How humans govern themselves. Division of Human Societies (Service) 1/4: Band (all humans in bands...
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How humans govern themselves. Division of Human Societies (Service) 1/4: Band (all humans in bands in the beginning, most still wereby 11,000 BC): - Few
Division of Human Societies (Service) 1/4: Band (all humans in
bands in the beginning, most still wereby 11,000 BC): - Few dozen
people - Nomadic - Everyone tight-knit - Egalitarian and democratic
(group decisions = rule) - No economic specialization - Bands are
very rare today
Slide 3
Division of Human Societies (Service) 2/4: Tribe (first tribes
appeared around 13,000 BC): - Hundreds of people - Everyone knows
everyones name - More food needed; agriculture almost always
necessary (PNW Natives and Ainu in Japannotable exceptions) -
Sedentary (stays in one place) - Relatively egalitarian (sometimes
big man is weak leader) - Weak economic specialization - Tribes
still exist, mostly are in Papua New Guinea, Amazon Rainforest,
parts of Africa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aV_850nzv4
Slide 4
Division of Human Societies (Service) 3/4: Chiefdom (began
around 5500 BC): - Thousands of people - Some names not known by
all, but everyone recognizable as fellows (shared ideology,
politics, religion, etc.) - More food needed; agriculture necessary
and usually animal husbandry - Chief = leader (usually hereditary),
some proto-bureaucrats necessary - Redistributive economy, some
inequality (some caste systems like India, Hawaii (10 castes!) -
Still widespread in Polynesia, Sub- Saharan Africa, countryside in
Americas - Native American tribes were really
chiefdomsconfusing
Slide 5
Division of Human Societies (Service) 4/4: State (about 3400 BC
onward, started in Mesopotamia (mostly todays Iraq): - Large
populations, mostly strangers - Most food necessary; urban vs.
rural areas - Most economic specialization; sectors of economy,
etc. - Most inequality of standard of living - Military necessary -
Most power difference - Bureaucrats and government necessary -
Attempts to close inequality gap have largely failed in
history
Slide 6
Why the differences? 1) Evolutionary explanation: bands evolved
into states by necessity 2) Culture variesnot all is dictated by
environmental conditions (i.e. Kaulong strangled widows practice of
Sautee in India) 3) Some cultural beliefs and practices have been
spread historically over areas without being related to local
conditions (i.e copy or be forced to do what outsiders do)
Slide 7
TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS Government : the institution through which
a society makes and enforces its public policies.
Slide 8
ANARCHY Anarchy : when there is no government and chaos reigns
(i.e. times of government change, Somalia)
Slide 9
MONARCHY Monarchy : when there is one ruler who rules (i.e. a
king or queen). This position is usually inherited and held an
entire lifetime Origin: since the dawn of civilization; ancient
Egyptian pharaohs, ancient Chinese emperors, etc. Positives: easy
to get stuff done, people have clear roles in society Negatives:
minimal accountability, very exclusive group in power, succession
problems Examples: Medieval kings, ancient Chinese emperors,
ancient Egyptian pharaohs, Saudi Arabia today. This was the most
common government until the late 1700s-1800s.
Slide 10
TYPES OF ONE PERSON RULE Autocracy : all political systems
governed by one individual Absolute Monarchy : when one person
rules with complete power in a monarchy (i.e. Louis XIV, 1600s
France) Constitutional Monarchy : when there is a monarch but also
shared power with an elected body and/or is a ceremonial figure
(i.e. Great Britain today) Despotism : when an individual or group
has total power
Slide 11
Feudalism : system that orders society around the holding of
lands in exchange for services or labor (i.e. medieval Japan,
medieval Europe)
Slide 12
Democracy : when all citizens vote to have an equal say in the
decisions that affect their lives Origin: Athens, Greece, 507 B.C.
Direct Democracy: ancient Athens-style democracy; when everything
is done with voting Positives: 100% citizen participation, everyone
has equal say Negatives: problems with 100% citizen participation,
faction rivalries Examples today: Some yes/no questions on ballots:
Should we raise taxes to build a bridge? Should we legalize
marijuana? Should gay marriage be legal? Most countries have
democratic elements but there are no direct democracies.
Slide 13
REPUBLIC Republic : voters elect officials/representatives who
are responsible to the people Origin: Roman Republic, 509 B.C.
Positives: Brightest/best people get elected, leaders held
accountable by citizens, all citizens have equal power with the
vote Negatives: problems associated with the public voting, tough
to get things done quickly, faction rivalries Examples today: most
countries in the world
Slide 14
GOVERNMENT of the USA Democratic Republic or Representative
Democracywe have elements of both a democracy and a republic. -
James Madison (father of Constitution) aimed at making a republic
above all else. The US government is 3 parts, is layered
(Federalism), and makes use of checks and balances.
Slide 15
THEOCRACY Theocracy : when the government is influenced by the
laws of God in making civil law Origin: Priest-kings in
Mesopotamia, Caste System in ancient India, etc. Positives: ties
religion in with government, roles clear to people Negatives: ties
religion in with government, common people have little power,
innovation may be difficult Examples today: very few but notably
Iran.
Slide 16
COMMUNISM Communism : a government that seeks to make a
classless, egalitarian (equal) society with common ownership
Origin: Soviet Union (USSR), 1917; based on Marx/Engles ideals from
the 1840s. Positives: unemployment gone, homelessness gone, all
services are free for all Negatives: no profit incentive, subject
to corruption and black market, equality is a myth Examples today:
Cuba, North Korea are still staunchly communist, but this ideology
has fizzled since the USSR collapsed in 1991. China, Vietnam, Laos
all still consider themselves communist, but they really are not
anymore (China not since the 1980s).
Slide 17
TERMS TO KNOW Fascism : a radical, authoritarian,
hyper-patriotic government (i.e. Nazis) Totalitarianism : when all
facets of life are controlled by the government (i.e. Stalins USSR)
Socialist : often misused umbrella term, refers to when government
owns institutions or businesses Oligarchy : system of government in
which a small group holds power. The power is derived from wealth,
military power, social position and is often self-appointed
Slide 18
- Many countries call themselves republics and/or democracies,
but this is a farce. - In reality, these countries are really
dictatorships or oligarchies. (i.e. North Koreas full name:
Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
Slide 19
CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENTS
http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results
Slide 20
Anarchy No government Aristocracy Rule by a privileged class
Communism/ Communist State Classless society where equality, shared
property ownership, and shared means of production are aims.
Command economy. Confederation Separate political entities/states
join together to achieve common aims Democracy People make laws,
run society by the vote Despotism/Dictatorship A leader in total
command (autocracy = one individual in power) Fascism Leader
worship, high nationalism (thinking your country is superior),
emphasis on military, government in total control Kleptocracy A
government run by criminals and/or corruption Feudalism/Feudal
State Hierarchal power structure: monarch owns land, gives land to
nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service, peasants live
on nobles land in exchange for protection Military Junta Government
run by military leaders Absolute Monarchy Total rule by one person.
Usually this is a hereditary system (the monarch is born into it)
Monarchy Rule by one person, but power confined to a constitution
of laws Oligarchy Small group of people have total power to run
society Puppet State When a country exercises power over another
country in all but name Republic Government ruled by
representatives. Representatives can be elected or appointed.
Theocracy Government ruled by religion Totalitarian State The
government in total control of the people, including ones
thoughts