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How is it possible?
a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet
Contains mixture of gases(O2 ), solids (dust, pollen, salt), and liquids (water vapor) circulated by winds What would happen if there was no
atmosphere? Cold nights Hot days
1-Balances the amount of heat absorbed and the amount of heat escaping back to space
This heat comes from the Sun
2-Protects life forms from Sun’s harmful rays
How was it created?
Pictionary: Steps to develop atmosphere
Time line: Volcanoes producing water vapor,
nitrogen, and carbon dioxide
MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and
carbon dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean
photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere
MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and
carbon dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean
photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere
Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere
MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon
dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean
photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere
Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere
Plants were then protected from Sun and produced oxygen for respirating organisms
MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon
dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean
photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere
Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere
Plants were then protected from Sun
78% - Nitrogen (N) 21% - Oxygen (O2) 1% - trace gases
Car emissions adds CO2 to the atmosphere Dangerous b/c CO2 is #1 greenhouse gas
Producing CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
characterized by abrupt temperature changes
Temp. changes due to difference in solar energy absorption
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere The inner most layer Weather, clouds, we are here Temperature decreases as you go up
Climbing a mountain
Tropopause Boundary between the troposphere and the
stratosphere Temperature stabilizes Limits mixing between the two layers
Stratosphere Ozone layer – global sunscreen
absorbs energy from the sun heating the air Aircraft flight in lower level
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Stratopause Boundary between the stratosphere and
mesosphere
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Mesosphere Meteoroids start to burn Noctilucent clouds
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Mesopause Boundary between mesosphere and
thermosphere
Ionosphere – a layer of electrically charged particles located between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
It allows radio waves to travel across the country to other cities
Thermosphere Auroras – reaction
between solar wind and magnetic field where e- are excited emitting photons of light
International Space Station
Exosphere Region where atoms and molecules can
escape gravity and exit into space Exosphere is the outer layer of the atmosphere in whichthe space shuttle flies.
Brain Pop Video on Atmosphere
OZONE
Ozone layer – a layer made of oxygen in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun
3 types of suns rays – UVA, UVB, UVC sunglasses block A and B ozone blocks C
Ultraviolet radiation – one type of energy that comes to the Earth from the Sun
Causes skin damage and cancer
CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons – an air pollutant that destroys the ozone layer composed of Chlorine, Fluorine, and carbon, Used in some refrigerators, air conditioners
(Freon), aerosol cans (propellants), foam packaging
Good because non-flammable, odorless, cheap, nontoxic, non-corrosive
Page 432
Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs causing the depletion of ozone molecules leaving holes in the ozone layer
THE OZONE HOLE
Sun breaks down CFC creating a free Chlorine atom
That chlorine atom breaks up O3 (ozone) when the chlorine atom joins with 1 oxygen atom leaving 2 oxygen atoms together
The chlorine and oxygen molecule break up when come in contact with another free oxygen atom and the oxygen atoms hook-up
Now that free chlorine atom will find another ozone molecule to break apart
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Air pressure
The weight of the air/atmosphere above you causes air pressure.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Air density (# of air molecules in a given space) is greatest at the surface and decreases as you go up
Altitude and Air pressure
Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.
Altitude and Density
Measuring Air Pressure Tool used to measure air pressure is a barometer. Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury
in the dish, causing the mercury in the tube to rise. The air pressure is greater on the barometer on the right, so the mercury is higher in the tube.
ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATOMOSPHERE
What happens to the heat from the sun? Absorbed by earth Reflected by the earth’s surface Absorbed by atmosphere Reflected by atmosphere
ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE Heat flows from high temperatures to
low temperatures Sun heats earth, earth heats atmosphere
Heat transfers through the atmospherein three ways: radiation, conduction,and convection
RADIATION
energy transferred in the form of rays or waves. Ex: holding your hand over a stove burner
CONDUCTION
the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another. Ex: burner warming pot
CONVECTION
the transfer of heat by the flow of material. Circulation of boiling water
Popping popcorn on the stove
Popping popcorn in electric popper
Microwave popcorn
What are the molecules doing?
Why does heat rise? When air is warmed, the molecules move
apart and the air becomes less dense. Air density decreases because there are
fewer molecules in one space.
What are the air molecules doing?
Why does cold air sink? cold air molecules move close together
becoming more dense
SO………
This creates convection currents which is how heat is distributed throughout the atmosphere
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC (WATER) CYCLE
Hydrosphere – a term that describes all the water on earth’s surface
Evaporation/transpiration – sun’s energy causes water to change from a liquid to a gas
Precipitation – rain, sleet, snow, hail
Condensation – when the water vapor cools it changes back into a liquid
Label the Handout using this diagram
Air Movement
How is wind created?
Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface causes winds
AIR MOVEMENT
Radiation from sun is received on Earth in different amounts because its curved
The equator gets more radiation than the poles because the rays are more direct
Warmer less dense air rises and the cooler air falls creating convection currents
Convection currents
CORIOLIS EFFECT
Coriolis effect – causes moving air to turn left in the S. Hemisphere and turn right in the N. Hemisphere due to Earth’s rotation
Picture pg. 440, 441
Coriolis Effect Simulation
Trade winds – blow to the west as the cooled air flows back to the equator between 0˚ and 30˚N and S latitude Called the trade winds because early sailors used
the patterns to navigate the oceans.
Westerlies – between 30˚N and S latitude and 60˚N and S latitude blow from the west
Polar Easterlies – between 60˚N and S latitude to the N and S poles blow from the east away from poles
WINDS IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE
Jet Stream – narrow belts of strong winds that blow near the troposphere
LOCAL WIND SYSTEMS
Sea breezes- created during the day because land is warmed faster than water.
Land breezes – created during the night because water cools slower than land
LAND/SEA BREEZES