How is Crude Oil Formed

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How Is Crude Oil Formed

By:Jaceson Maughan

Crude oil formed millions of years ago when environmental and geological conditions combined to createan item that could be converted into various forms of energy, resulting in a billion-dollar business.Learning how crude oil formed and understanding the variations of crude oil can lead to a betterunderstanding of how crude oil commodities drive the oil industry.

Ancient HistoryOcean plants and animals that lived millions of years ago settled on the bottom of the sea when theydied. Their bodies were covered with sediment over time, and they were compressed by intense heat and

pressure. Over the years, the remains turned into a yellowish-black substance known as crude oil. Thesame process also created the natural gas that is used today.

The only way to reach these pockets of crude oil is by drilling deep into the earth. Oil rigs called derricksdrill down into the earth's crust and open up access to the crude oil. Pumps, pipes and other mechanicalmeans bring the crude oil to the surface, where it is sent to refineries to separate the crude oil from otherelements.

Chemical CompositionDepending on the types of plants and animals that created the crude oil pocket, the crude oil contains adifferent chemical makeup. Primarily, crude oil is made up of hydrocarbons, plus a variety of otherchemical compounds, depending on the region. For example, some crude oil contains lots of sulfur and itis termed "sour," while crude oil with very little sulfur is called "sweet crude." Crude oil can also be thicker

or thinner, depending on its location. Crude oil is made into gasoline, airplane fuel, diesel fuel and otherpetroleum products depending on its chemical makeup. Crude oil also provides the basis for plastics.

GeographySince crude oil is in limited supply, it is big business for the countries that have access to it. Saudi Arabiais the world's leading crude oil producer, followed by Russia, the United States, Iran and China. Within theUnited States, Alaska and Texas are the top states to produce crude oil. California, Oklahoma andLouisiana are also major producers, as are the offshore drilling sites in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Petroleum(L.petroleum, fromGreek:(rock) +Latin:oleum(oil)[1][2][3])is a naturally

occurring, yellow-to-blackliquidfound ingeologic formationsbeneath theEarth'ssurface,which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. It consists ofhydrocarbonsof variousmolecular weights and other liquidorganic compounds.[4]The namepetroleumcovers bothnaturally occurring unprocessed crude oiland petroleum products that are made up of refined

crude oil. Afossil fuel,petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usuallyzooplanktonandalgae,are buried underneathsedimentary rockand subjected to intense heat andpressure.

Petroleum is recovered mostly throughoil drilling.This comes after the studies of structuralgeology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly interms of theporosityandpermeabilityof geologic reservoir structures).[5][6]It is refined andseparated, most easily byboiling point,into a large number of consumer products, fromgasoline(petrol) andkerosenetoasphaltand chemicalreagentsused to makeplasticsandpharmaceuticals.[7]Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials,[8]and it isestimated that the world consumes about 90 millionbarrelseach day.

The use of fossil fuels such as petroleum has a negative impact on Earth's biosphere, releasingpollutants and greenhouse gases into the air and damaging ecosystems through events such asoilspills.Concern over thedepletionof the earth'sfinite reservesof oil, and the effect this wouldhave on a society dependent on it, is a concept known aspeak oil.

Zooplankton/zo.plktn/areheterotrophic(sometimesdetritivorous)plankton.Plankton are

organisms drifting inoceans,seas,and bodies offresh water.The word "zooplankton" is derived from

theGreekzoon(), meaning "animal", and planktos(), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter".[1]

Individual zooplankton are usuallymicroscopic,but some (such as jellyfish) are larger and visible with

the naked eye.

Crude oil is found trapped in some of the sedimentary rocks of the Earth's crust.

Millions of years ago, huge numbers of microscopic animals and plants - plankton - died and fell to the

bottom of the sea. Their remains were covered by mud.

As the mud sediment was buried by more sediment, it started to change into rock, as the temperature and

pressure increased. The plant and animal remains were cooked by this process, and slowly changed

into crude oil.

Oil is less dense than the water in the rocks and will rise as a result of pressure from below, often

escaping altogether if the rocks are permeable.

If some of the rocks above the oil are impermeable, the oil cannot r ise through them, so it gets trapped

underneath.

Distillation

Distillation is a process that can be used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids. It works when

the liquids have different boiling points. Distillation is commonly used to separate ethanol - the alcohol in

alcoholic drinks - from water.

The mixture is heated in a flask. Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water so it evaporates first. The
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ethanol vapour is then cooled and condensed inside the condenser to form a pure liquid. The

thermometer shows the boiling point of the pure ethanol liquid. When all the ethanol has evaporated from

the solution, the temperature rises and the water evaporates.

This is the sequence of events in distillation:

heating evaporating cooling condensing

Fractional distillation

Fractional distillation differs from distillation only in that it separates a mixture into a number of different

parts, called fractions. A tall column is fitted above the mixture, with several condensers coming off at

different heights. The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. Substances with high boiling points

condense at the bottom, and substances with low boiling points condense at the top. Like distillation,

fractional distillation works because the different substances in the mixture have different boiling points.

First of all it takes high pressures and temperatures to yield crude oil. It also takes time, millions of years.

Ill let you in on a little secret. Crude oil is not the only substance created from plants and animals.

Bitchuman is also formed but under different pressures and temps. There are a plethora of other

materials that can be formed from same organic compounds. Depends on the depth at which the material

is stored. Animal deposits found at 8000 feet down will have different characteristics than animal deposits

at 4000 feet simply because of lithostatic pressure and temp.

How is natural gas formed?

There are two theories as to how natural gas is formed. The most widely accepted theory, the biogenic theory,maintains that natural gas formation begins with photosynthesis, where plants use energy from the sun to convertcarbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates. The remains of these plants and the animal forms thatconsume them are buried by sediment and as the sediment load increases, heat and pressure from burial convertsthe carbohydrates into hydrocarbons. Natural gas formation takes place in source rocks, usually fine-grained blackshales. Continued pressure from burial forces the natural gas to migrate from source rocks into more porous andpermeable rock such as sandstone and limestone, which, if overlain by impermeable strata such as shale, form

reservoirs that contain the gas.

The other theory of natural gas formation, the abiogenic theory, speculates that hydrocarbons were trapped inside theearth as it formed and are migrating to the surface.

There are several types of traps.

1. Normal faultNormal fault traps occur where reservoir rock on one side of the fault is positioned against impermeable rockon the other side of the fault.

2. Thrust faultThrust fault traps occur where reservoir rock overlain by impermeable cap rock has first been folded, thenthrust-faulted over itself.

3. Stratigraphic pinch-out

Stratigraphic pinch-outs occur where reservoir rock loses its porosity due to cementing or other diageneticprocesses, or where reservoir rock gradually thins out and is surrounded by impermeable rock.

4. ReefAncient reefs built by corals and other communal organisms often develop porosity that, if sealed byimpermeable rock, forms prolific reservoirs. Porous rocks draping over the reef may form separate reservoirs.

5. AnticlineCompression folds rocks into anticlines (hills) and synclines (valleys). If reservoir rock is overlain byimpermeable rock, traps form at the crests of the anticlines.

6. Salt domeSalt domes occur when salt at depth is forced toward the surface by the weight of surrounding rock. As the


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salt deposits bulge upward, traps are formed in upturned reservoir rocks flanking the domes and foldedreservoir rocks overlying the domes.

In a reservoir containing more than one fluid, natural gas overlies oil which overlies water because of densitystratification

It runs modern society and fuels serious political tension. But where does oil really comefrom, and how much is left? The far-out possibilities might surprise you.

Nature has been transmuting dead life into black gold for millions of years using little more thanheat, pressure and time, scientists tell us.

But with gas prices spiking more than $1 per gallon in the United States this year and someexperts predicting that theend of oilis near, scientists still don't know for sure where oil comesfrom, how long it took to make, or how much there is.

A so-called fossil fuel, petroleum is believed by most scientists to be the transformed remains of

long dead organisms. The majority of petroleum is thought to come from the fossils of plants andtiny marine organisms. Larger animals might contribute to the mix as well.

"Even some of the dinosaurs may have gotten involved in some of this," says William Thomas, ageologists at the University of Kentucky. "[Although] I think it would be quite rare and a verysmall and insignificant contribution."

But another theory holds that more oil was in Earth from the beginning than what's beenproduced by dead animals, but that we've yet to tap it.

How it works

In the leading theory, dead organic material accumulates on the bottom of oceans, riverbeds orswamps, mixing with mud and sand. Over time, more sediment piles on top and the resultingheat and pressure transforms the organic layer into a dark and waxy substance known as kerogen.

Left alone, the kerogen molecules eventually crack, breaking up into shorter and lightermolecules composed almost solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Depending on how liquid orgaseous this mixture is, it will turn into either petroleum or natural gas.

So how long does this process take?

Scientists aren't really sure, but they figure it's probably on the order of hundreds of thousands ofyears.

"It's certainly not an instantaneous process," Thomas toldLiveScience. "The rate at whichpetroleum is forming is not going to be the solution to our petroleum supplies."

The United States' latest reminder of its petroleum dependency occurred whenhurricanesKatrinaand Rita struck the Gulf of Mexico, where the majority of the country's oil platforms and
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refineries are located. Many analysts predicted gas prices would surge to $4 and $5 per gallon,but the fears turned out to be overblown. Many of the structures suffered only glancing blowsand were operating again soon afterwards.
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Distillation Column Internals

A fractionating columnor fractionation columnis an essential item used indistillationofliquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on thedifferences involatilities.Fractionating columns are used in small scale laboratory distillationsas well as for large-scale industrial distillations.

Contents

[hide]

1 Laboratory fractionating columns

2 Industrial fractionating columns

3 See also

4 References

5 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Laboratory_fractionating_columnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Laboratory_fractionating_columnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Industrial_fractionating_columnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Industrial_fractionating_columnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#External_linkshttp://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrB8o.1FmxTwA8AYkujzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpcGszamw0BHNlYwNmcC1pbWcEc2xrA2ltZw--/RV=2/RE=1399621429/RO=11/RU=http:/www.mycheme.com/distillation-column-internals/RK=0/RS=N9dSwxQtP2mSt3ot8Nq_vPfmk8Y-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Industrial_fractionating_columnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_tower#Laboratory_fractionating_columnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation


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Laboratory fractionating columns[edit]

Figure 1: Fractional distillation apparatus using aLiebig condenser

A laboratory fractionating column is a piece of glassware used to separate vaporized mixtures ofliquid compounds with close volatility. It can also be called a fractional column. Most commonly

used is either aVigreux columnor a straight column packed with glass beads or metal piecessuch asRaschig rings.

Fractionating columns help to separate the mixture by helping the mixed vapors to cool,condense,and vaporize again in accordance withRaoult's law.With eachcondensation-vaporization cycle, the vapors are enriched in a certain component. A larger surface area allowsmore cycles, improving separation. This is the rationale for aVigreux fractionating columnor apacked fractionating column.Spinning band distillationachieves the same outcome by using arotating band within the column to force the rising vapors and descending condensate into closecontact, achieving equilibrium more quickly.

In a typical fractional distillation, a liquid mixture is heated in the distilling flask, and theresulting vapor rises up the fractionating column (see Figure 1). The vapor condenses on glassspurs (known astrays or plates)inside the column, and returns to the distilling flask,refluxingthe rising distillate vapor. The hottest tray is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is atthe top. Atsteady-stateconditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray reach anequilibrium.Onlythe most volatile of the vapors stays in gas form all the way to the top, where it may then proceedthrough acondenser,which cools the vapor until it condenses into a liquid distillate. The
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fractionating_column&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig_condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig_condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig_condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_band_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_band_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_band_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_band_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig_condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fractionating_column&action=edit&section=1


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separation may be enhanced by the addition of more trays (to a practical limitation of heat, flow,etc.).

Figure 2: Typical industrial fractionating columns

Industrial fractionating columns[edit]

Fractional distillationis one of theunit operationsofchemical engineering.[1][2]Fractionating

columns are widely used in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids haveto be distilled.[3][4][5]Such industries are thepetroleumprocessing,petrochemicalproduction,natural gas processing,coal tarprocessing,brewing,liquified airseparation, andhydrocarbonsolventsproduction and similar industries but it finds its widest application inpetroleumrefineries.In such refineries, the crude oil feedstock is a complex, multicomponent mixture thatmust be separated, and yields of pure chemical compounds are not expected, only groups ofcompounds within a relatively small range ofboiling points,also calledfractions. That is theorigin of the namefractional distillationorfractionation. It is often not worthwhile separatingthe components in these fractions any further based on product requirements and economics.

Distillation is one of the most common and energy-intensive separation processes. In a typical

chemical plant, it accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption .[6]

Industrialdistillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns (as shown in Figure 2)known as "distillation towers" or "distillation columns" with diameters ranging from about 65centimeters to 6 meters and heights ranging from about 6 meters to 60 meters or more.
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Figure 3: Chemical engineering schematic of a continuous fractionating column

Figure 4: Chemical engineering schematic of typical bubble-cap trays in a fractionating column
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Industrial distillation towers are usually operated at a continuous steady state. Unless disturbedby changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being addednormally equals the amount of product being removed.

It should also be noted that the amount of heat entering the column from thereboilerand with the

feed must equal the amount heat removed by the overhead condenser and with the products. Theheat entering a distillation column is a crucial operating parameter, addition of excess orinsufficient heat to the column can lead to foaming, weeping, entrainment, or flooding.

Figure 3 depicts an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillatefraction and one bottoms fraction. However, many industrial fractionating columns have outletsat intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may bewithdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream. The "lightest" products withthe lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the "heaviest" products with thehighest boiling points exit from the bottom.

Industrial fractionating columns use external reflux to achieve better separation of products.

[3][5]

Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product that returns to the upperpart of the fractionating column as shown in Figure 3.

Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation ofupflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation tower. The more reflux and/ormore trays provided, the better is the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higherboiling materials.

The design and operation of a fractionating column depends on the composition of the feed andas well as the composition of the desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed,

analytical methods such as theMcCabe

Thiele method

[5][7][8]

or theFenske equation

[5]

can beused. For a multi-component feed, simulation models are used both for design, operation, andconstruction.

Bubble-cap "trays" or "plates" are one of the types of physical devices, which are used to providegood contact between the upflowing vapor and the downflowing liquid inside an industrialfractionating column. Such trays are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

The efficiency of a tray or plate is typically lower than that of a theoretical 100% efficientequilibrium stage.Hence, a fractionating column almost always needs more actual, physicalplates than the required number of theoreticalvaporliquid equilibriumstages.
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Figure 5: Section of fractionating tower of Figure 4 showing detail of a pair of trays with bubblecaps

In industrial uses, sometimes apacking materialis used in the column instead of trays, especiallywhen low pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating undervacuum.Thispacking material can either be random dumped packing (13 in or 2.57.6 cm wide) such asRaschig ringsorstructured sheet metal.Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing, and thevapors pass across this wetted surface, wheremass transfertakes place. Differently shapedpackings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both of these factorsaffect packing performance.

DISTILLATION COLUMNS (or TOWERS)

Distillation columns or towers are constructed to behave in the same way as a series of separate

stills as discussed earlier. Each 'still' section consists of a number of 'TRAYS' or contacting devices

arranged vertically above one another in the column. These trays or contactors bring liquid and

vapour into intimate contact in order to obtain the required separation of the mixture. The height of

the tower and the number of trays or contacting devices it contains, depends upon the purity of the

'Fractions' required.

Columns for the distillation process can be of the following types:

1. The 'PACKED' Tower

2. The 'TRAY' Tower

1. THE PACKED TOWER

As its name implies, the packed tower is a vertical, steel column which contains 'Beds' of packing

material which are used to bring the rising vapours into intimate contact with falling liquid within the

tower. The heat added to the mixture before entering the tower partially vaporises the mixture and

the vapours rise up the tower and begin to cool.
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The liquid falls towards the bottom of the tower. At the tower bottom, in general, more heat is added

to the liquid by a 'Reboiler' which may be steam heated or a fuel fired furnace type.

The addition of heat here causes more vapours to rise up the column. As the two phases of the

mixture - falling liquid and rising vapour - come together, light components are stripped out of the

liquid and enter the gas phase while heavy components in the vapour are condensed into the liquid

phase.

In this way, as the vapour rises and gradually cools, it becomes lighter and, as the liquid falls, it

becomes hotter and heavier.

With this type of distillation column there is generally only a top and bottom product. The quality of

the products depends upon the height of the tower, the number of contacting devices, the tower

temperature and pressure and their control, and the velocity of the rising vapours.

The type of packing materials used, also plays a part in the separation process. The packing can be

of such types as:

Ceramic Raschig Rings, Stainless Steel Pall Rings or Ceramic Saddles .. etc.See Figure: 10.
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Figure: 10

2. THE TRAY TYPE TOWER

This is also a tall, cylindrical column. Inside, a series of trays are placed, one above the other. The

trays are used to bring the rising vapour and falling liquid into intimate contact. Tray towers do the

same job as packed towers but they are very much more efficient in the separation process than

packed towers and, they are also more costly. There are various types of tray in use and the type

selected depends upon the degree of product purity required, the type of fluids, fluid velocity and

other process parameters of the system.

The types of tray used in distillation columns are as follows:

1. THE SIEVE TRAYis simply a metal plate containing drilled holes through which the rising

vapour can pass into the liquid flowing across the tray. Figure: 11

2. THE VALVE TRAYis similar to the sieve type but, each hole is fitted with a flapper valve

which opens as vapour passes through the hole. This type is used where vapour velocity is

not constant and the valves prevent liquid from dumping through the holes at times of low

gas velocity. Figure: 12

3. THE BUBBLE-CAP TRAYis the most efficient separation device but, is also the most costly.

It consists of a number of 'Chimneys' or 'Risers' (small, short pipes set into the tray), throughwhich the vapour can pass. Fitted over the riser is a 'Cap' which causes the rising vapour to

turn through 180 . This forces the gas to 'Bubble' through the liquid flowing across the tray.

The liquid level on the tray is maintained below the top of the riser to prevent dumping of

liquid down the tower. Figure: 13

Each of the above trays also has a 'WEIR'that maintains the liquid level on the tray. As the liquid

flows over the weir, it enters a 'DOWNCOMER'- (a short pipe), that carries the liquid down to the
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tray below. The downcomer outlet is below the surface of the liquid on the tray below, acting as a

seal to prevent gas from bypassing the tray above.
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Documents

How is Crude Oil Formed