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8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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CIKPAKPS
Vzambca + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Vbzp E4 Pna Acikihec Ammacps im b Gizab(Q+S+ MPB
Cikclqseiks bk` Ehvlecbpeiks miz Mqzpnaz Zasabzcn bk` Vilecu
A~cazvp mzih Acikihec Ammacps im b Gizab(Q+S+ Mzaa Pzb`a Bozaahakp$
Giti Geuipb bk`Zijazp H+ Spazk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2
Cihhakps ik pna Geuipb(Spazk Spq`u
Dammzau D+ Scnipp+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1
Ehvlecbpeiks im pna Q+S+(Gizab Mzaa Pzb`a Bozaahakp4 B Oakazbl
Arqelejzeqh Bvvzibcn
Zakbk Tnqbkobk` _ik _+ Gii + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +?
Vbzp EE4 @ukbhec Ammacps im bk MPB
Pna Vbuimm pi Siqpn Gizab Mzih Olijbletbpeik
Obzu Nqmjbqazbk`Boqspk Cizkadi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :5
Niw Mekbkcebl Hqlpelbpazblesh Cbk Ekczabsa Sqspbekbjla Iqpvqp, Ahvliuhakp, bk`
Ekciha ek pna Vbcemec Zaoeik
@iqolbs N+ Jziigs bk`@b}e` Zilbk`(Nilsp+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 12
Vbzp EEE4 Sciva miz @ukbhec Ammacps ek Gizabs Acikihu
@ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b Gizab(Q+S+ Mzaa Pzb`a Bozaahakp4 Mizaeok @ezacpEk}asphakp
Bzpnqz Bla~bk`az+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?3
Es B Mzaa Pzb`a Bozaahakp b Ziubl Zib` pi Vzisvazepu9 @ahuspemueko Pzb`a
Zaoeikblesh
Sqkodiik Cni + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + >5
Zaoeikbl Ekpaozbpeik bk` b Mzaa Pzb`a Bozaahakp Bhiko Cnekb, Dbvbk, bk` Gizab
Naa(diik Gbko+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 265
8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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Cihhakp4 Sciva miz @ukbhec Ammacps ek Gizabs Acikihu
Cnie Kbgouiik + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2:3
Vbzp E]4 Cikmazakca @escqsseik bk` Cikclqseiks
Sqhhbzu im Vzicaa`ekos
Jazkbz` G+ Oiz`ik + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2:5
$ ]ilqha 0 ek GAE Svacebl Spq`eas Sazeas, vqjlesna` ju Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
im Bhazecb
8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB 12
NI_ MEKBKCEBL HQLPELBPAZBLESH CBK EKCZABSA
SQSPBEKBJLA IQPVQP, AHVLIUHAKP, BK@
EKCIHA EK PNA VBCEMEC ZAOEIK
$ @iqolbs N+ Jziigs bk` @b}e` Zilbk`(Nilsp
CIKPAKPS
E+ Ekpzi qcpeik
EE+ Cbsa Spq`u ek Hikapbzu Cinazakca4 ZHJ Bvvzacebpeikbk` Spzqcpqzbl B`dqsphakp
EEE+ Cbvepbl Hbzgap Mbcelepbpeik4 Oziwpn Bzjepzboa
bk` pna Zila im M@E
E]+ Cikclqseiks
$ @iqolbs N+ Jziigs es wepn pna Bsebk @a}alivhakp Jbkg Ekspepqpa, bk` @b}e`
Zilbk`(Nilsp es wepn pna Qke}azsepu im CblemizkebJazgalau+ Bll ivekeiks a~(
vzassa` naza bk` pna cniecas im kbhas im ciqkpzeas iz acikiheas bza pna bq(
pnizs bk` sniql` kip ja bppzejqpa` pi bmmelebpa` ekspepqpeiks+
8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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1: Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
E+ Ekpzi`qcpeik
Hbpqzeko im pna Bsebk a~vizp a~vazeakca nbs jaak bccihvbkea` ju spzqcpqzbl cnbkoas
pnbp well zarqeza b kaw oakazbpeik im hqlpelbpazbl mekbkcebl ekspepqpeiks bk` saz}ecas+
Ahazoakca im qkvzaca`akpa` mizaeok a~cnbkoa zasaz}as es ika a~vzasseik im pnes
qkhap kaa`, bk` pnasa zasaz}as nb}a zaekmizca` ekpazasp ek b zaa~bhekbpeik im Bsebk
a~cnbkoa zbpa hbkboahakp zaoehas+ Bp pna sbha peha, Bsebs sacik` oakazbpeik im
sqccassmql oziwpn nbs hb`a ep ekczabsekolu bvvbzakp pnbp ekpzbzaoeikbl vqzcnbseko
viwaz bk` sb}ekos immaz assakpebl siqzcas im e}azsemecbpeik mzih nespizec zalebkca ik
bjsizvpeik bk` mizaeok `ezacp ek}asphakp .M@E% mzih _aspazk acikiheas pnbp bza
hahjazs im pna Izobketbpeik miz Acikihec Ciivazbpeik bk` @a}alivhakp .IAC@%+
Ika vzihekakp a~bhvla es bjsizvpeik ju pna Vaivlas Zavqjlec im Cnekb .nazabmpaz
Cnekb%, wnecn nbs ahazoa` ek pna vbsp 26 uabzs bs b vzehbzu ze}az im Bsebk zaoeikbl
oziwpn, bk` pnes bjsizvpeik es ekczabsekolu ze}ak ju ihaspec ahbk`, kip a~vizp
zarqezahakps+ Habkwnela, Bsebk ihaspec sb}ekos nb}a oziwk pi la}als pnbp dqspemu b
hqcn lbzoaz nizetik im ek}asphakp ivvizpqkepu+ Ek pnes vbvaz, wa escqss niw ozabpaz
mekbkcebl ekpaozbpeik cbk mbcelepbpa kaa`a` b`dqsphakps pi nalv Bsebk acikiheas, bk`
pna Vbcemec Jbsek oakazbllu, pzbksep shiipnlu pi neonaz la}als im sqspbekbjla iqpvqp,
ahvliuhakp, bk` ekcihas+
Acikihesps oakazbllu bozaa pnbp ammeceakp cbvepbl bllicbpeik ekczabsas liko(pazh oziwpn
vipakpebl, vbzpecqlbzlu wnak ep sqspbeks bk` es sqspbeka` ju a~vbk`eko ekpazkbpeikbl
pzb`a+ Hisp zacakplu, pna visp_izl` _bz EE azb im olijbletbpeik sbw zbve` a~vbkseikim M@E ek cikcazp wepn pzb`a, vbezeko zalbpe}alu bjqk`bkp _aspazk sb}ekos wepn mbcpizs
bk` zasiqzcas zalbpe}alu hiza bjqk`bkp alsawnaza+ Pna zasqlp wbs b }ezpqiqs cucla im
hqlpelbpazbl oziwpn bk` vzisvazepu pnbp jziqonp qs pi pna vzasakp bu+ Bp pna sbha peha
bs pzb`a bk` ekpazkbpeikbl ek}asphakp a~vbk`a`, mekbkcebl saz}ecas ekczabsa` snbzvlu
ek jipn ekpaksepu bk` a~pakp, wepn za}ilqpeikbzu cnbkoas ek hqlpelbpazbl vqjlec bk` vze}bpa
mekbkcebl vzbcpecas, ekspzqhakps, bk` ekspepqpeiks+ Pnes `zbhbpec a}ilqpeik wbs kip
qkvzaca`akpa`, niwa}az+ Ekpazkbpeikbl pzb`a, mekbkcebl ekki}bpeik, bk` oziwpn nb}a
snbzvlu b`}bkca` hbku pehas ek pna vbsp+ Hisp kipbjla waza pwi vazei`s+ @qzeko pna
lbpa He``la Boas bk` Zakbessbkca, Epblebk cepu(spbpas bcpa` bs hazcbkpela bk` mekbkceblekpazha`ebzeas japwaak Aqziva bk` Bseb+ Lbpaz, qzeko _aspazk cilikebl a~vbkseik,
Jzqoas, Bhspaz`bh, bk` Lik`ik aspbjlesna` pna mekbkcebl jbses miz hi`azk arqepu,
`aze}bpe}a, bk` eksqzbkca hbzgaps pi ha`ebpa zesgs im liko(`espbkca snevveko+
Pna emmazakca japwaak pi`bus sepqbpeik bk` nespizecbl bkpaca`akps nbs hbeklu pi i
wepn pna oaiozbvnec sciva im mekbkcebl saz}eca kaa`s+ Ek pna vbsp, wablpn zahbeka`
cikcakpzbpa` ek zalbpe}alu maw pzb`eko cakpazs bk` ciqkpzeas+ @qzeko pna cilikebl azb,
miz a~bhvla, vzivazpu zeonps bk` pazhs im pzb`a waza `escevleka` ju ekpazkbpeikbl
neazbzcnu, cikcakpzbpeko pna obeks mzih pzb`a bk` olijbl ek}asphakp ek _aspazkciqkpzeas+ Pna laobcu im hi`azk olijbletbpeik nbs jaak rqepa emmazakp+ _ablpn czabpeik
8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB 13
nbs jaak hiza a}aklu espzejqpa` bziqk` pna pzb`eko suspah, bk` wepn pnes nbs ciha b
snbzv ekczabsa ek pna kaa` miz, bk` zbkoa im, jipn ihaspec bk` ekpazkbpeikbl mekbkcebl
saz}ecas+ Pna cnbllakoa pi`bu es pi zacikcela pnes kaw e}azsepu ek b cinazakp ekpazkbpeikbl
mekbkcebl suspah+ Vze}bpa boakcu es blzab`u }azu bcpe}a ek pnes bzab, jqp ep es mbez pi sbu
pnbp vqjlec ekspepqpeiks nb}a jaak sliwaz pi b`bvp+ Pnes es qkmizpqkbpa jacbqsa, pi`bu
bs blwbus, acikihec oziwpn cbkkip zableta eps mqll vipakpebl wepniqp ammeceakp mekbkcebl
saz}ecas+
Ek pna vbsp, b zalbpe}alu shbll kqhjaz im mekbkcebl cbvepbls waza ammacpe}a ek saz}eko
pna kaa`s im pzb`a bk` pnaez iwk acikiheas jacbqsa ekpazkbpeikbl wablpn wbs si
cikcakpzbpa`+ Vze}bpa mekbkcebl ekspepqpeiks ciql` jze`oa pnasa hbzgaps wepn i}azlbvveko
iwkazsnev .a+o+, Epblebk bk` Mzakcn jbkgeko mbheleas ek cilikebl pehas, IAC@ vqjlec
bk` vze}bpa jbkgs `qzeko pna vbsp sa}azbl `acb`as%, wnela si}azaeok ekpazasps waza
zacikcela` ju bllebkcas iz svnazas im ekmlqakca cikcakpzbpa` bziqk` zalbpe}alu maw
`ihekbkp viwazs+ Pi`bus wizl` cbk ja sbe` pi nb}a jipn a~vbk`a` bk` mlbppaka`,
wepn hqcn ozabpaz oaiozbvnec sciva bk` lass neazbzcnu ek acikihec zalbpeiks+ Ek pna
cikpa~p im ekpazkbpeikbl oii`s bk` saz}ecas pzb`a, pnes vzicass wbs zacioketa` liko
boi, bk` pna _izl` Pzb`a Izobketbpeik ._PI% vzicass a}il}a` ek zasviksa+ Sekca
Jzappik _ii`s, b mekbkcebl ciqkpazvbzp nbs jaak ekcqjbpeko, a~vzasseko epsalm ek hbku
vbzpebl mizhs .ekclq`eko pna Jbkg miz Ekpazkbpeikbl Sapplahakps bk` pna Aqzivabk Cakpzbl
Jbkg%, jqp b qkemea` bvvzibcn pi mekbkcebl hqlpelbpazblesh nbs uap pi ahazoa+ Habkwnela,
pna pzb`eko suspah jabzs qkkaa`a` ammeceakcu cisps bs b zasqlp+ Pnes es bvvbzakp ek
ahazoakp olijbl ehjblbkcas wnisa hbokepq`a vizpak`s seokemecbkp b`dqsphakp zesgsjqp blsi seokemecbkp oziwpn ivvizpqkepu cisps bzeseko mzih ekammeceakp ekpazkbpeikbl cbvepbl
bllicbpeik+
Niw heonp pnes sepqbpeik ja zaha`ea`9 Clabzlu pnaza es b kaa` miz hiza a~pakse}a,
ekclqse}a, bk` ammeceakp olijbl mekbkcebl suspahs, cihjeka` wepn vze}bpa mekbkcebl saz}ecas
bk` pna vqjlec ekspepqpeiks pi i}azsaa pnah+ Pnes vbvaz cbkkip vzi}e`a b hbkemaspi miz
olijbl mekbkcebl zamizh, jqp ep heonp ja qsamql miz sappeko iqp jbsec pakaps im mekbkcebl
hqlpelbpazblesh, bccihvbkea` ju pnahbpec a~bhvlas bk` escqsseik, pi spehqlbpa vilecu
`eblioqa ik pnes sqjdacp+ Pnasa pakaps bza sqhhbzeta` ik pna milliweko vboa+
Bsebs acikihec oziwpn bk` vziozass ek zabl sacpiz ekpaozbpeik nbs jaak zahbzgbjla+
_nbp zahbeks pi cihvlapa pna zaoeiks acikihec bzcnepacpqza es b cihvlahakpbzu
bk` cinazakp mzbhawizg im sqvvizpeko hikapbzu, mekbkcebl sacpiz, bk` me`qcebzu
ekspepqpeiks bk` spbk`bz`s+ Pna zahbek`az im pnes vbvaz vzi}e`as ellqspzbpeiks im pna
vzekcevlas ahji`ea` ek pnbp mekbkcebl hqlpelbpazblesh+ _epnek pna cikmekas im b zasabzcn
vbvaz, pnes escqsseik cbk iklu ja ek`ecbpe}a im pna cihvla~ essqas bssicebpa` wepn pnes
pivec+ Pna qlpehbpa oibl, niwa}az, es pi spehqlbpa pna a~pakse}a zamlacpeik bk` escqsseik
pnbp pnes essqa hazeps+
8/3/2019 How Financial Multilateralism Can Increase Sustainable Output, Employment, and Income in the Pacific Region by D
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10 Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
Pnzaa Vellbzs im Mekbkcebl Hqlpelbpazblesh
2+ Hikapbzu Cinazakca
Bp eps ziip, bku hqlpelbpazbl mekbkcebl suspah hqsp b``zass pna hbcziacikihec ij(
dacpe}as im oi}azkhakps, a~vzassa` ek pnes cikpa~p pnziqon hikapbzu bk` a~cnbkoa
zbpa vilecu+ Pna e`ab im cinazakca es wabgaz pnbk ciiz`ekbpeik jqp wiql` spell
zarqeza oi}azkhakps pi b`ivp hiza nbzhikeiqs spbk`bz`s miz hikapbzu hbkboa(
hakp+ Miz a~bhvla, a~cnbkoa zbpa zaoehas bcziss pna Vbcemec Jbsek kaa` kip ja
ciiz`ekbpa` jqp pnau clabzlu lbcg cinazakca bp vzasakp, bs a}e`akca` ju hbsse}a
zasaz}a ehjblbkcas+
:+ Cbvepbl Hbzgap Mbcelepbpeik
Ekpazkbpeikbl cbvepbl mliws nb}a jaak ika im pna olijbl acikihus hisp vipakp
oziwpn cbpblusps+ Mizaeok `ezacp ek}asphakp .M@E% nbs bccalazbpa` pzb`a bk` oziwpn
ek jipn `aspekbpeik bk` izeoekbpeko ciqkpzeas, bk` bcziss pna Vbcemec ep nbs czabpa`b }bsp waj im sqvvlu cnbek zalbpeiksnevs pnbp cikpekqas pi sqspbek oziwpn+ Bp b
`aavaz la}al, M@E blsi zavzasakps oziwpn bzjepzboa+ Ju snempeko mekbkcebl zasiqzcas
mzih liwaz( pi neonaz(zapqzk ek}asphakps, M@E cbk ekczabsa zapqzks pi liw(vzeca`
lbjiz bk` zasiqzcas ek viiz ciqkpzeas, hepeobpeko ekpazkbpeikbl ekarqblepu+ Ek Bseb,
wnaza vaz cbvepb ekciha la}als }bzu `zbhbpecbllu, M@E cbk hbga ehvizpbkp cikpze(
jqpeiks pi acikihec cik}azoakca+ Miz pnasa zabsiks, hqlpelbpazbl mekbkcebl ekepeb(
pe}as sniql` hbga M@E bk` ipnaz cbvepbl hbzgap mbcelepbpeik b neon vzeizepu+ Bp pna
vzasakp peha, pnaza bza hbku ijspbclas pi pnes bcziss pna Vbcemec zaoeik+ M@E nbs
hbkboa` pi ekczabsa hiza ek svepa im cbvepbl hbzgap saohakpbpeik pnbk jacbqsa im
mbcelepbpeik+ Bobek, pnes sqooasps seokemecbkp oziwpn ivvizpqkepu cisps+
3+ Me`qcebzu Spbk`bz`s
Jacbqsa im pna vzekcevbl(boakp kbpqza im mekbkcebl ekpazha`ebpeik, spbk`bz`s im
zasviksejelepu bza assakpebl pi ekspepqpeikbl ammacpe}akass+
Ek pna vqjlec svnaza, pnasa pbga pwi mizhs+ Pna mezsp ekclq`as wall aspbjlesna`
spbk`bz`s miz ek`avak`akca mzih vilepecbl ekmlqakca, bk` pnes sniql` ja b cakpzbl
pakap im mekbkcebl hqlpelbpazblesh+ B sacik` bk` lass wall qk`azspii` vqjlec za(
sviksejelepu cikcazks mekbkcebl hbzgap zesg hbkboahakp+ Pna vze}bpa mekbkcebl
sacpizs cbvbcepu pi hbkboa zesg `avak`s czepecbllu ik cik`epeiks im lerqe`epu bk`bccass pi b jzib` svacpzqh im .`ihaspec, iz i}azsabs, iz jipn% `aze}bpe}a ekspzq(
hakps+ Ep es pna vqjlec sacpizs me`qcebzu zasviksejelepu pi sacqza pnes bccass pi
zasviksejla vze}bpa ekpazha`ebzeas+
Ik pna vze}bpa se`a, me`qcebzu spbk`bz`s ekclq`a wall aspbjlesna` kizhs miz vzq(
`akpebl hbkboahakp, bccavpbkca im sqvaz}eseik, bk` pzbksvbzakcu+ Bll pnasa bza
legawesa assakpebl pi b cinazakp zaoeikbl mekbkcebl suspah bk` pi ammeceakp hqlpelbp(
azbl cbvepbl bllicbpeik+ Ep sniql` ja ahvnbseta` pnbp zeoiziqs nbzhiketbpeik, lega
b sekola jbkgeko lbw iz qke}azsbl bcciqkpeko spbk`bz`s, es kip kaa`a`+ Sihapneko
hiza bgek pi IAC@ spbk`bz`s `a}alivhakp, nbzhiketbpeik pnziqon zaoqlbzeta`vilecu `eblioqa, ciql` b`}bkca pnes boak`b sqjspbkpebllu+
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB 11
EE+ Cbsa Spq`u ek Hikapbzu Cinazakca4Zakhekje Bvvzacebpeik bk` Spzqcpqzbl B`dqsphakp
Hikapbzu cinazakca `ias kip uap nb}a b `apbela` `amekepeik, jqp ep cbk ja abselu
ekpazvzapa`+ Sehvlu vqp, ep habks pnbp hikapbzu bk` mekbkcebl suspahs ek `emmazakp
ciqkpzeas ekpazbcp wepn b hekehqh im ekpaz}akpeik+ _nela cinazakca hbu kip ja ij}eiqs
a~ bkpa, ep es absu pi ijsaz}a eps mbelqza a~ visp ek pna mizh im espizpeiks pnbp ahazoa
bp pna ekpazmbca japwaak hbzgaps bk` ekcinazakp vileceas+ Ika im pna hisp cihhik
bzabs wnaza eps b`arqbcu cbk ja ijsaz}a` es a~cnbkoa zbpa vilecu, ika im pna hisp
spqjjizk cnbllakoas pi mekbkcebl hqlpelbpazblesh+ Ek pnes sacpeik wa a~bheka ika
vzihekakp cbsa zavzasakpeko pnes essqa4 Cnekbs cqzzakcu+ Im ciqzsa, pnes a~bhvla es
iklu ika im hbku+ Ep es a~bheka` naza jacbqsa ep a~ahvlemeas b vazsespakp lbcg im
cinazakca ek pna olijbl pzb`eko suspahkaihazcbkpela a~cnbkoa zbpa vileceaspnbp
nbs jaak vaz}bse}a ek Bseb+
Hisp iqpse`a ijsaz}azs saa Cnekbs jqzoaikeko mizaeok a~cnbkoa zasaz}as bs a}e`akca
im a~cnbkoa zbpa hbkboahakp+ Ek vbzpecqlbz, ep bvvabzs pnbp pna zakhekje .ZHJ% es
cqzzakplu jaliw bk ekpazkbpeikbllu waeonpa` arqelejzeqh zbpa pnbp wiql` jzeko zasaz}as
wepnek b hiza cik}akpeikbl zbkoa bs vazcakpboas im ipnaz hbczi boozaobpas+ _epnek
Cnekb, pnaza hbu ja pnisa wepn spzikolu nal` ivekeiks bjiqp a~cnbkoa zbpa hbkboahakp+
Pnasa ekclq`a, bhiko ipnazs, ekmlqakpebl spbganil`azs wepn kaihazcbkpelesp }eaws
zaobz`eko a~vizp cihvapepe}akass bk` ehvizp vzipacpeik+2 Ek leonp im pnes bs wall bs
zalbpe}alu ekpaksa emmazakcas ik pnes sqjdacp wepn siha vzihekakp pzb`a vbzpkazs, epnbs jaak emmecqlp miz Cnekb pi bcnea}a zbve` ZHJ b`dqsphakp, a}ak ek pna vzasakca
im hbsse}a zasaz}a bccqhqlbpeik+ Pnes sepqbpeik cikpzejqpas pi cihvla~ za`espzejqpe}a
mizcas wepnek Cnekasa siceapu, bcziss jipn sicebl oziqvs bk` oakazbpeiks, uap pnaza es
zalbpe}alu leppla ek`avak`akp ahvezecbl bkbluses pi alqce`bpa pnes iz pna ehvlecbpeiks im
blpazkbpe}a vileceas+
Scakbzeis miz Zabl A~cnbkoa Zbpa Bvvzacebpeik
Pi a~bheka pna ehvlecbpeiks im ozabpaz ZHJ mla~ejelepu, wa cikse`az b scakbzei wnazapna Vbcemec zaoeikbl acikiheas hbekpbek cikspbkp zbpeis im kap mizaeok sb}eko pi zabl
O@V+ Pna b`dqspeko }bzebjla ek pnes cbsa es pna `ihaspec O@V vzeca ek`a~, b vzi~u miz
pna zabl a~cnbkoa zbpa .ZAZ%+ Pna hi`al ahvliua` es `asczeja` ek Zilbk`(Nilsp,
]azjeasp, bk` Mbk .:661%+
2+ Bhiko pna lbppaz, miz a~bhvla, bza viwazmql b`}icbpas im Cnekbs mii` salm(sqmmeceakcu, wni vazcae}aZHJ bvvzacebpeik ivakeko pna ciqkpzu pi bk b}blbkcna im mbzh vzi`qcps, ekclq`eko pnisa mzih sqjse(`eta` IAC@ vzi`qcazs+
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1= Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
Meoqza 2 .`apbels ek Pbjla 2% avecps pna boozaobpa zasqlps im pnes blpazkbpe}a hbczi
clisqza zqla, ekclq`eko seokemecbkp ZAZ bvvzacebpeik miz Cnekb+ Jacbqsa im sqspbeka`
a~vizp sqzvlqsas, bll pna Bsebk acikiheas a~vazeakca ZAZ bvvzacebpeik ek }bzueko
`aozaas+ Cnekb es ek pna lab` miz bkblioiqs zabsiks, uap pna pipbl b`dqsphakp es lass
pnbk heonp ja a~vacpa` jacbqsa Cnekb es blsi a~vazeakceko jelbpazbl `ameceps wepn
zasvacp pi eps kaeonjizs+ Bvvzacebpeik wepn zasvacp pi pna Q+S+ ZAZ, ju cikpzbsp, es
hiza pnbk :6 vazcakp qzeko pna vazei` qk`az cikse`azbpeik, b meoqza oakazbllu ek leka
wepn cqzzakp vqjlec escqsseik+
Pzb`a B`dqsphakps
Cikse`azbpeik im hiza apbela` spzqcpqzbl b`dqsphakps cbk ehvzi}a qk`azspbk`eko im
pna vilecu sappeko miz a~cnbkoa zbpa hbkboahakp+ Ek pna cikpa~p im pzb`a b`dqsphakp,
2:
5
=
3
6
3
=
5
2:
21
Qkepa` Spbpas
BSABK
Pbewbk
Gizab
Dbvbk
Cnekb
:6:6:621:626
Vazcakp cnbkoa
Meoqza 24 Zabl A~cnbkoa Zbpa B`dqsphakps, :626:6 .asp+%
Siqzca4 Bqpnizs aspehbpas+
Pbjla 24 Zabl A~cnbkoa Zbpa B`dqsphakps, vazcakpboa
Ciqkpzu :661 :626 :621 :6:6
Cnekb 2+:5 ?+:3 2:+65 26+1:
Dbvbk 6+66 6+:= 6+>> 6+20
Gizab 6+23 2+:> 3+60 3+:?
Pbewbk 6+62 2+:> 3+>1 0+03
BSABK 6+21 2+26 :+01 :+53
Qkepa` Spbpas 6+:2 2+=: 3+?> 5+?>
Siqzca4 Bqpnizs aspehbpas+Kipa4 BSABK 8 Bssicebpeik im Siqpnabsp Bsebk Kbpeiks+
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB 1?
b maw sbleakp ammacps ahazoa ek pna ZAZ bvvzacebpeik scakbzei+ Ik pna a~vizp se`a
.Meoqza :%, Cnekasa a~vizps bza b`}azsalu bmmacpa` wepn zasvacp pi pna jbsaleka
scakbzei jqp spell zesa bji}a spab`u oziwpn ek jbsaleka }blqas+ Oziwpn im Cnekbs
a~vizps es sliwaz pnbk miz eps kik(Dbvbkasa pzb`eko vbzpkazs, lbzoalu jacbqsa Cnekbs
ZAZ ivakeko nbs snbzvlu spehqlbpa` pnaez a~vizp ivvizpqkepeas+
266
2:1
216
2?1
:66
::1
BSABK
Pbewbk
Gizab
Dbvbk
Cnekb
:6:6:621:626
Meoqza :4 Bsebk A~vizp Pzak`s, :626:6 .asp+%
Ek`a~ .:661 8 266%
Siqzca4 Bqpnizs aspehbpas+
Kipa4 Ek`a~a` pi :661 a~vizps 8 266+
Ik pna ipnaz se`a im zaoeikbl pzb`a mliws, wa saa pna cik}azsa ammacp im a~cnbkoa
zbpa cnbkoas, wepn Cnekb a~vazeakceko zbhbpec ehvizp a~vbkseik wnela eps kaeonjizs
lbo janek` .Meoqza 3%+ Bll ciqkpzeas a~vbk` pzb`a, jqp pnes ehvizpbkp .hqlpelbpazbl%
cihvikakp im Cnekbs bjsizvpeik kabzlu pzevlas bcziss pna acb`a :626:6+ Pi pnes
a~pakp, wa bza saaeko Cnekb bk` pna Qkepa` Spbpas a~cnbkoeko vlbcas mzih pna Bsebk
zaoeikbl vazsvacpe}a+ Ek`aa`, ek leonp im pnasa ukbhecs ep es zabsikbjla pi bsg wnapnaz
b spziko(ZHJ ciksaksqs heonp ahazoa ek pna wbga im pna liko(nal` spziko(`illbz
ciksaksqs+ Cazpbeklu, pzb`a zaizeakpbpeik ik pna vbzp im Cnekbs kaeonjizs oe}as pnah
pwi ehvizpbkp oziwpn b`}bkpboas+ A~vizp a~vbkseik piwbz` Cnekb immazs ehvizpbkp`e}azsemecbpeik bwbu mzih pzb`epeikbl, Kizpn(Siqpn vbppazks im pzb`a+ Ep blsi zavzasakps
b cihhephakp pi pna wizl`s hisp ukbhec ciksqhaz hbzgap+
Jakabpn pna }akaaz im hbczi snemps, `zbhbpec vbppazks im pzb`a `e}azseik ahazoa,
jipn japwaak ciqkpzeas bk` wepnek sacpizs+ Pna sehqlbpeik hi`al wa qsa nbs b
seokemecbkp bhiqkp im sacpiz apbel, jqp svbca cikspzbekps vza}akp apbela` escqsseik
im pnasa ek pnes cnbvpaz+ A}ak si, b maw sbleakp mabpqzas hazep ahvnbses4
Cnekbs ehvizp avak`akca bccalazbpas bcziss b we`a svacpzqh im vzi`qcps,jqp asvacebllu akazou bk` mii`+
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1> Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
Bsebk a~vizps pi Cnekb well zamlacp pzb`epeikbl cihvbzbpe}a b`}bkpboas, wepn
neon(ekciha Bseb a~vizpeko pacnkiliou bk` a`qcbpeik(ekpakse}a vzi`qcps bk`
cbvepbl oii`s, wnela pna zasp im Bseb snevs hiza `e}azsa ciksqhaz oii`s,
ekpazha`ebpas, bk` zbw hbpazebls+
Ipnaz Bsebk a~vizps bccalazbpa asvepa ZAZ bvvzacebpeik .jacbqsa Cnekb es
a~vazeakceko seokemecbkplu neonaz bvvzacebpeik%, snbzvlu ekczabseko pna ihaspec
vqzcnbseko viwaz im ipnaz Bsebk ciqkpzeas+
266
:66
366
066
166
BSABKPbewbk
Gizab
Dbvbk
Cnekb
:6:6:621:626
Meoqza 34 Bsebk Ehvizp Pzak`s, :626:6 .asp+%
Ek`a~ .:661 8 266%
Siqzca4 Bqpnizs aspehbpas+
Kipa4 Ek`a~a` pi :661 ehvizps 8 266+
@ihaspec Oziwpn
Vaznbvs pna hisp ekpazaspeko zasqlp im pna ZAZ a~vazehakp es pnbp, cikpzbzu pi
kaihazcbkpela iz ipnaz vzipacpeikesp bzoqhakps, Cnekbs boozaobpa zabl acikihec
oziwpn bccalazbpas wepn cqzzakcu bvvzacebpeik+ Ek vbzpecqlbz, pna bppakqbpeik im a~vizp
oziwpn es hiza pnbk immsap ju `ihaspec `ahbk` a~vbkseik, ehvlueko pnbp nespizeca~cnbkoa zbpa zeoe`epu hbu nb}a bcpqbllu zapbz`a` ihaspec spzqcpqzbl pzbksepeik bs
wall bs boozaobpa oziwpn+
Meoqza 0 sniws niw Cnekbs oziwpn .wall bji}a pna jbsaleka pzak`% bccalazbpas
bnab` im ipnaz zaoeikbl acikiheas+ Pna vzehbzu ze}az im pnes es ekczabsa` ihaspec
vqzcnbseko viwaz, ek vbzpecqlbz miz assakpebl cihvikakps im pna kbpeikbl jblbkca snaap
lega zbw hbpazebls, jbsec ciksqhaz oii`s, bk` b we`a svacpzqh im ekpazha`ebpa bk`
cbvepbl oii`s+ Pna zasqlp es b `zbhbpec snemp mzih a~pazkbl pi ihaspec ahbk` bs pna
akoeka im zabl acikihec oziwpn+ Ek pnes cikpa~p, ciksqhaz mekbl ahbk` nbs neonaz
pazpebzu bk` ahvliuhakp(ekpakse}a cikpakp bk` pnqs likoaz hqlpevleaz cnbeks bcziss
pna ihaspec acikihu+
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB 15
Cbvepbl Hbzgap Ehvlecbpeiks
Ij}eiqslu, bll pnasa cqzzakp bcciqkp b`dqsphakps well ja zamlacpa` ek pna cbvepbl bcciqkp,
asvacebllu bp pna jelbpazbl la}al+ Sqcn snemps bza kipizeiqslu emmecqlp pi oakazbleta, uap b
maw ijsaz}bpeiks bza zala}bkp+ Mizaeok sb}ekos bza cikspzbeka` ju zabl O@V qk`az
pna bssqha` hbcziacikihec clisqza, bk` oziwpn im pna pzb`a sqzvlqs es sliweko+ Pnes
habks M@E es ekczabseko ek jipn bjsilqpa bk` zalbpe}a pazhs, wepn pwi hbek ammacps+Mezsp, pi pna a~pakp pnbp mizaeok ek}aspizs bza hiza salacpe}a bk` bjla pi b`` }blqa pi
`ihaspec bssaps, Cnekb well a~vazeakca zeseko b}azboa rqblepu im ihaspec ek}asphakp
bk` bssap nil`ekos+ Pnes nbs ehvizpbkp ehvlecbpeiks miz vzi`qcpe}epu oziwpn bk`
cihvapepe}a `escevleka, vbzpecqlbzlu bs a~vizp `escevleka zaca`as+ Sacik`, ZAZ
bvvzacebpeik well ek`qca bccalazbpa` .bk` `esciqkpa`% pacnkiliou pzbksmaz+ Pna cisp
im ahji`ea` mizaeok pacnkiliou es mblleko, wnecn well blsi cikpzejqpa pi bccalazbpa`
sqjspepqpeik, b`ivpeik, iz hi`azketbpeik, iz siha cihjekbpeik im pnasa pnzaa+
Bs pna ZAZ bvvzacebpas bk` M@E bccalazbpas, bk a~pakse}a sacpizbl zipbpeik well jasap ek hipeik bcziss pna acikihu+ Kikpzb`bjla vzecas well zesa zalbpe}a pi pzb`bjlas,
bk` `ihaspec zasiqzcas well ja `zbwk piwbz` pnasa bcpe}epeas+ Pnes cbk ja }azu
jakamecebl pi a}alivhakp im pna ekpazkbl hbzgap, jqp pnaza bza pwi vipakpebl vepmblls+
Pna mezsp es b }bzebkp im clbssec @qpcn esabsa4 esakoboahakp mzih a~pazkbl cihvapepe}a
escevleka+
B sacik` siqzca im zesg cihas mzih lbjiz ekpaksepu im ahazoakp `ahbk`+ Pna kap
ahvliuhakp cnbzbcpazespecs im pna sacpizbl zipbpeik well ja }azu ehvizpbkp pi liko(
pazh ahvliuhakp la}als bk` cihvisepeik+ Em, miz a~bhvla, vzivazpu lab`s pna oziwpnim kikpzb`bjla ahbk` zbpnaz pnbk saz}ecas, ep ciql` ja emmecqlp pi hbekpbek ahvliuhakp
zbpas iz pi lehep pna oziwpn im ekarqblepu+
266
216
:66
:16
366
316
066
016
BSABK
Pbewbk
Gizab
Dbvbk
Cnekb
:6:6:621:626
Meoqza 04 Zabl O@V Pzak`s, :626:6 .asp+%
Ek`a~ .:661 8 266%
Siqzca4 Bqpnizs aspehbpas+
Kipa4 Ek`a~a` pi :661 8 266+
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=6 Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
Lbjiz Hbzgaps
_a nb}a bssqha` mqll ahvliuhakp bcziss bll scakbzeis+ Clabzlu, niwa}az, cihvisepeikbl
mabpqzas im pna ahvliuhakp rqaspeik well apazheka niw hqcn acikihec vipakpebl es
zableta` bk` niw pna jakameps im neonaz oziwpn zbpas bza `espzejqpa` bcziss abcn
acikihu+ Miz pna Bsebk zaoeik, apbela` bkbluses im sacpizbl b`dqsphakps es kaa`a` pi
bssass pnes rqaspeik+ Miz Cnekb, albspec sqvvleas im qksgella` wizgazs bza vzijbjlu lass
im bk essqa pnbk zaczqephakp im sgella` lbjiz+ Ek bku cbsa, ijsaz}bpeiks mzih pnzaa
vazsvacpe}as ik lbjiz hbzgaps bza zala}bkp4
2+ Niw neon9
b+ Sgella` lbjiz ahbk` hbu ja zeseko mbspaz pnbk sqvvlu+ Pnes pzak` es jaeko
bccalazbpa` ju M@E, miz wnecn sgella` lbjiz bvvabzs pi ja b cihvlahakp+
j+ _nbp es pna zabl cbvbcepu im mizhbl bk` ekmizhbl a`qcbpeik bk` pzbekeko pi
`ale}az neonaz vzi`qcpe}epu9
:+ Niw liko9
b+ @ahiozbvnec pzbksepeik bk` zeseko avak`akcu+ Boeko bk` mbhelu vilecu
hbu ekpaksemu pna vzassqza ik pna wizgeko lbjiz mizca+
j+ Pna iklu wbu iqp es a}az(ekczabseko lbjiz vzi`qcpe}epu+
3+ Niw we`a9
b+ Heozbpizu vzassqza well cikpekqa bs pna ivvizpqkepu cisp im lbjiz ek pnazqzbl sacpiz aclekas hikipikecbllu+
j+ Bcpqbl heozbpeik hqsp cikpekqa pi ja ahbk` ze}ak+
c+ Zaoeikbl oziwpn zbpas well ekczabsekolu apazheka boozaobpa oziwpn .ha`ebk
}s+ b}azboa oziwpn%+
Zaoeikbl Essqas
Ik pna cqzzakp bcciqkp, pahvazeko Cnekbs a~vizp cihvapepe}akass bk` bccalazbpeko
bjsizvpeik liigs oii` pi zaoeikbl kaeonjizs+ Niwa}az, pnaza well cazpbeklu ja ekpaksemea`zaoeikbl cihvapepeik miz vzehbzu vzi`qcps bk` ekpazha`ebpa oii`s+ Pnes well srqaata
zaoeikbl jblbkca snaaps bs b jzib` snemp mzih a~vizp cihvapepeik pi cihvapepeik miz
ehvizps aksqas+ ZAZ bvvzacebpeik well nalv Cnekb ek pnes vqzcnbseko viwaz cihvapepeik,
jqp ekpaksemu pna qk`azlueko zaoeikbl .bk` olijbl% cnbllakoas im zasiqzca sqspbekbjelepu+
Qk`az sqcn cik`epeiks, hbdiz pzak`s pnbp bza blzab`u ek a}e`akca cbk ja a~vacpa` pi
vazsesp bk` a}ak ekpaksemu+
Mezsp, pnaza well bk a~vbkseik im zasiqzcas(saageko hqlpelbpazbl vbzpkazsnevs+ Cnekb es
blzab`u nab}elu akoboa` ek pnes, ekclq`eko hekeko ek Siqpn Bhazecb bk` vqzsqeko akazouek Cakpzbl Bseb bk` Bmzecb+ Ek`eb es milliweko zbve`lu, bk` jipn nb}a jaak ekczabseko
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB =2
ek}asphakps ek IAC@ acikiheas+ Ik pna vze}bpa(sacpiz se`a im pna sbha pzak`, Cnekb
bk` vaznbvs ipnazs well nb}a spziko ekcakpe}as pi vqzsqa olijbl }azpecbl ekpaozbpeik,
ek}aspeko pi sacqza siqzcas im qvspzabh vzi`qcps bk` mbcpiz saz}ecas+ Pnes well nb}a
pna sacik`bzu ammacp im spzakopnakeko iwkspzabh hbzgap viwaz bk` well vzijbjlu
bccalazbpa iwkspzabh ciksile`bpeik+ _epnek hiza neonlu bzpecqlbpa` ekpazkbpeikbl sqvvlu
cnbeks, pnaza well ja spziko ekcakpe}as pi snemp }blqa ju pzbksmaz vzeceko, jbzobekeko,
bk` pacnkiliou emmqseik bcziss kbpeikbl jiqk`bzeas+ _ni jakameps kbpeikbllu mzih
pnes vzicass im sqvvlu cnbek ekpaozbpeik es pi`bu b hbppaz im vqza svacqlbpeik+ Dbvbks
a~vazeakca, wepn eps a~pakse}a kapwizgs im i}azlbvveko mizaeok iwkazsnev, i}azsabs
mbcelepeas, bk` arqepu lespekos, hbgas ep bvvbzakp pnbp pna jakameps im kapwizg
olijbletbpeik bza we`alu esvazsa`, saz}eko pna ekpazasps im kip iklu vbzakp cihvbku
snbzanil`azs jqp hbku ipnazs bs wall+
EEE+ Cbvepbl Hbzgap Mbcelepbpeik4 Oziwpn Bzjepzboa bk`pna Zila im M@E
Blsi ek pna cikpa~p im ekpazkbpeikbl mekbkcebl ekpaozbpeik, ekpazkbpeikbl cbvepbl bllicbpeik
nbs jaak b vzehbzu ze}az im hi`azk oziwpn, vbzpecqlbzlu miz ahazoeko acikiheas,
bk` pnes zalbpeiksnev nbs kiwnaza jaak hiza mizpqepiqs pnbk ek Bseb+: Pioapnaz wepn
`escevleka` cihhephakps pi `ihaspec bk` a~pazkbl acikihec zamizh, pna zaoeiks
acikiheas nb}a la}azboa` mizaeok sb}ekos pi bcnea}a oziwpn bk` hi`azketbpeik wall
jauik` pna ehboekeko im vzeiz oakazbpeiks+ Oe}ak pna kabzlu qke}azsbl bvvabl im M@Ebs b oziwpn cbpblusp, niwa}az, ep wiql` clabzlu ja `asezbjla miz vilecuhbgazs pi
spzakopnak pna cbvbcepu im cbvepbl hbzgaps pi mbcelepbpa pnasa mliws ek b`}bkceko
acikihec vziozass+ Bs Bseb pzbkseps mzih b liisa ma`azbpeik im ahazoeko acikiheas
pi b hiza mqllu ekpaozbpa` bk` hbpqza acikihec zaoeik, pna kaa` pi mbcelepbpa hqlpelbpazbl
ek}asphakp ukbhecs well iklu ekczabsa+
Ek b``epeik pi eps zila bs b vqza oziwpn `ze}az, M@E es bk ehvizpbkp hacnbkesh im
oziwpn bzjepzboa+ Ju hi}eko cbvepbl mzih liwaz( pi neonaz(zapqzk ak}ezikhakps, M@E
cbk ekczabsa zapqzks pi liwaz(vzeca` lbjiz bk` zasiqzcas, hbgeko vissejla ozabpazvazcakpboa ekciha obeks miz liw(ekciha ciqkpzeas+ Pnes vzicass cbk hepeobpa
ekpazkbpeikbl ekarqblepu ek jipn oziwpn zbpas bk`, ek pna zeonp ekspepqpeikbl sappekos, i}azbll
le}eko spbk`bz`s+ Ek pna Bsebk zaoeik, pnes bsvacp im M@E es vbzpecqlbzlu bppzbcpe}a miz
pwi zabsiks+ Mezsp, Bseb nbs vziozassa` zbhbpecbllu i}az pna vbsp pwi oakazbpeiks,
uap pna jakameps im oziwpn nb}a spell jaak cikcakpzbpa` ek b hekizepu im pna vivqlbpeik,
bk` vaz cbvepb ekciha bcziss Bsebk acikiheas zahbeks neonlu qkarqbl+ Jacbqsa
:+ Saa, miz a~bhvla, Hbzgqsak bk` ]akbjlas .2555% bk` Mzakgal bk` Hakgnimm .:660% miz sbhvlas im blbzoa lepazbpqza ik pnasa essqas+
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=: Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
sqspbekbjla oziwpn ek Bseb well qlpehbpalu zalu ik eps ekpazkbl hbzgaps, pnes hbgas
acikihec cik}azoakca b neon vzeizepu miz pna zaoeik+
Sacik`, we`az cbvepbl bllicbpeik bcziss pna Bsebk zaoeik wiql` zavzasakp ekpazkbpeikbl
mekbkcebl e}azsemecbpeik ek pna ezacpeik im sqvazeiz oziwpn zbpas+ Bs pna laboqa pbjla
.Meoqza 1% ek`ecbpas, Bsebk acikiheas bza a~vacpa` pi lab` ek jipn bjsilqpa bk` vaz
cbvepb zabl O@V oziwpn i}az pna ka~p acb`a+
Nespizecbl I}az}eaw im Bsebk M@E Pzak`s
Mliws im M@E nb}a saak b zbhbpec zesa ek zacakp uabzs iweko pi ekczabseko ivakkass
im nisp acikiheas+3 Pnes pzak` es legalu pi cikpekqa+ Mzih iklu $13+? jelleik ek 25>6,
bkkqbl M@E iqpmliws zabcna` $2+: pzelleik ek :666+ .Pna olijbl zacasseik bmpaz pnbp
cikse`azbjlu za`qca` iqpmliws, niwa}az7 iqpmliws zivva` ju 35 vazcakp ek :662, 2?
vazcakp ek :66:, bk` 21 vazcakp ek :663, jamiza vecgeko qv bobek sekca :660%+
3+ Pnes sacpeik `zbws ik Zilbk`(Nilsp, ]azjeasp, bk` Tnbe .:661%+
6 2 : 3 0 1 = ?
VivqlbpeikVaz Cbvepb Zabl O@V
Dbvbk
Aqziva .21%
Zasp im wizl`
Lbpek BhazecbQkepa` Spbpas
Bqspzbleb,KT
Sekobviza
Pbevae, Cnekb
Jbkoblb`asn
Ek`ikaseb
Gizab
Ek`eb
Hblbuseb
Niko Giko, Cnekb
]eapkbh
Pnbelbk`Vnelevvekas
Sze Lbkgb
Cnekb
Vazcakp
Siqzcas4 @ZE, Cbhjze`oa Acikihapzecs, AEQ+
Kipa4 AQ .21% 8 Bqspzeb, Jaloeqh, @akhbzg, Meklbk`, Mzbkca, Ozaaca, Ezalbk`, Epblu,
Lq~ahjiqzo, Oazhbku,Kapnazlbk`s, Vizpqobl, Svbek, Swa`ak, Qkepa` Geko`ih+
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB =3
Hizai}az, M@E mliws nb}a zesak pzahak`iqslu zalbpe}a pi wizl` iqpvqp bk` pzb`a
sekca pna abzlu 2556s+ _izl` M@E iqpmliws ekczabsa` blhisp me}a pehas mzih 2556 pi
:666, wnela wizl` iqpvqp bk` a~vizps ozaw bp hiza hi`asp vbcas+ Pnes swemp a~vbkseik
ek M@E wbs hisp vzikiqkca` qzeko 25>=56, wnak hbku nisp ciqkpzeas jaobk pi
zalb~ zaoqlbpeiks ek iz`az pi bppzbcp M@E, bk` 255=:666, wnak hbku hazoazs bk`
bcrqesepeiks .H-Bs% milliwa` ek pna wbga im pna 255?5> Bsebk acikihec czeses bk`
vze}bpetbpeik vziozbhs ek Lbpek Bhazecb+
Acikiheas ek a}aliveko Bseb oakazbllu zacae}a` ekczabsekolu lbzoaz snbzas im wizl`
M@E ekmliws, vbzpecqlbzlu `qzeko pna 2556s+ Mzih bk b}azboa im =+0 vazcakp ek pna
25?6s, a}aliveko Bsebs snbza ek pipbl M@E ekmliws ekczabsa` pi :2+> vazcakp ek :661+
M@E ekmliws pi a}aliveko Bseb ozaw mzih iklu $=50 helleik ek 25?6 pi $:66 jelleik ek
:661, bk b}azboa oziwpn zbpa im :0+0 vazcakp vaz uabz+
_epnek M@E mliws pi Bseb, H-Bs nb}a jaciha ehvizpbkp, vbzpecqlbzlu milliweko pna
mekbkcebl czeses, bs snbzv licbl cqzzakcu avzacebpeiks bk` lerqe`epu cikspzbekps ekczabsa`
pna b}belbjelepu im pbzoap mezhs+ H-Bs ek a}aliveko Bseb zisa hiza pnbk 2:5 pehas ju
}blqa japwaak 25>? bk` :662, mzih iklu $:1=+2 helleik pi $33+2 jelleik+ Pna vzamazakcas
im mizaeok ek}aspizs miz ek`e}e`qbl ciqkpzu aspekbpeiks nb}a snempa` i}az peha+ _nela
Aqziva bk` Kizpn Bhazecb cikpekqa pi ja hbdiz zaceveakps im M@E, Cnekb nbs ahazoa`
bs bkipnaz mb}iza` `aspekbpeik+
Ek a}aliveko Bseb, pna piv 26 zaceveakps im M@E ekmliws ek :66361 bcciqkpa` mizbjiqp 56 vazcakp im pipbl M@E ek pna zaoeik, wepn pna piv pnzaa zaceveakps blika bcciqkpeko
miz ?3 vazcakp .Pbjla :%+ Btazjbedbk, wnela jaeko iklu kqhjaz sa}ak ek pna lesp im piv
`a}aliveko Bsebk M@E zaceveakps, nb` pna neonasp zbpei im M@E pi O@V, zamlacpeko pna
ehvizpbkca im kaw M@E ek eps nu`zicbzjiks sacpiz, pna vzehbzu `ze}az im `ihaspec
acikihec oziwpn+
Bs pna pipbl }blqa im M@E ekmliws pi pna piv 26 Bsebk aspekbpeiks sqzoa` qzeko pna
vbsp 21 uabzs, a}aliveko Bsebs snbza ek pna wizl` pipbl ekczabsa` mzih 25+1 vazcakp
ek 255253 pi :2+: vazcakp ek :66361+ Pna lbzoasp zaceveakps bp pna boozaobpa la}alhbu kip ja pnisa wepn pna ozabpasp acikihec ehvbcps mzih M@E .Pbjla 3%+ Bs b
vazcakpboa im ihaspec acikihec bcpe}epu, b}azboa M@E ekmliws nb}a sniwk zahbzgbjla
ekczabsas ek siha Bsebk acikiheas+ Vaz cbvepb ekmliws bza oakazbllu lbzoasp ek shbllaz
ciqkpzeas .Pbjla 0%+ Ek Sekobviza bk` Niko Giko .Cnekb%, miz ekspbkca, vaz cbvepb
ekmliws hiza pnbk iqjla` japwaak 255253 bk` :66263+ Pna cnieca im peha vazei`
hbppazs, bs siha uabzs sniw hiza zahbzgbjla ekczabsas pnbk ipnazs+ Ek Niko Giko
.Cnekb%, miz a~bhvla, vaz cbvepb M@E ekmliws ekczabsa` mzih iklu $1?0 ek 2556 pi
$5,:3: ek :666bk a~vbkseik im 2=+: pehas+ Ek Btazjbedbk, pipbl bkkqbl ekmliws zabcna`
== vazcakp im oziss me~a` cbvepbl mizhbpeik ek :66361 .Pbjla 1%+
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=0 Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
Pbjla :4 M@E Ekmliws ek Salacpa` @a}aliveko Bsebk Acikiheas, :66361
Acikihu Vazcakpboa im pipbl M@E ek a}aliveko Bseb Zbpei pi O@V
Cnekb, Vaivlas Zavqjlec im 03+: 3+=Niko Giko, Cnekb 25+3 2=+=
Sekobviza 26+1 20+2
Gizab, Zavqjlec im 0+0 6+5
Ek`eb 3+5 6+>
Hblbuseb :+= 3+2
Btazjbedbk :+6 33+:
Gbtbgnspbk 2+> =+1
Pnbelbk` 2+= 2+0
Ek`ikaseb 2+1 6+>
Siqzca4 QKCPB@ .}bzeiqs uabzs%+
Pbjla 34 Piv 26 @aspekbpeiks miz M@E ek @a}aliveko Bseb, :66361, ek helleiks im `illbzs
Zbkg Ciqkpzu Bkkqbl M@E Ekmliws :66361
2 Cnekb, Vaivlas Zavqjlec im =:,2>6
: Niko Giko, Cnekb :?,>12
3 Sekobviza 21,653
0 Gizab, Zav im =,:?:
1 Ek`eb 1,11:
= Hblbuseb 3,=>>
? Btazjbedbk :,>06
> Gbtbgnspbk :,=0>
5 Pnbelbk` :,312
26 Ek`ikaseb :,25:
QKCPB@ .}bzeiqs uabzs%+
Ep es ekczabsekolu emmecqlp pi cnbzbcpazeta bk` puvemu M@E+0 Ek hisp acikiheas, ep akpazs
vzbcpecbllu bll sacpizs+ Ep izeoekbpas mzih jipn ek`qspzebl bk` a}aliveko acikiheas+ Ep
hbu pbga pna mizh im liko(pazh ozaakmeal` ek}asphakp iz snizp(pazh, ivvizpqkespec
H-Bs+ Ep zbkoas mzih pna olijbl ek}asphakps im pna wizl`s lbzoasp cizvizbpeiks pi
shbllaz cziss(jiz`az ek}asphakps+ Pna espekcpeik japwaak mizaeok ek}asphakp bk`
`ihaspec ek}asphakp es ekczabsekolu jlqzza`, asvacebllu wnak b ciqkpzus ebsvizb es
0+ Cihvbza _naalaz bk` Hi`u .255:% bk` ^q .:666%+
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB =1
bcpe}alu ek}il}a`+ B wizl` im ekczabsekolu sabhlass kbpeikbl jiqk`bzeas es blsi bhakbjla
pi neonlu mlqe` cbvepbl wnisa kbpeikbl cnbzbcpazespecs bza impak emmecqlp pi escazk+
Ehvbcp im Mizaeok @ezacp Ek}asphakp
Sqvvizpazs im M@E cikpak` pnbp, ek b``epeik pi nalveko i}azciha licbl cbvepbl cikspzbekps,mizaeok ek}aspizs ekpzi`qca b cihjekbpeik im ipnaz neonlu vzi`qcpe}a zasiqzcas ekpi
Pbjla 04 M@E Ekmliws vaz Cbvepb, :66361, ek `illbzs
Zbkg Ciqkpzu Ekmliws
2 Hbzsnbll Eslbk`s 0,6:?
: Niko Giko, Cnekb 3,5?>
3 Jzqkae @bzqssblbh 3,1>0
0 Sekobviza 3,1::
1 Btazjbedbk 30:
= Pq}blq :=>
? Vblbq 25>
> Gezejbpe 25:
5 Gbtbgnspbk 2?1
26 Hblbuseb 20=
Siqzca4 QKCPB@ .}bzeiqs uabzs%+
Pbjla 14 M@E Mliws bs b Vazcakpboa im Oziss Me~a` Cbvepbl Mizhbpeik, :66361 Zbkgekos
im Salacpa` Ciqkpzeas
Zbkg Ciqkpzu Vazcakpboa
2 Niko Giko, Cnekb ?>+6
: Btazjbedbk =1+?
3 Pbdegespbk =:+?
0 Sekobviza =2+2
1 Diz`bk 3:+1
= Gbtbgnspbk 36+?
? ]bkqbpq :>+0
> Hikoileb :?+:
5 Cbhji`eb 2?+3
26 ]eapkbh 26+5
Siqzca4 QKCPB@ .}bzeiqs uabzs%+
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== Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
pna nisp acikihu+ Pnasa ekclq`a vzi`qcpeik bk` vzicass pacnkiliou7 hbkboazebl
a~vazpesa7 bcciqkpeko bk` bq`epeko spbk`bz`s7 bk` gkiwla`oa im ekpazkbpeikbl hbzgaps,
b`}azpeseko, bk` hbzgapeko pacnkerqas+ Pna cnbllakoa miz pna nisp acikihu es pi jakamep
mzih mizaeok acikihec vzasakca bk` pi bvvzivzebpa bs hqcn bs vissejla im pna
ekczabsa` ekciha bcczqeko mzih pna zasqlpeko vzi`qcpe}epu oziwpn wepniqp apazzeko
mqzpnaz ek}asphakp+ Nisp acikihu jakameps bza rqepa qka}ak, jipn bcziss bk` wepnek
ciqkpzeas, sqooaspeko pnbp nisp ciqkpzu vileceas bza ehvizpbkp ek pna espzejqpeik im
pnasa jakameps+ Im vbzpecqlbz zala}bkca bza hikapbzu bk` mescbl vileceas7 mekbkcebl
ekspepqpeiks pi sqvvizp bccass pi cza`ep bk` zesg hbkboahakp7 bk` vilecu ekmlqakcas ik
pna cihhazcebl ak}ezikhakp, jzib`az ekspepqpeikbl rqblepu, bk` vzi`qcpe}a cbvbjelepeas+
@espekoqesneko cnbzbcpazespecs im M@E bza eps spbjelepu bk` absa im saz}eca zalbpe}a pi
ipnaz mizhs im a~pazkbl mekbkca, sqcn bs cihhazcebl ajp iz vizpmilei ek}asphakp, bs
wall bs eps kikmekbkcebl cikpzejqpeiks pi vzicqzahakp, vzi`qcpeik, bk` sblas vzicassas+
Bse`a mzih ekczabseko iqpvqp bk` ekciha, vipakpebl jakameps pi nisp ciqkpzeas mzih
M@E ekmliws ekclq`a pna milliweko .Jziigs ap bl+ :660%4
2+ Mizaeok mezhs jzeko sqvazeiz pacnkiliou bk` hbkboahakp vzbcpecas+ Pna a~pakp
im jakameps pi nisp ciqkpzeas `avak`s ik pna pacnkilioecbl bk` gkiwla`oa
svelli}azs pi ihaspec bk` ipnaz mizaeok(ek}aspa` mezhs, bs wall bs pna a~pakp pi
wnecn `ihaspec ciksqhazs iz iwkazs im pna mbcpizs im vzi`qcpeik zabv pna
obeks mzih ozabpaz vzi`qcpe}epu+ Ek b``epeik, pna vipakpebl jakameps mzih b`ivpeko
iz b`bvpeko pi kaw pacnkiliou iz pacnkerqas akciqzboa nqhbk cbvepbl`a}alivhakp pi hiza mqllu a~vliep pnisa jakameps+
:+ Mizaeok ek}asphakp akoak`azs ekczabsa` cihvapepeik ek pna nisp acikihu+
Pna akpzu im b kaw mezh ek b kikpzb`bjla sacpiz ekczabsas ek`qspzu iqpvqp bk`
hbu pnazaju za`qca pna ihaspec vzeca, lab`eko pi b kap ehvzi}ahakp ek walmbza+
Hbzgapeko licbllu bk` labzkeko ju `ieko svqz b``epeikbl `ihaspec hbzgap
`a}alivhakp bk` walmbza ehvzi}ahakps+
3+ Mizaeok ek}asphakp puvecbllu spehqlbpas ekczabsa` `ihaspec ek}asphakp+Jiswizpn bk` Cilleks .2555% miqk` pnbp ik b}azboa bjiqp nblm im abcn illbz im
b cbvepbl ekmliw pzbkslbpas ekpi bk arqbl ekczabsa ek ihaspec ek}asphakp+ _nak
pna cbvepbl ekmliws pbga pna mizh im M@E, pnaza es b kabz ika(miz(ika zalbpeiksnev
japwaak pna M@E bk` ekczabsa` ihaspec ek}asphakp+
0+ Mizaeok ek}asphakp ueal`s b`}bkpboas ek pazhs im a~vizp hbzgap bccass bzeseko
mzih mizaeok mezhs acikiheas im scbla ek hbzgapeko iz bjelepu pi obek hbzgap
bccass bjzib`+ Jase`as pnaez cikpzejqpeiks pnziqon diekp }akpqzas, mizaeok mezhs
saz}a bs cbpblusps miz ihaspec a~vizpazs+ Pna vzijbjelepu pnbp b ihaspec vlbkpwell a~vizp es visepe}alu cizzalbpa` wepn vzi~ehepu pi hqlpekbpeikbl mezhs .Bepgak,
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB =?
Nbksik, bk` Nbzzesik 255?%+ Ju czabpeko a~vizp vzicasseko tikas bk` vzihipeko
clqspazs, iz ju cikmazzeko svacebl jakameps sqcn bs qpu(mzaa ehvizps im ekvqps,
sqjse`eta` ekmzbspzqcpqza, iz pb~ nile`bus, oi}azkhakps hbu akciqzboa vipakpebl
a~vizpazs pi licbpa kabz abcn ipnaz bk` pnazaju za`qca cisps miz ihaspec mezhs
pi jzabg ekpi mizaeok hbzgaps+
1+ Mizaeok ek}asphakp cbk cikpzejqpa scbzca mizaeok a~cnbkoa+ Impak ek}asphakp
zarqezas ehvizpa` vzi`qcpeik ekvqps miz wnecn ihaspec sb}ekos bza eksqmmeceakp,
iz ek}asphakp mbcas jbzzeazs ek cik}azpeko licbl cqzzakcu pi mizaeok a~cnbkoa pi
bcrqeza ehvizps+ Pnak ihaspec sb}ekos blika hbu ja eksqmmeceakp pi oqbzbkpaa
oziwpn, wnela cbvepbl ekmliws cbk nalv aksqza pnbp mizaeok a~cnbkoa well ja
b}belbjla pi vqzcnbsa ehvizps miz ek}asphakp bk` vzi`qcpeik+
A}ak miz ciqkpzeas wepn zalbpe}alu absu bccass pi ekpazkbpeikbl cbvepbl hbzgaps .sqcn
bs Gizab% iz wepn sqjspbkpebl nil`ekos im mizaeok zasaz}as .sqcn bs Cnekb iz Ek`eb%,
pna kikhikapbzu jakameps im M@E, sqcn bs pnisa lespa` ek 2 pnziqon 0 bji}a, spell hbga
ep bk bppzbcpe}a siqzca im ek}asphakp+
Pna oakazbl cikclqseik ek pna ahvezecbl lepazbpqza es pnbp M@E cikmazs kap jakameps ik
pna nisp acikihu+ Pna cbvepbl spicg es bqohakpa`, vzi`qcpe}epu zesas, bk` siha .impak
hqcn% im pna ekczabsa es bvvzivzebpa` ju ihaspec ciksqhazs bk` mbcpizs im vzi`qcpeik+
Pnasa jakameps bvvabz pi ja asvacebllu ehvizpbkp ek cikkacpeko pna nisp ciqkpzu pi pna
olijbl acikihu bk` ek pna bzab im pacnkiliou pzbksmaz+ Pnau bza ozabpaz wnak sqvvizpa`ju siqk` hikapbzu, mescbl, bk` me`qcebzu vileceas+
Bs pzb`a nbs jaak lejazbleta`, pnaza nbs jaak b swepcn ek pna hipe}bpeik miz sqvvlueko
M@E4 mzih zakp saageko pi ammeceakcu saageko+ Pna cikpahvizbzu cnbllakoa miz
`a}aliveko ciqkpzeas es pi cbvepbleta ik M@Es ammeceakcu obeks+ Cihvapepeik miz M@E
bhiko nisp ciqkpzeas micqsas ik pna aspbjlesnhakp im bk akbjleko, jqsekass(mzeak`lu
cihhazcebl ak}ezikhakp, ciksespakp wepn kbpeikbl a}alivhakp ijdacpe}as+ Ek pnes
cikpa~p, b qsamql vbzb`eoh es pna si(cblla` miqz Es4 ekcakpe}as, ekspepqpeiks, ekmzbspzqcpqza,
bk` ekmizhbpeik+ Bs acikiheas ivak qv, pnasa miqz mbcpizs .wnecn akcihvbss hikapbzucinazakca bk` me`qcebzu spbk`bz`s% bza gau `apazhekbkps kip iklu im pna i}azbll zbpa
im acikihec oziwpn jqp blsi im pna hbokepq`as bk` vzi`qcpe}epu im cbvepbl mliws+
B cbzzip(bk`(specg bvvzibcn nbs liko jaak b mabpqza im pna zaoqlbpizu mzbhawizg
oi}azkeko M@E ek nisp ciqkpzeas .HcCqllicn 2552%+ Hisp ciqkpzeas immaz ekcakpe}as pi
bppzbcp M@E+ Pnasa impak ekclq`a pb~ cikcasseiks, pb~ nile`bus, pb~ cza`eps, bccalazbpa`
`avzacebpeik ik vlbkps bk` hbcnekazu, bk` a~vizp sqjse`eas bk` ehvizp akpeplahakps+
Sqcn ekcakpe}as beh pi bppzbcp M@E bk` cnbkkal mizaeok mezhs pi `aseza` licbpeiks,
sacpizs, bk` bcpe}epeas+ Bp pna sbha peha, hisp ciqkpzeas nb}a blsi zaoqlbpa` bk`lehepa` pna acikihec bcpe}epeas im mizaeok mezhs ivazbpeko wepnek pnaez jiz`azs+ Sqcn
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=> Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
zaoqlbpeiks nb}a impak ekclq`a` akmizceko vze}bpa(sacpiz me`qcebzu spbk`bz`s, lehepbpeiks
ik mizaeok arqepu iwkazsnev, licbl cikpakp zarqezahakps, licbl ahvliuhakp
zarqezahakps, bk` hekehqh a~vizp zarqezahakps+ Pnasa habsqzas bza aseoka` pi
ivpeheta jakameps bzeseko mzih pna vzasakca im mizaeok mezhs ek pna licbl acikihu+
Pb~ jzabgs bk` sqjse`eas bza cihhik, jqp pnau oakazbllu ekmlqakca ek}asphakp licbpeik
`aceseiks iklu bp pna hbzoek+ Hiza ehvizpbkp pi hisp vipakpebl ek}aspizs bza pna seta
bk` a~vacpa` oziwpn zbpa im pna hbzgap pi ja saz}a`, pna liko(pazh hbcziacikihec
bk` vilepecbl spbjelepu im pna nisp ciqkpzu, pna sqvvlu im sgella` iz pzbekbjla wizgazs, bk`
pna vzasakca im hi`azk pzbksvizpbpeik bk` cihhqkecbpeiks ekmzbspzqcpqza+ Bll im pnasa
bza ek`ezacplu sqvvizpa` ju hikapbzu cinazakca, cbvepbl hbzgap mbcelepbpeik, bk`
me`qcebzu spbk`bz`s+ Ikca pnasa czepazeb bza sbpesmea`, pnak mekbkcebl ekcakpe}as hbu
ekmlqakca pna ek}aspizs cnieca im sqepbjla sepas+ Oi}azkhakp bcpeik cbk blsi aknbkca
b nisp ciqkpzus sqccass ek bppzbcpeko M@E ju seokemecbkplu za`qceko pna qkcazpbekpu,
bsuhhapzec ekmizhbpeik, bk` zalbpa` sabzcn cisps mbca` ju mizaeok ek}aspizs, bs wall
bs pzbksbcpeik cispsasvacebllu pna bhiqkp im peha bk` kqhjaz im spavs ek}il}a` ek
bcrqezeko bvvzi}bl+
Pii impak ek pna vbsp, vileceas ispaksejlu aseoka` pi hb~eheta pna kap jakameps im M@E
miz zaceveakp acikiheas zasqlpa` ek sqjscbla hbkqmbcpqzeko vlbkps, mzarqakplu pnziqon
hbk`bpa` diekp }akpqzas pnbp waza kip vazheppa` pi siqzca ekvqps mzaalu bk` pnbp
cikpzejqpa` leppla pi pna pacnkilioecbl, sicebl, iz acikihec a}alivhakp im pna ciqkpzu+
B nisp ciqkpzu jakameps lass wnak mizaeok ek}asphakp es ezacpa` piwbz` saz}eko shbllbk` vzipacpa` ihaspec hbzgaps+ Pna jakameps pi pna nisp acikihu bza ozabpasp wnak
ekpazkbpeikbl cihvbkeas cbk a~vliep acikiheas im scbla, jipn licbllu bk` olijbllu, bk`
bza cikpekqbllu `ze}ak ju cihvapepeik pi qv`bpa pnaez pacnkiliou bk` hbkboazebl
vzbcpecas+
B cakpzbl essqa es wnapnaz ek}asphakp vzihipeik habsqzas blpaz pna bllicbpeik im
zasiqzcas ek vzi`qcpeik bk` pzb`a, iz dqsp ekmlqakca pna espzejqpeik im zakps japwaak
mezhs bk` nisp ciqkpzeas+ Jipn sqvvleazs bk` zaceveakps im M@E hbu obek mzih pna
lejazbletbpeik im ek}asphakp habsqzas+ Mizaeok ek}aspizs hbu jakamep mzih kawek}asphakp ivvizpqkepeas zasqlpeko mzih lejazbleta` ek}asphakp zaoqlbpeiks, wnela nisp
ciqkpzeas hbu jakamep mzih ekczabsa` M@E ekmliws bk` pna zasqlpeko ozabpaz hbzgap
`escevleka+ Jacbqsa hbku `a}aliveko ciqkpzeas cihvapa wepn ika bkipnaz pi immaz
mizaeok ek}aspizs oakaziqs pb~, ekmzbspzqcpqza, bk` mekbkcebl ekcakpe}as, ep es ehvizpbkp
pi kipa pnbp pna scbleko `iwk im ek}asphakp ekcakpe}as ek b cinazakp hbkkaz ciql`
b}ie` nbzhmql pb~ cihvapepeik bk` ueal` b``epeikbl za}akqa miz nisp ciqkpzu
oi}azkhakps+
Kipwepnspbk`eko pnaez e}azsepu, blhisp bll a}aliveko Bsebk acikiheas nb}a b`ivpa`vziozasse}alu hiza ivak vileceas piwbz` M@E qzeko pna vbsp acb`a iz pwi, bk` pnes
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB =5
pzak` bvvabzs legalu pi cikpekqa+ Pnes hiza ivak vispqza nbs jaak bccihvbkea` ju
pna b`ivpeik im hiza lejazbl pzb`a zaoehas bk` hiza cinazakp a~cnbkoa zbpa bk`
cbvepbl bcciqkp vileceas+ Pnes vzicass nbs nb` vzimiqk` ehvlecbpeiks miz pna hipe}as
miz, bk` ehvbcps im, mizaeok ek}asphakp+
Pna qvsqzoa ek M@E pi a}aliveko ciqkpzeas mzih pna 2556s ik wbs lbzoalu cbqsa` ju
pna qkelbpazbl lejazbletbpeik im a}aliveko ciqkpzeas M@E vileceas bk` zaoqlbpizu zaoehas+
Pnaizapecbl bk` ahvezecbl a}e`akca vzi}e`as spziko sqvvizp miz pna vzivisepeik pnbp
kaqpzbl vileceas `aseoka` pi aknbkca pna ammeceakcu im ek}asphakp bk` hikapbzu
cinazakca bza jappaz sqepa` pi bppzbcpeko mizaeok ek}asphakp bk` aknbkceko eps
cikpzejqpeiks pi a}alivhakp pnbk ekpaz}akpeikesp hapni`s+
Pnqs, pnaza bvvabzs pi ja ekczabseko bccavpbkca pnbp lejazbl vilecu zaoehas miz hisp
ek`qspzeas, sqvvizpa` ju hikapbzu cinazakca bk` vzq`akp me`qcebzu spbk`bz`s, jzeko
pna neonasp jakameps pi nisp ciqkpzeas+ M@E vileceas cbk ja vqp ek vlbca bp jipn pna
kbpeikbl bk` ekpazkbpeikbl la}al+ Bp vzasakp, niwa}az, pnau bza vza`ihekbkplu kbpeikbl
zbpnaz pnbk ekpazkbpeikbl+ Pnaza es spell hqcn esbozaahakp ik mizheko bk` ehvlahakpeko
b hqlpelbpazbl mzbhawizg ik ek}asphakp, ek vbzp iweko pi pna lbcg im cinazakca ek pna
sqvvizpeko vilecu bk` ekspepqpeikbl ak}ezikhakp+
E]+ Cikclqseiks
Pnes vbvaz saps mizpn b pakpbpe}a vzivisbl miz mekbkcebl hqlpelbpazblesh, jaoekkeko ek pna
Bseb(Vbcemec zaoeik wnaza ahazoakp hbczi `espizpeiks ek`ecbpa ep es hisp kaa`a`+
Bmpaz hipe}bpeko pna e`ab wepn b escqsseik im pna hbku oziwpn e}e`ak`s bssicebpa`
wepn hiza ammeceakp cbvepbl bllicbpeik, wa a~bheka` pwi cikpa~pqbl a~bhvlas, pna
vipakpebl ciksarqakcas im ZHJ bvvzacebpeik bk` nespizecbl a}alivhakps ek Bsebk
M@E+
Em pna ZHJ waza pi bvvzacebpa bs kaa`a` pi zasil}a ahazoakp zasaz}a ehjblbkcas, b
cihvla~ sap im b`dqsphakps wiql` aksqa+ Hisp im pnasa bza ciksespakp wepn vzeizekpqepeik, jqp pna hbokepq`as bza ehvizpbkp miz vilecu zabsiks+ Miz Cnekb, pna i}azbll
ZAZ wiql` b`dqsp iklu hi`azbpalu, jqp jelbpazbl b`dqsphakps ciql` ja lbzoaz .22 vazcakp
olijbllu, bobeksp :6 vazcakp }es((}es pna Qkepa` Spbpas%+ Bs b vbzp im b sqspbeka`
bvvzacebpeik, Cnekbs pzb`a jblbkca wiql` hi}a ek pna a~vacpa` ezacpeik+ Pipbl a~vizp
oziwpn wiql` sliw jqp wiql` cikpekqa, wnela ehvizps wiql` bccalazbpa zbve`lu+
Boozaobpa zaoeikbl pzb`a wiql` kip cnbkoa ek pzak`, jqp pna cihvisepeik wiql` snemp
`zbhbpecbllu, wepn a~vizps swepcneko mzih _aspazk IAC@ hbzgaps pi Cnekb+ Bs vbzp
im pnes oaiozbvnec snemp, b spziko ZHJ ciql` ja a~vacpa` pi bssqha vbzp im pna
jqz`ak im olijbl ahbk` sqspbekbjelepu liko cbzzea` ju b spziko illbz+ Ek`aa`, niw pnavilecu ak}ezikhakp bk` mekbkcebl hbzgaps heonp b`bvp pi pnes es bk ekpazaspeko ivak
rqaspeik+
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?6 Pna Gizab Acikihec Ekspepqpa
Vaznbvs hisp ehvizpbkp, pnes zasabzcn ek`ecbpas pnbp pna Cnekasa acikihu wiql`
a~vazeakca seokemecbkp b``epeikbl oziwpn wepn ZAZ bvvzacebpeik, hbeklu iweko pi
bccalazbpa` oziwpn im pna ekpazkbl acikihu+ Ep es bvvbzakp mzih pnes zasabzcn pnbp
qk`az}blqbpeik im pna a~cnbkoa zbpa es zaspzecpeko Cnekbs bccass pi assakpebl zasiqzcas,
cihhi`epeas, bk` ekpazha`ebpa oii`s, qk`azhekeko akpazvzesa a~vbkseik bk` niqsanil`
zabl ekcihas+ Lega hisp espizpeikbzu vileceas, hbkboa` a~cnbkoa zbpa zaoehas akpbel
walmbza pzbksmazs japwaak sicebl oziqvs .bk` oakazbpeiks%+ Pnasa zasqlps sqooasp
pnaza es blsi bk boozaobpa .oziwpn% ivvizpqkepu cisp pi mizaeok a~cnbkoa bccqhqlbpeik+
Iqz za}eaw im Bseb(Vbcemec M@E pzak`s iklu spzakopnaks pna bzoqhakp miz mbcelepbpeko
pnes hacnbkeshs hbku cikpzejqpeiks pi acikihec vziozass bk` vzisvazepu+ Ekpazkbpeikbl
cbvepbl hijelepu, sqvvizpa` ju spziko me`qcebzu spbk`bz`s, nbs jaak bk assakpebl
cihvikakp im hi`azk olijbletbpeik bk` b spziko cbpblusp miz oziwpn ek hbku ahazoeko(
hbzgap acikiheas+ Miz pna Bsebk zaoeik ek vbzpecqlbz, M@E nbs vlbua` b vzihekakp zila
ek pna hbdizepu im `ukbhec bk` sqspbeka` sqccass spizeas, sqvvlahakpeko `ihaspec
sb}ekos bk` pzbksmazzeko b }bzeapu im pacnkecbl bk` hbzgap a~pazkblepeas pi bccalazbpa
hi`azketbpeik bk` iqpwbz` izeakpbpeik+ Pna a}alivhakp vzicass bcziss pnes zaoeik
es iklu vbzpebllu cihvlapa, niwa}az, bk` pna ka~p vnbsa im zaoeikbl oziwpn well kaa` pi
vzivbobpa sqccassmql a~vazeakcas bcziss b hiza e}azsa sap im ekepebl cik`epeiks+ Pi
pbga mqll b`}bkpboa im pna pzbksmizhbpe}a zila pnbp M@E cbk vlbu ek pnes vzicass,
oi}azkhakps kaa` pi bmmezh pnaez cillacpe}a cihhephakp pi cbvepbl hbzgap mbcelepbpeik+
Hiza oakazbllu, wa nb}a saak pnbp mekbkcebl a~vbkseik bk` ekki}bpeik nb}a jaakeksavbzbjla cihvbkeiks im olijbletbpeik bk` assakpebl cikpzejqpizs pi eps acikihec
sqccassas+ _epniqp hiza cihvzanakse}a hqlpelbpazbl ammizps pi aklbzoa pna sciva bk`
ehvzi}a pna ammeceakcu im mekbkcebl saz}ecas, pna Vbcemec zaoeik well ja sliwaz pi zableta
eps }bsp acikihec vipakpebl+
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Spbpec bk` @ukbhec Ciksarqakcas im b GIZQS MPB ?2
ZAMAZAKCAS
Bepgak, J+, O+ N+ Nbksik, bk` B+ A+ Nbzzesik+ 255?+ Svelli}azs, Mizaeok Ek}asphakp bk` A~vizpJanb}eiqz+Diqzkbl im Ekpazkbpeikbl Acikihecs 0342633:+
Jiswizpn, J+ V+, bk` S+ H+ Cilleks+ 2555+ Cbvepbl Mliws pi @a}aliveko Acikiheas4 Ehvlecbpeiksmiz Sb}eko bk` Ek}asphakp+ Jziigekos Vbvazs ik Acikihec Bcpe}epu 24203=5+ _bsn(ekopik, @+C+4 Jziigekos Ekspepqpeik+
Jziigs, @+ N+, A+ + Mbk, bk` L+ Z+ Sqhqliko+ :660+ Mizaeok @ezacp Ek}asphakp4 Zacakp Pzak`sbk` pna Vilecu Cikpa~p+ EkHbkboeko M@E ek b Olijbleteko Acikihu4 Bsebk A~vaze(akcas, a`+ @iqolbsN+ Jziigs bk` Nbl Nell+ Kaw Uizg4 Vblozb}a Hbchellbk+
Mzakgal, Hecnbal, bk` Lqgbs Hakgnimm+ :660+ Bza Mizaeok Ekspepqpeikbl Ek}aspizs Oii` mizAhazoeko Hbzgaps9 Pna _izl` Acikihu :?42:?153+
Hbzgqsak, D+ Z+, bk` B+ D+ ]akbjlas+ 2555+ Mizaeok @ezacp Ek}asphakp bs b Cbpblusp miz Ek`qs(pzebl @a}alivhakp+Aqzivabk Acikihec Za}eaw 0343311=+
HcCqllicn, Z+ 2552+ Ek}asphakp Vileceas ek pna OBPP+ KJAZ _izgeko Vbvaz ki+ 3=?:+ Cbh(jze`oa, Hbss+4 Kbpeikbl Jqzabq im Acikihec Zasabzcn+
Zilbk`(Nilsp, @b}e`, Dabk(Veazza ]azjeasp, bk` Mbk Tnbe+ :661+ Oziwpn bk` Pzb`a Nizetiks mizBseb4 Liko Pazh Mizacbsps miz Zaoeikbl Ekpaozbpeik+ AZ@ _izgeko Vbvaz ki+ ?0+Hbkelb4 Bsebk @a}alivhakp Jbkg+ Ki}ahjaz+
QKCPB@ .Qkepa` Kbpeiks Cikmazakca ik Pzb`a bk` @a}alivhakp%+ ]bzeiqs uabzs+ Mizaeok@ezacp Ek}asphakp `bpbjbsa+ Oaka}b4 QKCPB@+
_naalaz, @+, bk` B+ Hi`u+ 255:+ Ekpazkbpeikbl Ek}asphakp Licbpeik @aceseiks4 Pna Cbsa imQ+S+ Mezhs+Diqzkbl im Ekpazkbpeikbl Acikihecs 3341??=+
^q Jek+ :666+ Hqlpekbpeikbl Akpazvzesas, Pacnkiliou @emmqseik, bk` Nisp Ciqkpzu Vzi`qcpe}epu Oziwpn+Diqzkbl im @a}alivhakp Acikihecs =:40??53+
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