How does this quote by Johann Tetzel anger Martin Luther?“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”•Luther was disgusted by sale of relics as a means of achieving salvation•Issued 95 Theses criticizing the sale of indulgences

Luther sought to reform the church, but ultimately broke from it completely

Called for an end to sacraments

Called for clergy to marryReformed church servicesNew ideas became

Lutheranism, the first Protestant Faith

Luther’s Reforms

People felt they held a worldly view focused on power, and lacked a spiritual connection with the people of the church

Focused too much on good works, not on faithSalvation had become mechanical in the view of

someMartin Luther was disgusted by the selling of

indulgences

Criticisms of the church

• Church excommunicates Luther in 1521• Edict of Worms – Martin Luther declared an

outlaw• German ruler protects and hides Luther• Charles the V, Holy Roman Emperor and King

of Spain, wants to keep Germany Catholic, but there is too much resistance…

• Peace of Augsburg – agreement that accepts religious division in Germany

• Each German state has the right to choose its form (Catholicism or Lutheranism), but the individual does not have the right to choose

Break from the church, and German acceptance…

Meanwhile - Reformation in EnglandKing Henry VIII – seeks annulment, but the pope

refuses1534 – Church of England forms (Anglican

Church) marks official break from CatholicismHis daughter, Mary, becomes queen and tries to

restore Catholicism in England. Burns Protestants for being heretics. “Bloody Mary”

Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zürich

He reformed the church in Switzerland before being killed by Catholic enemies in a religious war in 1531

John Calvin assumes control in Switzerland…publishes Institutes of a Christian Religion

Becomes a new leader among the Protestant movement

Spread of Protestantism

• Preached of the “Power, Grace, and Glory of God”

• Developed idea of Predestination – God had determined in advance who was to be saved and who would be damned

• Calvinists, believing they were predetermined to be saved, now believed they were doing God’s work… Calvinists are a very active bunch

• Geneva, Switzerland – city becomes the stronghold of Protestant faith as Calvinism becomes the leading faith over Lutheranism

John Calvin

Ignatius of Loyola – Spanish nobleman who founded the Jesuits (Jeh-zoo-its), also known as the Society for Jesus

Ignatius believed in education, and set out to spread the Catholic message through his teaching

1540 – the pope recognizes the Jesuits1545 – Council of Trent begins meeting to evaluate

the Catholic ChurchCouncil affirms that Catholicism remains the way it is,

and that earlier problems were caused by the actions of popes

Catholic Counter Reformation