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How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

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Page 1: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

How geopolitics have been implemented in the North:

historical perspective

Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU

7th International Summer School in Karelia 2010

11.05.2010 

Page 2: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

‘Does history matter?’

• Ontological, cognitive and pedagogical interrelations between political sciences, IR studies and history

• Several regionally oriented and chronologically scattered cases

• Not a word about geopolitical theories…

Page 3: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Two basic ways of approaching history knowledge in political

discourse:

• Ignoring history and ‘inventing a bike’• Using historical facts as a facultative illustration 

Page 4: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Cases

• TRADE, STATE and POWER: – Hansa– Pomor trade– Karelian peddler trade

• History based (geo)political discourse and speculative practices in the North

• “The Greater Finland” project(s): geopolitics in practice?

Page 5: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Trade, State and Power politics: Hanseatic League

Page 6: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Hansa: basic facts

• Where: along the coastal line of Northern Europe, from the Baltic to the North Sea, and also inland

• When: ca. 13th – 17th centuries, i.e. the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Time

• What: A. Economic and political alliance of trading cities and their guilds that established and maintained a trade monopoly

• What: B. Own law system established , own protection and mutual aid system  furnished -- a sort of a political autonomy and, in some cases, political entities of their own created

Page 7: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Hansa: Common features of the Hanseatic cities’ structure

• Despite of generally fluid structure…• Most of the Hansa cities either started as independent, or gained independence through joining the League

• Strategic locations along trade routes• Economic power combined with military might… Used not only against pirates, but also against states (war against Denmark, 1361-1370)

Page 8: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Hansa: reasons for decline (by the end of the 16th cent.)

• Internal contradictions• New (and renewed) territorial states as an eventual rival  

• New financial and credit mechanisms in Europe

Page 9: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

HANSA in the 21th century?

• Hanseatic rhetorics in the Baltic Sea region• Instrument of building new bridges between East and West?

• Involvement of supraregional actors

Page 10: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Pomor trade: basic facts

• When: 18th – beginning of the 20th centuries• What: Grain for Fish, usually barter-based exchange, compensatory function prevailing

• Where: Sea-based logistics – the Barens Sea, the White Sea

• Controversively perceived and approached by the States

• Dying away by (but not necessarily because of) 1917

Page 11: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Karelian Peddler Trade• What: Broad spectrum of goods, from grain and textile till coffee and sewing-machines

• Where: Karelia and Finland, waterways-based logistics

• Seasonal, compensatory function prevailing• Low average earnings• Few most successful peddlers settled in Finland • Controversively perceived by the State• Dying away by (but not necessarily because of) 1917

• Random border-crossings even in the 1930s

Page 12: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Case: the Greater Finland project

• The White Greater Finland and Karelian irredenta – Natural borders– Ethnic community of the Finns 

• Implementation attempts– Panfennism, late 19th – early 20th cent.– ‘Tribal’ wars, 1918-22– Äänislinna 1941-44...– Euregio Karelia?????

Page 13: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Case: the Greater Finland project (2)

• The Red Greater Finland and Karelian statehood (1920-)– The Red Finns’ ideas and practice in Karelia– Clear references to the ideas of Kjellen and Ratzell

• Blamed for bourgeois nationalism…• Karelian real autonomy ended up with the start of centralisation of the Soviet Union by the late 1920s.

Page 14: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Cultural interaction through contacts

• Language• Habits and everyday life• Transfer of skills 

Page 15: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Perceptions, images, stereotypes

The neighbour is often identified with its State, not with ethnicity, and is the Other in any case…

• Laukkuryssä for [Russian] Karelians in Finland• Ruočči for the Finns, … and Ruoččiheinä for the thisle in [Russian] Karelia

Page 16: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Contacts in the shadow of the State policies (1)

• Contact zone including vast borderlands of neigbouring states, from the Arctic Ocean till Karelian Isthmus and the Baltic Sea basine

• Dynamic,• Multiethnic,• Multiconfessional

• Within each state, Centre-Periphery links emphasised, [cross-border] Periphery- Periphery links neglected / limited 

• Security based policy / discourse prevailing

Page 17: How geopolitics have been implemented in the North: historical perspective Ilya Solomeshch PetrSU 7 th International Summer School in Karelia 2010 11.05.2010

Contacts in the shadow of the State policies (2)

• Transborder East-West contacts despite, but not owing to the State policy

• Compensatory function prevailing, both in material and in cultural spheres