How Informative & Persuasive How Informative & Persuasive Speeches are Similar:Speeches are Similar:

Extemporaneous deliveryExtemporaneous delivery

Time limit (4-6 minutes)Time limit (4-6 minutes)

Outline required Outline required

Same number of sources (four)Same number of sources (four)

How Persuasive & Informative How Persuasive & Informative Speeches Differ:Speeches Differ:

Pattern of organization may change:Pattern of organization may change:– Probably:Probably:

Problem-solution (Need-Plan) – p. 182Problem-solution (Need-Plan) – p. 182Monroe’s motivated sequence – p. 348Monroe’s motivated sequence – p. 348Refutational (Both-Sides Method) - 356Refutational (Both-Sides Method) - 356Topical – p. 183Topical – p. 183

– Possibly:Possibly:Causal (Logical) – p. 181Causal (Logical) – p. 181

Differences continued:Differences continued:

Patterns of organization:Patterns of organization:– Rarely used:Rarely used:

ChronologicalChronological

DifficultyDifficulty

SpatialSpatial

Language of persuasion: Language of persuasion: ““convince,” “encourage,” “change,” “influence,” etc.convince,” “encourage,” “change,” “influence,” etc.

Conclusion/close with appealConclusion/close with appeal

No presentational aid requiredNo presentational aid required

Three Goals of Persuasive Three Goals of Persuasive SpeakingSpeaking

• Accept your interpretation of disputed facts• Align audience’s beliefs, attitudes, and values more closely with you• Motivate audience to action

Need-Plan (Problem-Solution)Need-Plan (Problem-Solution)

Usually either 2 or 3 main points:Usually either 2 or 3 main points:– (1) Problem, (2) Solution(1) Problem, (2) Solution– (1) Problem, (2) Effect, (3) Solution(1) Problem, (2) Effect, (3) Solution– (1) Problem, (2) Cause, (3) Solution(1) Problem, (2) Cause, (3) Solution

Monroe’s Motivated SequenceMonroe’s Motivated Sequence

Attention (Introduction)Attention (Introduction)

Need (probably 1Need (probably 1stst main point) main point)

Satisfaction (probably 2Satisfaction (probably 2ndnd main point) main point)

Visualization (either 3Visualization (either 3rdrd point or point or conclusion)conclusion)

Action (conclusion/closing appeal)Action (conclusion/closing appeal)

Both-Sides (Refutational)Both-Sides (Refutational)

Acknowledge opposing arguments (con)Acknowledge opposing arguments (con)

Refute opposing arguments.Refute opposing arguments.

Support your own claims (pro)Support your own claims (pro)

Three Forms of Persuasive Three Forms of Persuasive ProofProof

Ethos – Speaker’s credibilityEthos – Speaker’s credibility

Pathos – Emotional proofPathos – Emotional proof

Logos – Use of reasoning & logicLogos – Use of reasoning & logic

Three Components of Credibility Three Components of Credibility (Ethos)(Ethos)

Competence – Aristotle’s “good sense”Competence – Aristotle’s “good sense”

Character – Aristotle’s “good character”Character – Aristotle’s “good character”

Charisma – Aristotle’s “goodwill” Charisma – Aristotle’s “goodwill”

Credibility is always determined by the Credibility is always determined by the audience. audience.

A related issue: “impression management”A related issue: “impression management”

(portraying an appropriate front, dramatic (portraying an appropriate front, dramatic realization, & mystification) realization, & mystification)

Appeal to Human Needs & Appeal to Human Needs & Emotions (Pathos): Maslow’s Emotions (Pathos): Maslow’s

Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs

The Use of Emotion (Pathos)The Use of Emotion (Pathos)

Brydon & Scott (2008). From One to Many.

Choosing a TopicChoosing a Topic

Stay away from “tired topics.” Stay away from “tired topics.” Avoid “sales pitch,” i.e., no product Avoid “sales pitch,” i.e., no product advertisements.advertisements.Avoid political advertisements for specific Avoid political advertisements for specific candidates.candidates.What makes you angry? About what do What makes you angry? About what do you feel strongly?you feel strongly?Think Think issuesissues!!