupils, copious tears, andsalivation. What medications should be prescribed?This patient has the classic signs of organophosphate poisoning, which is treated with atropine and pralidoxime.Why is pyridostigmine used to treat myasthenia gravis?Pyridostigmine increases the amount of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular synapse, thereby increasing muscle strength.A patient recently began taking haloperidol to treat schizophrenia, but visits his physician because of new-onset Parkinson's-like motor symptoms. What drug could be used to treat these symptoms?Benztropine.What are the two effects of atropine on the eye?Pupil dilation and cycloplegia.True or False: Diarrhea is a sign of atropine toxicity.False. Constipation is a sign of atropine toxicity.Low doses of epinephrine are selective for _______ (α1, α2, β1, β2) adrenergic receptors.β1.Isoproterenol is an agonist for which receptors?β1 and β2 (equally).Dopamine __________ (is/is not) ionotropic and __________ (is/is not) chronotropic, whereas dobutamine __________ (is/is not) ionotropic and __________ (is/is not) chronotropic.Dopamine is ionotropic and chronotropic; dobutamine is ionotropic but is not chronotropic.What are the clinical applications of epinephrine?Anaphylaxis, open-angle glaucoma, asthma, and hypotension.What role does dopamine have in treating shock?Dopamine increases blood pressure while maintaining renal perfusion.What are the clinical applications of phenylephrine?Phenylephrine treats nasal decongestion, causes vasoconstriction, and dilates pupils.

What is the clinical application for albuterol?Acute asthma.Which sympathomimetics can reduce premature uterine contractions?Terbutaline and salmeterol.What effect does isoproterenol have on pulse pressure and heart rate?Isoproterenol increases pulse pressure and heart rate.What is the effect of clonidine on central adrenergic outflow? On which receptor does it act?Clonidine is an α2-agonist that decreases central adrenergic outflow. Remember: the α2-receptor is responsible for negative feedback.What is the clinical application and mechanism of action of phentolamine?Phentolamine is a nonselective α-blocker used to treat pheochromocytoma.What is the net effect of epinephrine on blood pressure before and after nonselective α-blockade?Why?Before α-blockade, epinephrine increases blood pressure. After α-blockade, it decreases blood pressure. This is because epinephrine also activates β2, which lowers blood pressure and is not blocked.A 63-year-old man is referred long-term care after his first myocardial infarction. Is a β-blocker suggested or contraindicated for this patient? Why?Suggested. After myocardial infarction, patients should receive β-blockers to decrease risk of mortality.How do β-blockers work in the setting of angina pectoris?They decrease heart rate and contractility as well as myocardial oxygen consumption.Which β-blockers have partial agonist activity?Pindolol and acebutolol. Remember: PA = Partial AgonistName two nonselective α- and β-antagonists.Carvedilol and labetalol.name the two types of Ach receptorsNicotinic ACh receptors and Muscarinic ACh receptorsNicotinic ACh receptors areligand-gated Na+/K+ channelsMuscarinic ACh receptors areG-protein-coupled receptors that act through 2nd messengers;5 subtypes: M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5.name Sympathetic receptorsα1, α2, β1, β2name para- Sympathetic receptorsM1 M2 M3mnemonic for F protein class receptors"Qiss (kiss) and qiq (kick) till you're siq (sick) of sqs (sex) ."name the receptor: Increase vascular smooth muscle contraction, Increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis), Increase intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contractionα1name the receptor: decreases sympathetic outflowa2name the receptor: decreases insulin releasea2name the receptor: increases renin releaseb1name the receptor: Vasodilation, bronchodilation

b2name the receptor: insulin releaseb2name the receptor: decreases uterine toneb2name the receptor:CNS, enteric nervous systemm1name the receptor: decreases heart rate and contractility of atriam2name the receptor: increases exocrine gland secretions (e.g., sweat, gastric acid)M3name the receptor:bronchoconstrictionm3name the receptor:I pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis)m3name the receptor: Relaxes renal vascular smooth muscled1name the receptor: Modulates transmitter release, especially in braind2name the receptor: increases nasal and bronchial mucus production, contraction ofbronchioles, pruritus, and painh1name the receptor: increases gastric acid secretionh2name the receptor: increases H20 permeability and reabsorption in the collecting tubules of the kidneyv2name the receptors: increases lipolysisb1 b2Protein kinase A does what two things1) increase [Ca2+] (heart)2) block Myosin light-chainkinase (smooth muscle)name the receptor: Phospholipase CGqname the two types of Cholinomimetic agentsDirect agonists and Indirect agonists anticholinesterasesused 4 Postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinaryretentionBethanecholused for Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, and relief ofintraocular pressureCarbacholPotent stimulator of sweat, tears, salivaPilocarpineChallenge test for diagnosis of asthma and MOA?Methacholine:Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airway when inhaled.

drugs for myasthenia gravisNeostigmine,Pyridostigmine,EdrophoniumDUMBBELSSDiarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm, Bradycardia, Excitation ofskeletal muscle and CNS, Lacrimation, Sweating, and Salivation.Muscarinic antagonists drugs for Peptic ulcer treatment name 3 of themMethscopolamine, pirenzepine, propanthelineMuscarinic antagonists drugs to Reduce urgency in mild cystitis and reducebladder spasms treatment name 2 of themOxybutynin, glycopyrrolateMuscarinic antagonists drug for Asthma, COPDlpratropiumMuscarinic antagonists drug for Motion sicknessScopolamineMuscarinic antagonists drug for PARKinson's diseaseBenztropineMuscarinic antagonists drugs used for: Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia name three of themAtropine, homatropine, tropicamidetropicamideMuscarinic antagonists drugs used for: Produce mydriasis and cycloplegiahomatropineMuscarinic antagonists drugs used for: Produce mydriasis and cycloplegiaAtropineMuscarinic antagonists drugs used for: Produce mydriasis and cycloplegiaBenztropineMuscarinic antagonists drug for PARKinson's diseaseScopolamineMuscarinic antagonists drug for Motion sicknesspropanthelineMuscarinic antagonists drugs for Peptic ulcer treatmentpirenzepineMuscarinic antagonists drugs for Peptic ulcer treatmentMethscopolamineMuscarinic antagonists drugs for Peptic ulcer treatmentOxybutyninMuscarinic antagonists drugs to Reduce urgency in mild cystitis and reducebladder spasmsglycopyrrolateMuscarinic antagonists drugs to Reduce urgency in mild cystitis and reducebladder spasmsname the two types of SympathomimeticsDirect sympathomimetics, Indirect sympathomimeticsused 4 Anaphylaxis, glaucoma (open angle), asthma, hypotensionEpinephrineEpinephrine used for ?used 4 Anaphylaxis, glaucoma (open angle), asthma, hypotension

Norepinephrine used for ?Hypotension (but decreases, renal perfusion)Isoproterenol used for ?AV block (rare)Dopamine used for ?Shock (renal perfusion), heart failure , inotropic and chronotropic; D1 > b> aDobutamine used forHeart failure, cardiac stress testing; inotropic,but not chronotropicPhenylephrine used forPupillary dilation, vasoconstriction, nasal decongestionMOA of ClonidineCentrally acting a2-agonists, decreases adrenergic outflowMOA of a-methydopaCentrally acting a2-agonists, decreases adrenergic outflowMirtazapine MOAa2blockerwhich class of drugs are for Hypertension, urinary retention in BPHa1blockers (-zosin ending)doxazosin MOAa1 blockerGive to patients on MAO inhibitors who eattyramine-containing foodsPhentolamine alpha nonselective blockerNonselective alpha blockers?Phenoxybenzamine and Phentolaminea1 selective blockers are used forHypertension, urinary retention in BPHalpha2 selective blocker used forDepression Mirtazapinemnemonic for the list of all the b1-selective antagonistsa-mmnemonic for the list of all the Nonselective antagonistsn-zcarvedilol, labetalol are?Nonselective (vasodilatory) a- and b-antagonistsis it better to give a diabetic patient beta 1 blocker /beta2 blocker/ or nonselective beta blockernonselective mask the adrenergic system so give beta 1, which is bettermnemonic for the receptorsalpha beta males don't have vaginasA1A2B1B2M1M2M3D1D2H1H2V1V2promethazine1st generation H1 receptor antagonistdipenhydramine1st generation H1 receptor antagonist

chlorpheniramine1st generation H1 receptor antagonisthydroxyzine1st generation H1 receptor antagonistfexofenadine2nd generation H1 receptor antagonistloratadine2nd generation H1 receptor antagonistdesloratadine2nd generation H1 receptor antagonistcetirizine2nd generation H1 receptor antagonistinsulin acts on which receptortyrosine kinase > protein phosphates > dephorylates glycogen syntase >glycogen synthesisWhere in the presynapts does Ca+ workjust before the release of Ach or Newhere does vesmicol which in the presynaptsinhibits making the vesicle Achwhere does reserpine workinhibits just before making the vesicle in NEwhere does Guanethidine work and dostops NE releasewhat is the MOA of amphetaminesincrease release of NE and blocks the reuptake of NEwhy is pralidoxime given with atropineyou want to simulate both the M and N receptors, atropine only reverses the M receptors so pralidoxime also prevents N effects such as Muscle paralysis "restores/ regenterates cholinererasewhat is the tx for jimson weed poisoning "gardeners mydriasisphysostigmine not atropinewhat is the tx for medicated induced parkinsonismbenztropinename one SE of first generation H1 blockerantimuscarinicSE of Mirtazapinesedation, increase serum cholesterol, increase appetite, increase weight gain. good for a sad anorexicwhat drug is presently the 1st line medication for the tx of essential HTN in the general populationhydrocholorothiazidedoxazosin is used fortx of both BPH and HTNprazosin is used fortx of both BPH and HTNterazosin is used fortx of both BPH and HTNpt with coronary artery disease and heart failure along with HTN will benefit from ?beta blockers