18
4/9/2019 1 SLUMS and urban inequalities How is a ‘Slum’ defined? Our text book uses indicators of deprivation based on five conditions: 1. Poor access to improved water 2. Poor access to sanitation 3. Non – durable housing 4. Insufficient living area, and 5. Insecure tenure (lack of ownership) It is important to remember that even if it is defined as a ‘slum’, it is a community for the people living there…

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    3

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

1

SLUMSand urban inequalities

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?

• Our text book uses indicators of deprivation based on five conditions:1. Poor access to improved water

2. Poor access to sanitation

3. Non – durable housing

4. Insufficient living area, and

5. Insecure tenure (lack of ownership)

• It is important to remember that even if it is defined as a ‘slum’, it is a community for the people living there…

Page 2: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

2

Origin of the word, ‘slum’

• The word ‘slum’ appeared in London at the beginning of the 19thc, designating, initially, “a room of low repute”

• At the end of the 19thc, the word appears in the Oxford English Dictionary:

• The contemporary use of the word ‘slum’ is often inter‐changed with ‘shanties’, as in ‘shanty‐towns’

• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns

• While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by some as a type of slum

“A street, alley, court, etc., situated in a crowded district of a town or

city and inhabited by poor people or a low class or by the very poor;

a number of these streets or courts forming a thickly populated

neighborhood or district where the housed and the conditions of life

are of a squalid and wretched character”

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?

• The term ‘slum’ has loosely been used in the West when referring to housing areas that were once affluent, but have deteriorated

• This is not the same as the definition of ‘slum’ in the non‐western world

• Non‐western urban slums are not simply parallel to ‘poor areas’ 

• Contemporary slums of the non‐western world are informal settlements where newcomers to the city can find: 

• affordable shelter

• enclaves of local culture, and 

• support from a social network

• The United Nations (author of our text book) and many at the World Bank argue that slums should be eradicated

• Is that a solution?    Is it achievable?    Who would this serve most?

Page 3: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

3

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?• Despite the few positives a slum may provide for rural newcomers to the city, slums are characterized by many negatives, such as:

• Poverty

• Illiteracy

• Unemployment (official, taxable employment)

• Informal economies

• Crime

• Drug proliferation

• Disease

• ‘Waste’ collection

• Absence of disaster response and relief

• (fire, police, earth‐moving, etc.)

• Alternatively, it can be argued that these types of urban settlements represent the ultimate in the free‐movement of people, thus representing true democracy

• And that those cities that try to demolish them are totalitarian

What is the best course of action to address these types of settlements?

“Planet of Slums” by Mike Davis

“According to the United Nations, more than one billion people now live in the slums of the cities of the South. In this brilliant and ambitious book, Mike Davis explores the future of a radically unequal and explosively unstable urban world. 

From the sprawling barricadas of Lima to the garbage hills of Manila, urbanization has been disconnected from industrialization, and even from economic growth. Davis portrays a vast humanity warehoused in shantytowns and exiled from the formal world economy. 

He argues that the rise of this informal urban proletariat is a wholly unforeseen development, and asks whether the great slums, as a terrified Victorian middle class once imagined, are volcanoes waiting to erupt.”

Page 4: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

4

• Sub‐Saharan Africa (62.2%)  followed by South Asia (42.9) rank the highest in the proportion of urban populations living in slums

• Latin America (27%) is much lower and we can relate this to the region’s demographic transition (as seen in the DTM)

Rio de Janiero, Brazil

Page 5: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

5

Page 6: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

6

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?• Our text book uses indicators of deprivation based on five conditions:

1. Poor access to improved water

2. Poor access to sanitation

3. Non – durable housing

4. Insufficient living area, and

5. Insecure tenure (lack of ownership)

• It is important to remember that even if it is defined as a ‘slum’, it is a community for the people living there…

Page 7: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

7

Planning as a response to slums

• Understanding the function in concept, and geography of slums in context is necessary

• Urban Planning techniques include;• Monitoring and predicting of the expansion

• Improvement of existing facilities

• Disaster prevention

• Environmental resource management

• And, if absolutely necessary, relocation of residents to formal housing

• A crucial requirement for effective Urban Planning is to have access to accurate and updated spatial data

Page 8: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

8

Page 9: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

9

Water

We can’t do without it, but there may not be enough of it…

Also – ‘glocal’

Page 10: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

10

Page 11: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

11

World Fresh Water Supply

Page 12: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

12

Some Water Statistics…• 3.575 million people die each year from water‐related disease

• Poor people living in slums often pay 5‐10 times more per liter of water than wealthy people living in the same city

• An person taking a five‐minute shower uses more water than a typical person in a developing country slum uses in a whole day

Hydrologic/Water cycle

Page 13: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

13

Urban water cycle• This graphic illustrates the impact of human activity on groundwater. It shows that groundwater is obtained from periurban wellfieldsand urban wells, then used and disposed of as wastewater through pluvial drainage, piped sewage and on‐site sanitation and industrial effluent disposal. It also shows that wastewater is treated and then reused for irrigation, with excess flows re‐entering the aquifers.

Page 14: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

14

Urban waters supply challenges:

1. Population growth• As population increases, water supply infrastructure need to expand

• This is of high cost to local governments even though in many cases it is not sufficient

• The continued construction of new illegal settlements makes it harder to map and to connect the pipes to the supply network system, that in the end can lead to inadequate management

2. Water Scarcity• Potable water (water fit for drinking) is unevenly distributed globaly

• Many people do not have access to it OR do not have access to standard levels of potable water even where the resource is abundant

• Geographically, disadvanteged populations in developing countries may actually be closer to major water sources, but do not have access to potable water at all

• Ironically, there are people that live in areas where the lack of water creates millions of deaths every year

Urban waters supply challenges:

3.   Mis‐guided government policies– Policies meant to promote economic growth sometimes demand water resources that exceed local demand

– Or, lack of investment in the water supply network

– Permitting industrial uses that threaten or destroy water supplies

4. Globalizing of industrial production – where labor is plentiful, but (drinkable) water is not…

5. Privatization of Water– When the provision of water to citizens is no longer a public utility, but a 

private enterprise

– AND when the sources of water become privately owned

– More on this next week…

Page 15: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

15

Areas experiencing depleted water resources

Page 16: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

16

Water used in production:

• 1 pound of rice:  250 to 650 gallons of water

• 1 pound of wheat: 130 gallons of water

• 1 pound of potatoes: 65 gallons of water

• To grow the feed for a cow to make ¼ pound of hamburger:• 3,000 gallons

• For the cow to fill its udders with a quart of milk:• 500 – 1,000 gallons

• Cheese?• About 650 gallons for a pound of cheddar

Fro

m, W

hen

the

Riv

ers

Run

Dry

, by

Fre

d P

earc

e

Page 17: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

17

Water used in production:• Sugar?

• 1 pound takes 400 gallons of water

• Coffee?• 1 pound takes (hold on…) 2,650 gallons (that’s 10 tons!) of water!

• If we turn these numbers into portions for a meal, it’s like this:• 25 gallons for a portion of rice

• 40 gallons for the bread in a sandwich or for toast

• 130 gallons for a two‐egg omelet.  Same amount for a tossed salad.

• 265 gallons for a glass of milk

• 400 gallons for ice cream

• 530 gallons for a pork chop

• 800 gallons for a hamburger

• 1,320 gallons for a small beef steak

Fro

m, W

hen

the

Riv

ers

Run

Dry

, by

Fre

d P

earc

e

Note: the concept of‘virtual water’ is used for these estimates.

Page 18: How is a ‘Slum’ defined?...• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns • While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by

4/9/2019

18

‘Virtual’ watersimilar to a ‘water footprint’

• Virtual water refers to, in the context of trade, the water used in the production of a good or service – from beginning to end

• It refers to the sum of the water use in the various steps of the production chain

• The Virtual Water Project (with IPhone app)• http://virtualwater.eu/

Water Footprint• A water footprint is conceptually made up of three kinds of water:

– Blue water ‐ the volume of freshwater that evaporated from the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water) to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community

– Green water the volume of water evaporated from the global green water resources (rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture)

– Grey water the volume of polluted water that associates with the production of all goods and services for the individual or community

• The Water Footprint Network– http://www.waterfootprint.org