How John Quincy Adams Built Our Continental Republic

8/10/2019 How John Quincy Adams Built Our Continental Republic

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/how-john-quincy-adams-built-our-continental-republic 1/21

THE NEW FEDERALIST September 11, 1987 Pages 6-7

American Almanac

John Quincy Adams:

How the Giant of American Foreign PolicyBuilt Our Continental Reu!lic And

"ic#ed the Russians Out of America

!y Patric# Ruc#ert

John Quincy Adams

Portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1825-28

J!" 11 mar#e$ t%e &&'t% b(rt%$a" )* Amer(+as greatest Se+retar" )* State,

J)% .(+" A$ams/ H(s b(rt%$a", +)(+($(g 0(t% t%e &''t% a(ersar" )*

t%e 2)st(tt()a! 2)et(), ma#es (t appr)pr(ate t%at Amer(+as t)$a" be

rem($e$ )* t%e pr(+(p!es )* )r repb!(+, a$ %)0 )e )* (ts greatest $e-

*e$ers a$ pr)m)ters app!(e$ t%)se pr(+(p!es ( pra+t(+e/

T%e +(t(3e s%)!$ +)mpare t%e a+t()s a$ a++)mp!(s%mets )* J)%

.(+" A$ams $r(g %(s !(*et(me )* pb!(+ ser(+e, t) t%e L(!!(pt(a m($s

a$ treas))s a+ts )* t%)se, !(#e 4e)rge S%!t3, 0%) r )r *)re(g p)!(+"

t)$a"/ W%e R)a!$ Reaga +)mpare$ t%e (g)rat a$ brt(s% 2)tra

$rg-rers t) t%e (te!!e+ta! a$ m)ra! g(ats 0%) *)$e$ t%(s repb!(+,

)e +)!$ a!m)st *ee! t%e Eart% s%a#e a$ gr)a as t%)se great me tre$

)er ( t%e(r graes/

At a t(me 0%e t%e e5(ste+e )* t%e repb!(+ )* t%e (te$ States )* Amer(+a

(s t%reatee$ b" a Rss(a Emp(re mar+%(g re!et!ess!" t)0ar$ 0)r!$



$)m(at(), t%e *(g%t !e$ b" J)% .(+" A$ams aga(st t%(s se!*-same

eem" )* +((!(3at() m)re t%a 1' "ears ag), (s m)st (str+t(e/

A $on of the American Re%olution

J)% .(+" A$ams 0as a s) )* t%e Amer(+a Re)!t()/ H(s *at%er, J)%A$ams, 0as a s(ger )* t%e De+!arat() )* I$epe$e+e, a !ea$(g *(gre )*

t%e Re)!t(), a +%amp() )* t%e e0 2)st(tt(), t%e *(rst (+e Pres($et

a$ se+)$ Pres($et )* t%e (te$ States/

As remar#ab!e as 0as t%e *at%er, t%e s) a++)mp!(s%e$ ee m)re/ J)%

.(+" A$ams s%ape$ t%e *)$at()s )* Amer(+a *)re(g p)!(+", a$ t%e

*tre )* t%e (te$ States as a +)t(eta! repb!(+/ F)r a!m)st *(e $e+-

a$es, %e p!a"e$ a !ea$(g r)!e ( t%e $ee!)pmet )* t%e ")g repb!(+/

It 0as A$ams 0%) 0as m)st resp)s(b!e *)r e5te$(g t%e (te$ States be")$ t%e (ss(ss(pp( R(er, )er t%e R)+#" )ta(s a$ t) t%e Pa+(*(+

:+ea/ I 18';, %e rge$ T%)mas Je**ers) t) g) a%ea$ 0(t% t%e L)(s(aa

Pr+%ase *r)m Fra+e, a$ %e 0as t%e )!" seat)r *r)m t%e N)rt%easter

states 0%) )te$ *)r (t/ A$ams 0as t%e eg)t(at)r, ( 181, 0%) a++)m-

p!(s%e$ t%e retr )* t%e area s)t% )* t%e 2)!mb(a R(er ( t%e :reg)

Terr(t)r" t) t%e (te$ States a*ter t%e War )* 181&/ As se+retar" )* state (

1818, %e eg)t(ate$ t%e pr+%ase )* F!)r($a *r)m Spa(/

F(a!!", a$ m)st (mp)rtat, $r(g t%e per()$ )* 1817 t) 18&, A$ams

esre$ t%at m)st )* t%e Pa+(*(+ 2)ast )* Amer(+a 0)!$ be+)me part )* t%e(te$ States/ Ea+% )* t%ese a++)mp!(s%mets 0as, *)r A$ams, a batt!e ( a

!arger 0ar<a 0ar bet0ee t%e *)r+es )* repb!(+a(sm ( t%e Amer(+as a$

Er)pe, erss t%e H)!" A!!(a+e p)0ers )* Rss(a, Astr(a, a$ 4reat

=r(ta(/ A$ams #e0 t%at t%e (te$ States 0as t%e b!0ar# aga(st t%e

H)!" A!!(a+es attempt t) rest)re t%e r!e )* >!eg(t(ma+"><(/e/ t%e $((e

r(g%t )* t%e )!(gar+%" t) r!e )er t%e a**a(rs )* t%(s 0)r!$/

J)% .(+" A$ams 0as b)r ( 1767/ At t%e age )* e(g%t, %e rea$ %(s

*at%ers !etters 0r(tte *r)m t%e 2)t(eta! 2)gress ( P%(!a$e!p%(a ab)t

t%e e0!" (sse$ De+!arat() )* I$epe$e+e/ I 177?, ")g J)% .(+" @)(e$ t%e !)+a! m(!(t(a ( ms#et $r(!!/ A "ear !ater, ( 177, %e 0(tesse$

t%e =att!e )* =#er H(!!/ T%e A$amses 0ere $es+e$ats )* Ne0 Eg!a$

Pr(tas, t%e *(rst )* 0%)m sett!e$ ( assa+%setts ( 16?'/ J)% .(+"s

m)t%er, Ab(ga(! A$ams, 0as )e )* t%e m)st (mp)rtat 0)me )* t%e Re-

)!t()ar" per()$/ S%e 0as pr)bab!" t%e best-e$+ate$ 0)ma ( Amer(+a at

t%e t(me/



=" t%e age )* te, J)% .(+" A$ams 0as (rre)+ab!" $e$(+ate$ t)

!ear(g a$ espe+(a!!" $e$(+ate$ t) t%e +!ass(+s )* !(teratre, %(st)r",

!agage, a$ ge)metr"/ A+(et %(st)r", 4ree# %er)(+ p)etr" a$ $rama,

S%a#espeare a$ (!t)<a!! 0ere %(s $a(!" *are be*)re t%e age )* t0e!e/

T%e =(b!e 0as %(s +)stat +)mpa()/ Eer" $a", t%r)g% %(s et(re !(*e, %e0)!$ st$" (t *)r at !east )e %)r/ He be!(ee$ ( t%e e5(ste+e )* )e

4)$, 2reat)r a$ 4)er)r )* t%e (erse, part(+!ar!" )* ma#($/ He

be!(ee$ t%at ma 0as esset(a!!" g))$, !(#e 4)$, a$ )t $eprae$/

Ab(ga(! A$ams 0r)te t) %er e!ee-"ear-)!$ s), as %e !e*t 0(t% %(s *at%er t)

g) t) Fra+eB >A$%ere t) t%)se re!(g()s set(mets a$ pr(+(p!es 0%(+%

0ere ear!" (st(!!e$ (t) ")r m($, a$ remember t%at ") are a++)tab!e

t) ")r a#er *)r a!! ")r 0)r$s a$ a+t()s/> I a)t%er !etter, %(s m)t%er

rem($e$ %(m t%at %e 0as $est(e$ t) be a >gar$(a )* %(s +)tr"s !a0s

a$ !(bert(es/> As %e a$ %(s *at%er !e*t *)r t%e(r se+)$ tr(p t) Er)pe (

1779, s%e 0r)teB >T%ese are t(mes ( 0%(+% a ge(s 0)!$ 0(s% t) !(e/ It

(s )t ( t%e st(!! +a!m )* !(*e, )r t%e rep)se )* a pa+(*(+ stat(), t%at great

+%ara+ters are *)rme$/ / / / 4reat e+ess(t(es +a!! )t great (rtes/ W%e a

m($ (s ra(se$ a$ a(mate$ b" s+ees t%at egage t%e %eart, t%e t%)se

Ca!(t(es, 0%(+% 0)!$ )t%er0(se !(e $)rmat, 0a#e (t) !(*e a$ *)rm t%e

+%ara+ter )* t%e %er) a$ t%e statesma/>

Dr(g J)% .(+"s *(rst tr(p t) Er)pe ( 1778, %e spet t%e *(rst "ear (

s+%))!/ W%(!e %(s *at%er a$ =e@am( Fra#!( eg)t(ate$ *)r Fre+% a($ t)t%e Re)!t(), J)% .(+" (mmerse$ %(mse!* ( 4ree# a$ R)ma %(st)r",

ge)metr", a!gebra, $(**eret(a! +a!+!s, ms(+, $rama a$ art/ =" t%e age )*

16, %e %a$ a!s) !eare$ Dt+%, 4erma, a$ Spa(s%/ He 0as )e )* t%e *(rst

Amer(+as t) tras!ate t%e 0r(t(gs )* Fr(e$r(+% S+%(!!er, t%e great 4erma

p)et, $ramat(st, a$ %(st)r(a, (t) Eg!(s%/

At t%e age )* 1?, A$ams 0as g(e %(s *(rst )**(+(a! $(p!)mat(+ ass(gmet/

He 0et t) Rss(a as a tras!at)r a$ a($e t) Fra+(s Daa, t%e *(rst /S/

e)" t) t%e +3ars/ R)$(g )t %(s *(rst "ears ( Er)pe, %e a+te$ as

se+retar" t) %(s *at%er, 0%) 0as t%e ambassa$)r t) H)!!a$ a$, !ater, t)Eg!a$/

T%e m)re %e sa0 )* +)rt !(*e, 0%et%er ( Par(s, St/ Petersbrg, L)$), )r

Amster$am ( t%e Net%er!a$s, t%e m)re ar$et a repb!(+a %e be+ame/

er" (mp)rtat *)r t%e *tre )* t%e (te$ States, a$ t%e r)!e A$ams 0as t)

p!a" ( (ts %(st)r", 0as %(s e5per(e+e ( Rss(a as t%e a($e t) Fra+(s Daa,



a$ !ater, %(s *(e "ears ( St/ Petersbrg as /S/ ambassa$)r t) Rss(a *r)m

18'9-1?/ T%ere %e !eare$ *(rst-%a$ t%e m)rta! $ager 0%(+% t%e *e$a!

)!(gar+%(+a! s"stem represete$ t) t%e ")g repb!(+ )* t%e (te$ States,

a$ espe+(a!!" t%at )* t%e Rss(a Emp(re/

&hird Rome: 'a#e the Pacific A Russian (a#e

As t%(s e0spaper %as repeate$!" $)+mete$, t%e &'t%-+etr" Rss(a

emp(re )* Le(, Sta!(, a$ 4)rba+%e (s )t%(g bt a +)t(at() )* a

p)!(+", )r(g(at(g ( t%e !ate 1t% +etr", )* ma#(g )s+)0 a T%(r$ a$

F(a! R)ma Emp(re, $est(e$ t) r!e t%e 0)r!$ *)reer/ Dr(g t%e ear!"

18t% +etr", Rss(as (mper(a! $es(gs (+!$e$ e**)rts t) ma#e t%e N)rt%

Pa+(*(+ :+ea (t) a Rss(a !a#e/

Rss(a p)!(+" at t%(s t(me 0as t) e5pa$ Rss(a Amer(+a as (t 0as +a!!e$

at t%e t(me, 0%(+% a!rea$" e5te$e$ *r)m t%e A!et(a Is!a$s t) t%e gates )* Sa Fra+(s+), t) +)mp!ete +)tr)! )er t%e et(re 0ester s%)re )* t%e

Amer(+as/ At t%e same t(me, p!as 0ere be(g !a($ t) se(3e Ha0a((/ et

be*)re Rss(a +)!$ ee beg( t) t%(# )* ta#(g +)tr)! )* t%e Pa+(*(+, (t

%a$ t) rea+% (t/ At t%e t(me )* t%e pr)m!gat() )* t%e T%(r$ R)me p)!(+",

t%e ast e5pase )* S(ber(a<t%)sa$s )* m(!es )* 0(!$eress<st))$

bet0ee )s+)0 a$ t%e Pa+(*(+ :+ea/

T) t%e West, t%e sper()r +!tre a$ e+))m(+-m(!(tar" p)0er represete$

b" Wester Er)pe a+te$ as a *(rm barr(er aga(st Rss(a e5pas()/ =t

t%e sparse!" sett!e$ a$ ba+#0ar$ reg()s )* t%e easter t0)-t%(r$s )* t%eEras(a !a$ mass, pr)e$ t) be a re!at(e!" eas" +)Cest *)r )s+)0/

E5pas() bega ( t%e 1's, 0(t% Ia t%e Terr(b!e, t%e *(rst )* t%e +3ars t)

$e$(+ate %(mse!* t) t%e T%(r$ R)me $)+tr(e/ =" t%e m($-1', Ias

arm(es %a$ rea+%e$ t%e 2asp(a Sea/ =" 16&8, t%e Rss(as %a$ rea+%e$ t%e

Lea R(er ( S(ber(a/ I 16;7, t%e" estab!(s%e$ a *)rt at a#ts#, a$ (

16;9 t%e" rea+%e$ t%e Pa+(*(+ :+ea ( t%e e(g%b)r%))$ )* :#%)ts#/ ="

t%e m($$!e )* t%e 17t% +etr", Rss(a +)tr)!!e$ a!! )* S(ber(a/

Ab)t ?,'' m(!es )* east0ar$ e5pas() %a$ bee a++)mp!(s%e$ ( 1''"ears/ T%e attempt t) g) s)t% 0as, *)r t%e t(me be(g, t%0arte$ b" a

p)0er*! a+% Emp(re ( 2%(a/

I 171, 23ar Peter t%e 4reat, ) a (s(t t) Par(s, !eare$ ab)t t%e geera!

(g)ra+e ( Er)pe )* t%e N)rt% Pa+(*(+/ He $e+($e$ t) se$ )t a e5pe$(-

t() *r)m S(ber(a t) !ear 0%et%er S(ber(a 0as +)e+te$ b" !a$ 0(t% N)rt%



Amer(+a/ He +%)se t%e Dae, (ts =er(g, a +apta( ( t%e Rss(a Na",

as %(s +)mma$er/ W%e Peter $(e$ ( 17&, %(s 0($)0 2at%er(e I +arr(e$

)t %(s pr)gram/ A*ter ma" *a!se starts a$ $e!a"s, =er(g *(a!!" ma$e a

ser()s )"age ( 17?1/ T%(s )"age $(s+)ere$ t%e A!et(as a$ t%e

A!as#a ma(!a$/

&erritorial Claims and Ad)ustments on &he Pacific Coast* +,+,-./



Oregon Boundary 0isute and $ettlement

&he British in the Pacific

As t%e Rss(as bega estab!(s%(g sett!emets ( t%e A!et(as m($0a"

t%r)g% t%e 18t% +etr", t%e Spa(s% a$ t%e =r(t(s% a!s) t))# (terest ( t%e

Pa+(*(+/ =" t%e t(me )* t%e Amer(+a Re)!t(), t%e Spa(s% %a$ ps%e$ p

t%e Amer(+a +)ast a$ *)$e$ Sa Fra+(s+)/

I 1776 t%e =r(t(s% set James 2))# ) %(s Pa+(*(+ )"age/ 2))# $(s+)ere$

t%e Ha0a((a Is!a$s +a!!e$ t%e Sa$0(+% Is!a$s at t%e t(me a$ e5p!)re$

t%e Amer(+a +)ast as *ar as P)(t =arr)0, A!as#a, ee *rt%er )rt% t%a

=er(g %a$ g)e/



W%(!e )**(+(a! Rss(a p)!(+" t)0ar$ t%e Amer(+a West 2)ast ( t%e !ate

17''s 0as )e )* eg!e+t, *r tra$ers $ra0 b" t%e e)rm)s!" r(+% trapp(g

areas )* A!as#a estab!(s%e$ )e sett!emet a*ter a)t%er/ G)$(a# a$ F)rt

A!e5a$er 0ere estab!(s%e$ ( 178? a$ 1787 b" 4reg)r" Ia)(+%

S%e!(#)/ S%e!(#) 0as r(g a er" !arge *r bs(ess, a$ ( 1789

p!ea$e$ 0(t% 2at%er(e $(re+t!" t) se$ a !arge e++!es(ast(+a! m(ss() t) t%e

A!as#a sett!emets/ He a!s) )t!(e$ p!as *)r estab!(s%(g tra$(g re!at()s

0(t% t%e et(re Amer(+a a$ As(at(+ sea-+)ast, a$ )t!(e$ t%e p!a *)r

m)(g (t) t%e Amr a!!e" )* 2%(a, 0%(+%, base$ ) %(s p!a 0as

rea!(3e$ 0(t% t%e *)$(g )* !a$()st)# s(5t" "ears !ater/

N(+%)!as Petr)(+% Re3a) 176?-18'6, a )b!e at t%e St/ Petersbrg +)rt

0as t) be+)me t%e sp)#esma *)r t%e (mp!emetat() )* S%e!(#)s pr)-

gram/ Re3a) +)(+e$ 23ar Pa! ( 1799 t) *)$ t%e Rss(a-Amer(+a

2)mpa", 0%(+% 0as m)$e!e$ ) t%e =r(t(s% East a$ West I$(es 2)m- pa(es/ T%e +)mpa" 0as at%)r(3e$ t) ma#e >e0 $(s+)er(es )t )!"

)rt% )* bt a!s) *rt%er t) t%e s)t% a$ t) a++ept t%e !a$s 0%(+% (t

$(s+)ere$ $er Rss(a g)ermet/> T%(s 0as a +!ear statemet )* (tet

t) e5+!$e t%e =r(t(s% a$ t%e Amer(+as *r)m t%e Pa+(*(+ area/ T%e Rss(a-

Amer(+a 2)mpa" 0as t) be t%e )**(+(a! arm )* St/ Petersbrg ( t%e N)rt%

Pa+(*(+/

23ar Pa! 0as assass(ate$ ( 18'1, br(g(g A!e5a$er I t) t%e t%r)e/

A!e5a$er 0as m)re a0are )* a$ *a)rab!e t) t%e p!as )* S%e!(#)/

A!e5a$er t))# t%e +)mpa" $er %(s pr)te+t()/

I 179', S%e!(#) app)(te$ A!e5a$er A$re"e(+% =ar3a) t) r t%e

G)$(a# +)!)"/ =ar3a) be+ame t%e )tsta$(g ma ( Rss(a Amer(+a/

S)), a e++!es(ast(+a! m(ss() arr(e$ ( G)$(a# a$ bega +)ert(g t%e

at(es t) t%e Rss(a :rt%)$)5 2%r+%/ =" 18', =ar3a), )0 t%e

)**(+(a! g)er)r ( A!as#a, %a$ estab!(s%e$ a Rss(a +)!)" ( S(t#a,

a!m)st 1,''' m(!es s)t% G)$(a#/

I 18' Re3a) (s(te$ =ar3a) ( A!as#a/ A*ter assess(g t%at t%e

m(serab!e e5(ste+e )* t%e sma!! +)!)(es 0)!$ eer rea!(3e t%e(r p!as,Re3a) $eterm(e$ t) tras*er t%e et(re +)!)" t) t%e reg() )* t%e

2)!mb(a R(er/ A e5p!)rat)r" part" 0as set )t, bt 0)r$ +ame )* t%e

Le0(s a$ 2!ar# e5pe$(t(), s) t%e" b"-passe$ t%e 2)!mb(a a$ !a$e$ at

Sa Fra+(s+)/



Re3a) a$ =ar3a) a!s) +)+e(e$ )* a p!a t) ta#e t%e Ha0a((a

Is!a$s/ :+e ( Sa Fra+(s+), Re3a)s eer-e5pa$(g p!as 0ere

$(spat+%e$ t) St/ Petersbrg/ I )e !etter, rg(g sett!emet )* t%e 2)!m-

b(a R(er area, %e sa($, >4ra$a!!" 0e +a e5te$ *rt%er t) t%e s)t% t) t%e

p)rt )* Sa Fra+(s+) 0%(+% (s t%e b)r$er )* 2a!(*)r(a/ I* 0e %ae )!" t%e

meas t) beg(, I +a b)!$!" sa" t%at 0e +a $ra0 (%ab(tats t) +erta(

p!a+es ( 2)!mb(a :reg) a$ $r(g te "ears gr)0 s) str)g as t) %ae

( *!! (s() t%e 2a!(*)r(a +)ast s) t%at ) t%e s!(g%test $(strba+e (

Er)pe *)rtate t) )r p)!(t(+a! +(r+msta+es 0e +a (+!$e (t ( )r

Rss(a p)ssess()s/>

America Begins $ettlements on the Pacific Coast

=r(ta( a$ t%e (te$ States 0ere, b" t%(s per()$, )t )!" egage$ ( %ea"

mar(t(me tra$e ( t%e Pa+(*(+, bt 0ere (+%(g )er!a$ t)0ar$ t%e Pa+(*(+/

=r(t(s% e5p!)rer A!e5a$er a+#e3(e %a$ rea+%e$ t%e Pa+(*(+ ( 179&/

Amer(+a Pres($et T%)mas Je**ers) set Le0(s a$ 2!ar# t) e5p!)re t%e

e0!" pr+%ase$ L)(s(aa Terr(t)r"/ T%e" rea+%e$ t%e Pa+(*(+ ( 18'6/ As

t%e Amer(+a a$ =r(t(s% *)r+es ) t%e Pa+(*(+ 2)ast gre0, +!as%es bet0ee

t%em (+rease$, a$ Rss(a $($ eer"t%(g (t +)!$ t) e+)rage t%(s

+)*!(+t/

I 18'9, J)% Ja+)b Ast)r (+)rp)rate$ t%e Amer(+a Fr 2)mpa" ( Ne0

)r#/ W(t% e+)ragemet *r)m Je**ers), Ast)r p!ae$ t) )pe p t%e

N)rt%0est b" estab!(s%(g a !(e )* tra$(g p)sts p t%e (ss)r( R(er, t%ea+r)ss t%e m)ta(s a$ $)0 t%e 2)!mb(a R(er/ W(t% t%e g)a! )* b(!$-

(g a permaet p)rt at t%e m)t% )* t%e 2)!mb(a<0%(+% %e ame$

Ast)r(a<Ast)r *)resa0 tapp(g t%e 0ester *r tra$e a$ be(g ab!e t) s%(p

e(t%er t) t%e :r(et )r t) Ne0 )r# )r Er)pe/ )st b()grap%ers )* Ast)r

eg!e+t t) met() t%at Ast)r 0as a!s) p t) %(s ears ( t%e )p(m tra$e/

Ast)r 0as attempt(g t) +reate %(s )0 H$s)s =a" 2)mpa" )r =r(t(s%

East I$(a 2)mpa", a$ se t%(s as a e%(+!e *)r tr(g t%e (te$ States

*)re(g p)!(+" a$ +)mmer+(a! re!at()s (t) t%e same #($ )* !))t(g emp(re

%(s =r(t(s% a$ S0(ss *r(e$s ra/

Je**ers)s ($ea ( ba+#(g Ast)r 0as t) 0)r# 0(t% t%e Rss(as at S(t#a a$

G)$(a# t) tr" t) p( $)0 t%e =r(t(s% %)!$ ) t%e +)ast )* 2aa$a t) t%e area

bet0ee S(t#a a$ t%e m)t% )* t%e 2)!mb(a/

At t%e Treat" )* 4%et, e$(g t%e War )* 181&, a$ eg)t(ate$ b" J)%

.(+" A$ams, t%e *)!!)0(g terms 0ere agree$ p) *)r t%e Pa+(*(+ N)rt%-



0estB Ast)r(a, se(3e$ b" t%e =r(t(s% $r(g t%e 0ar, 0as t) be retre$ t)

Amer(+a +)tr)! =r(t(s% tra$ers 0ere )t a!!)0e$ t) trap a$ %t be!)0

t%e 2)!mb(a R(er a$ t%e et(re :reg) Terr(t)r" 0as p!a+e$ $er @)(t

+)tr)!/

T%(s agreemet 0as t%e sbsta+e )* a e0 treat" eg)t(ate$ b" A$ams (1818/ T%e 1818 treat" spe+(*(e$ t%at t%e @)(t )++pat() )* t%e :reg)

Terr(t)r", )rt% )* t%e 2)!mb(a a$ s)t% )* t%e t% para!!e!, 0as t) r

*)r te "ears/ T%(s treat" 0as ree0e$ ( 18&7 a$ 18;7/

ea0%(!e, t%e Rss(as, %a(g +)+e$e$ t%e :reg) Terr(t)r" t) t%e

Amer(+as a$ t%e =r(t(s%, 0ere m)re $eterm(e$ t%a eer t) ta#e

2a!(*)r(a/ I 1811, Ia Gs#), mber-t0) ma t) =ar3a), bega

b(!$(g F)rt R)ss ear =)$ega =a", ;' m(!es )rt% )* Sa Fra+(s+), 0(t%

t%e strateg(+ a(m )* $r((g t%e Spa(s% )t )* 2a!(*)r(a et(re!"/

It 0as 0%(!e t%e Rss(as 0ere b(!$(g p t%e(r 2a!(*)r(a sett!emet at F)rt

R)ss, t%at t%e" ma$e t%e(r m)e ) Ha0a((, a!rea$" a strateg(+ +%)#e-p)(t

( 0)r!$ p)!(t(+s/ T%e (s!a$s !(e a+r)ss t%e ma( r)tes bet0ee t%e Amer(-

+a Pa+(*(+ 2)ast a$ t%e ma( p)rts ) t%e easter s%)res )* As(a/ I t%e

$a"s )* sa(!(g s%(ps, ee t%)se g)(g t) Amer(+a p)rts a*ter r)$(g

2ape H)r 0)!$ st)p at Ha0a(( *)r spp!(es a$ rest, s(+e Spa(s% a-

t%)r(t(es ( S)t% Amer(+a 0ere )t t)) %)sp(tab!e/

S(+e ) map)0er )r m(!(tar" ba+#p 0)!$ be *)rt%+)m(g *r)m St/

Petersbrg, =ar3a) $e+($e$ ) a p!a )* gra$a! (*(!trat() (t) t%e(s!a$s/ A!! 0et 0e!! t(! %e set a 4erma, Dr/ 4e)rge At) S+%ae*er,

0%) %a$ bee ( A!as#a *)r s)me t(me, t) Ha0a(( t) eg)t(ate 0(t% t%e

Ha0a((a #(g/ S+%ae*er, a*ter (grat(at(g %(mse!* b" %(s ser(+es t) t%e

#(g, t%e m)e$ t)) *ast/ A g(*t )* !a$ *r)m t%e #(g t) S+%ae*er ( 1816

0as (mme$(ate!" tre$ (t) a *)rt a$ t%e Rss(a *!ag 0as ra(se$/ T%(s

0as t)) m+% *)r t%e #(g a$ %(s Amer(+a *r(e$s/ T%e Amer(+as

atta+#e$ %(s *)rt, +aptre$ S+%ae*er a$ %(s +re0 a$ pt t%em ) a !ea#"

s%(p/ S+%ae*er bare!" ma$e (t ba+# t) S(t#a/

T%(s e$e$ t%e Rss(a t%reat t) Ha0a((/ 23ar A!e5a$er 0as, at t%at t(me

tr"(g t) stregt%e t%e H)!" A!!(a+e ( Er)pe a$ +)t(e t) b(!$ t%e

F)rt R)ss sett!emet ( 2a!(*)r(a/ He %a$ ) ee$ )* a e0 +r(s(s 0(t% b)t%

%(s H)!" A!!(a+e parter 4reat =r(ta( a$ 0(t% Amer(+a, )er Ha0a((/

Amer(+a, )* +)rse, 0as 0at+%(g t%e 2a!(*)r(a a$ Ha0a(( t%rsts b"

Rss(a/ I 1817, Se+retar" )* State J)% .(+" A$ams set a em(ssar" t)



Ast)r(a t) )**(+(a!!" ta#e (t ba+# *r)m t%e =r(t(s%, as agree$ p) ( t%e

Treat" )* 4%et/

Adams &a#es On the Holy Alliance

A$ams 0as st(!! ( Rss(a 0%e Nap)!e) (a$e$ ( 181&, a$ 0at+%e$0(t% *as+(at() as t%e Rss(a (-$ept% +apab(!(t(es 0ere gra$a!!"

!eas%e$ aga(st t%e Fre+% arm"/ I a !etter t) %(s *at%er, A$ams

e5presse$ %(s be!(e* t%at s+% a +)tr" as Rss(a 0as t)) *)rm($ab!e ee

*)r a Nap)!e)/ F)reer *(5e$ ( %(s m($ *r)m t%ese e5per(e+es 0as t%e

($ea t%at t%e Rss(a s"stem 0as abs)!te!" (+)mpat(b!e 0(t% t%at )*

Amer(+a/ It 0as a!s) ( Rss(a t%at A$ams *(rst *)rm!ate$ t%e ($ea t%at t%e

(te$ States s%)!$ be a +)t(eta! at(), stret+%(g *r)m t%e At!at(+ t)

t%e Pa+(*(+/

I Je )* 1811, %e 0r)te t) %(s m)t%erB

I* t%at Part" t%e Fe$era!(st Jt) )* Ne0 Eg!a$ are )t

e**e+ta!!" pt $)0 ( assa+%setts, as +)mp!ete!" as t%e"

a!rea$" are ( Ne0 )r#, a$ Pes"!a(a, a$ a!! t%e s)t%er

a$ 0ester states, t%e () (s g)e/ Istea$ )* a at(),

+)e5tes(e 0(t% t%e N)rt% Amer(+a +)t(et, $est(e$ b"

4)$ a$ atre t) be t%e p)p!)s a$ m)st p)0er*! pe)p!e

eer +)mb(e$ $er )e s)+(a! +)mpa+t, 0e s%a!! %ae a

e$!ess m!t(t$e )* !(tt!e (s(g(*(+at +!as a$ tr(bes at

etera! 0ar 0(t% )e a)t%er *)r a r)+#, )r a *(s% p)$, t%e sp)rta$ *ab!e )* Er)pea masters a$ )ppress)rs/

I 181 A$ams 0as t%e +%a(rma )* t%e Amer(+a $e!egat() t%at eg)t(ate$

a e$ t) t%e War )* 181&/ Fr)m 181 t) 1817, %e 0as t%e /S/ ambassa$)r

t) 4reat =r(ta(/ He retre$ t) Amer(+a ( 1817 t) assme t%e $t(es )*

se+retar" )* state ( t%e a$m((strat() )* James )r)e/ F)r t%e e5t e(g%t

"ears, t%e (te$ States 0as *a)re$ 0(t% t%e best, t)g%est, a$ m)st *ar-

s(g%te$ se+retar" )* state ( (ts %(st)r"/

I Er)pe, t%e H)!" A!!(a+e am)g =r(ta(, Astr(a, a$ Rss(a r!e$, 0(t%t%e s)!e prp)se )* +rs%(g repb!(+a(sm, b)t% ( Er)pe a$ t%e Amer(-

+as/ A$ams %a$ ) (!!s()s ab)t t%e atre )* t%e H)!" A!!(a+e, )r ab)t

t%e *$ameta! +)*!(+t bet0ee t%e )!(gar+%(+a! s"stem (t represete$, a$

t%e repb!(+a s"stem *a)re$ b" t%e (te$ States/ I %(s F)rt% )* J!"

a$$ress )* 18&1 A$ams sa($B



T%e (terest 0%(+% (t T%e De+!arat() )* I$epe$e+e %as,

sr(e$ t%e )++as() p) 0%(+% (t 0as (sse$ t%e (terest

0%(+% (s )* eer" age a$ eer" t(me t%e (terest 0%(+%

C(+#es 0(t% t%e !apse )* "ears, sprea$s as (t gr)0s )!$, a$

br(g%tes as (t re+e$es, (s ( t%e pr(+(p!es 0%(+% (t pr)+!a(ms/

It 0as t%e *(rst s)!em $e+!arat() b" a at() )* t%e )!" !e-

g(t(mate *)$at() )* +((! g)ermet/ It 0as t%e +)rer

st)e )* a e0 *abr(+, $est(e$ t) +)er t%e sr*a+e )* t%e g!)be/

It $em)!(s%e$ at a str)#e t%e !a0*!ess )* a!! g)ermets

*)$e$ p) +)Cest/ It s0ept a0a" a!! t%e rbb(s% )*

a++m!ate$ +etr(es )* ser(t$e/ It a)+e$ ( pra+t(+a!

*)rm t) t%e 0)r!$ t%e tras+e$et trt% )* t%e a!(eab!e

s)ere(gt" )* t%e pe)p!e/

A Continental Reu!lic

T%e treat" A$ams eg)t(ate$ 0(t% =r(ta( ( 1818 *(5e$ t%e b)$ar"

bet0ee t%e (te$ States a$ 2aa$a at t%e ?9t% para!!e! *r)m t%e La#e )*

t%e W))$s t) t%e R)+#" )ta(s/ T%(s se+re$ *)r t%e (te$ States t%e

)rt%0ester part )* (es)ta a$ m)st )* N)rt% Da#)ta a$ )taa/

T%(s treat" a!s) estab!(s%e$ t%e @)(t )++pa+" )* t%e :reg) Terr(t)r",

)rt% )* t%e 2)!mb(a R(er, 0(t%)t +)+e$(g t) t%e =r(t(s% t%e(r +!a(ms )*

p)ssess() )* t%(s area/ At t%e same t(me, t%e *(g%t ) t%e :reg) Cest()

t%at A$ams ((t(ate$, esre$ a $(re+t() *)r Amer(+a p)!(+" t%at +)s(s-

tet!", a$ *(a!!" s++ess*!!", ps%e$ t%e =r(t(s% )rt% )* t%e ?9t% para!!e!,a!! t%e 0a" t) t%e Pa+(*(+/

W%(!e eg)t(at(g 0(t% t%e =r(t(s% ) t%e )rt%er b)$ar(es )* t%e at(),

A$ams 0as a!s) eg)t(at(g 0(t% t%e Spa(s% ) t%e s)t%er b)$ar(es/

T%e res!t 0as t%e Tras+)t(eta! Treat" )* 1819, 0%(+% gae F!)r($a t)

t%e (te$ States a$ *(5e$ a b)$ar" !(e 0est )* t%e (ss(ss(pp( a!! t%e

0a" t) t%e Pa+(*(+ :+ea/ A$ams %(mse!* +a!!e$ t%e s++ess*! +)mp!et()

)* t%(s treat" %(s greatest $(p!)mat(+ a++)mp!(s%met/ N)0 t%e (te$

States %a$ )t )!" se+re$ t%e et(re At!at(+ :+ea-4!* )* e5(+) area,

bt %a$ a!s) re+e(e$ *)rma! a+#)0!e$gemet b" Spa( t%at t%e :reg)Terr(t)r" )rt% )* Sa Fra+(s+) be!)ge$ t) t%e (te$ States/

T%e treat(es 0(t% =r(ta( a$ Spa( +)mp!ete$, A$ams bega g((g

(+rease$ attet() t) t%e Rss(a +!a(ms t) t%e Pa+(*(+ 2)ast )* Amer(+a/

H(s appr)a+% 0as t) p!a" )** t%e H)!" A!!(a+e parters aga(st )e a)t%er/



How America Became a Continental Reu!lic

&he (ewis and Clar# 1orthwest e2edition of +,34-3.: &his etching of the

e2lorers meeting with 5ndians was u!lished in +,3/6 the 7hitman 'ission*

esta!lished in the Oregon &erritory !y 'arcus 7hitman in the +,43s6 a

scene from John C8 Fremont9s reort on his +,4- e2loration of the

Oregon &rail8



&he Gestation of the 'onroe 0octrine

Dr(g t%e ear!" 18&'s, A$ams bega es+a!at(g %(s assert(e p)!(+" )* )

Er)pea (teret() (t) t%e Amer(+as/ Dr(g 18&;, t%(s (terse+te$ t%e

$ee!)p(g p)!(+" )* 4reat =r(ta( t) )pp)se p)tet(a! (teret() )* t%e

H)!" A!!(a+e ( Iber)-Amer(+a/ =r(ta(, )* +)rse, 0ate$ t) re+)!)(3e t%ee0 repb!(+s )* t%e Amer(+as %erse!*/

=r(t(s% F)re(g ((ster 4e)rge 2a(g 0as !))#(g *)r %e!p t) )pp)se

p)tet(a! Fre+% (teret() ( Amer(+a, a$ pr)p)se$ t) t%e (te$ States

a +)+ert )* p)0er aga(st t%e Rss(a-!e$ H)!" A!!(a+e, )* 0%(+% =r(ta(

%erse!* 0as ) !)ger a part/ I Agst a$ September 18&;, 2a(g

pr)p)se$ ( 0r(t(g t%at t%e (te$ States a$ =r(ta( (sse a @)(t

$e+!arat() )* p)!(+" ( regar$ t) t%e Spa(s%-Amer(+a Cest()/

2)mmet(g ) t%e +!ear $(**ere+e bet0ee t%e repb!(+a s"stem a$ t%eH)!" A!!(a+e, A$ams 0r)te ) a" &7, 18&;B

T%e Er)pea A!!(a+e )* t%e Emper)rs a$ G(gs %ae

assme$ as t%e *)$at() )* %ma S)+(et", t%e D)+tr(e )*

a!(eab!e a!!eg(a+e/ :r D)+tr(e (s *)$e$ p) t%e

pr(+(p!e )* a!(eab!e R(g%t/ T%e Er)pea A!!(es %ae

t%ere*)re (e0e$ t%e +ase )* t%e S)t% Amer(+as as rebe!!()

aga(st t%e !a0*! s)ere(g/ We %ae +)s($ere$ (t as t%e as-

sert() )* atra! r(g%t/ T%e" %ae (ar(ab!" s%e0 t%e(r $(s-

appr)bat() )* t%e Re)!t(), a$ t%e(r 0(s%es *)r t%e rest)ra-t() )* t%e Spa(s% p)0er/ We %ae as +)stat!" *a)re$ t%e

Sta$ar$ )* I$epe$e+e a$ )* Amer(+a/

Ear!(er, 0%e t%e Rss(as attempte$ ( 18&1 t) e*)r+e a e5+!s() )* a!!

bt Rss(as *r)m A!as#as s%)res, A$ams ba+#e$ t%e Rss(as $)0 b"

$ragg(g t%e Rss(a m((ster (t) %(s )**(+e/ A$ams t)!$ %(m t%at t%e

(te$ States >0)!$ +)test t%e r(g%t )* Rss(a t) a" terr(t)r(a! estab!(s%-

met ) t%(s +)t(et, a$ t%at 0e s%)!$ assme $(st(+t!" t%e pr(+(p!e

t%at t%e Amer(+a +)t(ets are ) !)ger sb@e+t t) a" e0 +)!)(a!

estab!(s%mets/>

T%e Rss(a m((ster, P)!et(+a, resp)$e$ b" +!a(m(g t%at, s(+e Rss(a

%e!$ b)t% s%)res )* t%e N)rt% Pa+(*(+ :+ea, t%e east as *ar s)t% as 1, t%e

0est as *ar s)t% as ?, Rss(a 0)!$ rea!!" be et(t!e$ t) $e+!are t%e 0aters

)* t%at )+ea t) be a +!)se$ sea )rt% )* a !(e bet0ee t%)se t0) +)asta!

p)(ts/ =t, %e +)t(e$, t%e +3ars g)ermet pre*erre$ t) assert )!" (ts



>esset(a! r(g%ts/> It 0)!$ )t, %e sa($, +!)se (t, bt @st #eep eer")e 1''

m(!es )t/

A$ams t)!$ P)!et(+a t%at t%e (te$ States 0)!$ )t *)r )e m)met

a+C(es+e t) t%(s p)!(+"/ It 0)!$ eer a$m(t t%e Rss(a +!a(ms )r g(e p

t%e r(g%t )* (ts +(t(3es t) *ree$)m )* t%e seas a$ t) tra$e ( t%e N)rt%0est/It 0as a*ter t%(s e5+%age t%at t%e +3ar ba+#e$ )** *r)m e*)r+(g %(s e$(+t/

At t%(s p)(t a Ne0 Eg!a$ )p(m tra$er bega ag(tat() t) *)r+e t%e

(te$ States g)ermet t) ta#e m)re aggress(e a+t() ) t%e :reg)

Cest()/ T%(s 0as 2apt/ W(!!(am Strg(s 178&-186;, *)$er )* t%e

s%(pp(g a$ tra$(g *(rm =r"at a$ Strg(s/ T%e Strg(s *am(!" 0as part )*

t%e =)st) Per#(s s"$(+ate a$ 0as $(re+t!" re!ate$ t) t%e =r(t(s%-S0(ss

=ar(g ba#(g emp(re/

W(!!(am Strg(s %a$ e5p!)re$ t%e N)rt%0est Pa+(*(+ 2)ast as ear!" as 1798,a$ *)r m)re t%a ;' "ears p!a"e$ a Jes(t(+a! r)!e ( t%e :reg) $(spte/ I

18&&, Strg(s 0r)te a ser(es )* art(+!es ( t%e Boston Daily Advertiser. I

t%ese art(+!es, %e pr)m)te$ estab!(s%(g a aa! p)st ( Pget S)$ t)

pr)te+t Amer(+a tra$(g a$ mer+%at s%(ps (/e/ %(s +)mpa"s )p(m

tra$e, a$ $epre+ate$ t%e ($ea )* eer estab!(s%(g a Amer(+a sett!emet

) t%e 2)!mb(a R(er/ He sa($ (t 0)!$ be 0r)g t) e+)rage a" sett!e-

met )* Amer(+a em(grats ( t%e :reg) Terr(t)r" be+ase t%e reg() 0as

t)) rem)te t) eer be part )* t%e (te$ States/ T%(s, )* +)rse, 0as t%e

e5a+t )pp)s(te )* A$amss )t!))# a$ p)!(+"/Strg(s !eas%e$ a treme$)s pb!(+(t" +ampa(g *)r %(s (e0s/ He

repeate$ a$ e!ab)rate$ %(s p!as ( a)t%er art(+!e ( :+t)ber 18&& ( t%e

N)rt% American Review.

Strg(ss (teret() at t%(s t(me, 0%(!e m)t(ate$ b" %(s )p(m-tra$(g

(terests a$ t%e (terests )* t%e =r(t(s% ba#ers t) preet a" permaet

Amer(+a sett!emet, %a$ a C(te $(**eret res!t t%a %e (te$e$/ p t)

t%(s t(me, t%e Pa+(*(+ N)rt%0est 0as )t a sb@e+t )* 0($e (terest ( t%e

+)tr"/ A$ams )0 se$ t%e p)p!ar (terest ( :reg) t) *rt%er %(s

p)!(+" )* #)+#(g b)t% t%e Rss(as a$ t%e =r(t(s% +)mp!ete!" )t )* t%e

terr(t)r"/

A$ams #e0 t%at a ser()s +)*!(+t 0(t% =r(ta( )er t%e N)rt%0est +)ast at

t%(s t(me 0)!$ be prematre/ et, a!! t%e ag(tat() ( 2)gress a$ b"

Strg(s 0as *)r+(g %(m t) a+t/



T%e, Se/ James F!)"$ )* assa+%setts set A$ams a !etter $ema$(g

*)r+e*! Amer(+a (teret() ( :reg)/ T%(s F!)"$, !(#e Strg(s, 0as part

)* t%e )p(m s"$(+ate )* Ne0 Eg!a$ a$ a *)rmer member )* t%e Esse5

Jt)/ A!s) !(#e Strg(s, %e 0as )pp)se$ t) Amer(+a sett!emets ( :reg)

a$ 0ate$ t) g(e t%e =r(t(s% eer"t%(g )rt% )* t%e 2)!mb(a/

A$ams se$ F!)"$s !etter t) beg( t%e pb!(+ a(r(g )* %(s p)!(+"/ He 0r)te

ba+# t) F!)"$, ( J!" 18&;, a++ept(g t%e e+ess(t" )* a ear!" sett!emet

0(t% Rss(a a$ *(rmess aga(st =r(t(s% +!a(ms t) t%e et(re 2)!mb(a R(er

bas(, a$ state$ %(s (tet() )* sett(g p er" s)) a g)ermet estab-

!(s%met at t%e m)t% )* t%e 2)!mb(a/

At t%e e$ )* %(s !etter, A$ams state$ aga( t%e p)!(+" t%at )r)e 0)!$

g(e t) t%e 0)r!$ ( @st a *e0 s%)rt m)t%sB

=t 0%at r(g%t %as Rss(a t) a" +)!)(a! *))t(g ) t%e+)t(et )* N)rt% Amer(+aK Has s%e a" t%at 0e are b)$ t)

re+)g(3eK A$ (s (t )t t(me *)r t%e Amer(+a Nat()s t) (-

*)rm t%e s)ere(gs )* Er)pe, t%at t%e Amer(+a +)t(ets are

) !)ger )pe t) t%e sett!emet )* e0 Er)pea +)!)(esK

A$ams )0 bega a +)+erte$ +ampa(g t) p!a" t%e =r(t(s% )** aga(st t%e

Rss(as t) t%e a$atage )* t%e (te$ States/ H(s g)a! 0as t) ps% Rss(a

)rt% )* t%e t% para!!e!, a$ t%e $ea! 0(t% t%e =r(t(s%/ He appr)a+%e$ t%e

=r(t(s% *(rst/

He pr)p)se$ t) =r(t(s% F)re(g ((ster 4e)rge 2a(g, t%at t%e (te$

States a$ 4reat =r(ta( rea+% a +)mm) $ersta$(g, t%e @)(t!"

pr)p)se t) Rss(a a tr(part(te treat"/ A$ams t)!$ 2a(g t%at t%e (te$

States %a$ >) terr(t)r(a! +!a(m )* t%e(r )0 as %(g% as t%e *(*t"-*(rst $egree

)* !at(t$e/> He %(te$ t%at (* 4reat =r(ta( $($ )t +))perate 0(t% t%e

(te$ States aga(st t%e terr(t)r(a!, as 0e!! as t%e mar(t(me pretes()s, )*

Rss(a, s%e m(g%t get +ag%t ( a Rss(a-Amer(+a (+e +!)se$ at 1, t%e

s)t%er !(m(t )* t%e Rss(a +!a(ms/

T%e =r(t(s% rep!(e$ t%at t%e(r +!a(ms e+)mpasse$ eer"t%(g bet0ee )rt%8 a$ t%e 2)!mb(a R(er ) t%e s)t%/ =r(ta( 0as !ess +)+ere$ 0(t%

(ts )rt%er b)$ar" 0(t% Rss(a, t%a 0(t% )bta((g t%e 2)!mb(a as (ts

s)t%er b)$ar" 0(t% t%e (te$ States/ A$ams, )* +)rse, #e0 t%(s a$

a+te$ a++)r$(g!"/



A$ams t%e m)e$ t) see# Rss(a +)!!ab)rat() aga(st =r(ta(/ He

pr)p)se$ t) Rss(a a b(!atera! treat" 0%ere ) Amer(+a 0)!$ %e+e*)rt%

ma#e sett!emets )rt% )* t%e t% para!!e!, a$ ) Rss(as 0)!$ estab!(s%

sett!emets s)t% )* t%at !(e/ I* t%at 0ere agree$ t), sa($ A$ams, t%e a

tr(part(te treat", p!!(g ( =r(ta( 0)!$ be p)ss(b!e/

A$ams #e0 t%at t%e (te$ States %a$ e(t%er t%e m(!(tar" +apab(!(t", )r

t%e p)!(t(+a! p)ss(b(!(t" t) attempt t) $r(e t%e Rss(as )r =r(t(s% )t b"

*)r+e, at !east )t "et/ =t, %e t%)g%t, (* %e !et Rss(a be sre )* a $)ma(

at !east as *ar s)t% as , a$ ( t%e pr)+ess !esse =r(t(s% +)+ers ab)t

t%e pressre *r)m Rss(a, t%e =r(ta( 0)!$ press !ess %ea(!" s)t% )* 1,

)r at !east ?9/

I sm, A$ams pr)p)se$ t%e *)!!)0(gB 1 a#e t%e sett!e$ areas )* t%e

N)rt%0est 2)ast *ree a$ )pe t) t%e *(s%erme a$ tra$ers )* a!! t%ree

+)tr(es bt, & $ra0 b)$ar(es be")$ 0%(+% )e 0)!$ ma#e sett!e-

metsB Rss(a, )e s)t% )* =r(ta( )e )rt% )* )r s)t% )*

1 t%e (te$ States )e )rt% )* 1/

F(*t"-)e $egrees embra+e$ t%e et(re 2)!mb(a bas(, a$ 0)!$, (

A$amss (e0 g(e t%e (te$ States +)mp!ete +)mm(+at() bet0ee a!!

t%e %ea$0aters )* t%e (ss)r( a$ t%e 2)!mb(a/

Pres($et )r)e 0as (+!(e$ t) agree t) t%e =r(t(s% pr)p)sa! )* a @)(t

$e+!arat(), $esp(te t%e re*sa! )* 2a(g t) agree t) t%e re+)g(t() )* t%e

($epe$e+e )* t%e e0 S)t% Amer(+a repb!(+s/ T0) e5-Pres($ets, Je*-*ers) a$ a$(s), re+)mme$e$ t) )r)e t%e a++epta+e )* t%e 2a(g

pr)p)sa!/ T%e t%(#(g )* )r)e, Je**ers) a$ a$(s) 0as $eterm(e$

b" t%e *ear t%at a s++ess*! (teret() b" t%e H)!" A!!(a+e ( S)t%

Amer(+a m(g%t mea a atta+# s)) a*ter0ar$ ) t%e (te$ States/

As 0e s%a!! see, (t 0as A$ams 0%) s)!e$ t%(s pr)b!em/

&he 'onroe 0octrine 5s Proclaimed

T%e, ) :+t/ 16, 18&; a *)rma! )te *r)m =ar) ) T"!! at t%e Rss(aembass", $e!(ere$ t) A$ams, a)+e$ t%at t%e +3ar, ( +)*)rma+e 0(t%

t%e pr(+(p!es )* %(s a!!(es, 0)!$ )t re+e(e a" agets 0%ats)eer *r)m

a" )* t%e rebe! g)ermets ( Amer(+a/ It e5presse$ sat(s*a+t() t%at t%e

(te$ States, ( re+)g(3(g t%e ($epe$e+e )* t%)se g)ermets, at

!east %a$ pr)+!a(me$ (ts (tet() t) +)t(e etra!/ T%(s 0as a )t-t))-

e(!e$ t%reat t%at, s%)!$ t%e (te$ States s0ere *r)m etra!(t", t%e +3ar



)* Rss(a, sp)#esma *)r t%e H)!" A!!(a+e, 0)!$ (teree 0(t% Fra+e t)

spp)rt Spa( t) re+)er %er )0 !)st-+)!)(es/

At a +ab(et meet(g ( N)ember, t) $(s+ss b)t% t%e pr)p)sa! *r)m

2a(g a$ t%e t%reat *r)m Rss(a, A$ams state$B

It a**)r$s a er" s(tab!e a$ +)e(et )pp)rt(t" *)r s t)

ta#e )r sta$ aga(st t%e H)!" A!!(a+e a$ at t%e same t(me t)

$e+!(e t%e )ertre )* 4reat =r(ta(/ It 0)!$ be m)re +a$($,

as 0e!! as m)re $(g(*(e$, t) a)0 )r pr(+(p!es e5p!(+(t!" t)

Rss(a a$ Fra+e, t%a t) +)me ( as a +)+#-b)at ( t%e 0a#e

)* t%e =r(t(s% ma-)*-0ar/

)r)e agree$/

: N)/ &', A$ams pt *)r0ar$ ( e5a+t terms 0%at t%e 0)r!$ 0)!$ s))#)0 as t%e )r)e D)+tr(e/

" prp)se %e t)!$ t%e +ab(et 0)!$ be ( a m)$erate a$

+)+(!(at)r" maer, bt 0(t% a *(rm a$ $eterm(e$ sp(r(t, t)

$e+!are )r $(sset *r)m t%e pr(+(p!es a)0e$ ( t%)se +)mm-

(+at()s t) assert t%)se p) 0%(+% )r )0 4)ermet (s

*)$e$, a$, 0%(!e $(s+!a(m(g a!! (tet() )* attempt(g t)

pr)pagate t%em b" *)r+e, a$ a!! (ter*ere+e 0(t% t%e p)!(t(+a!

a**a(rs )* Er)pe, t) $e+!are )r e5pe+tat() a$ %)pe t%at t%e

Er)pea p)0ers 0(!! eCa!!" absta( *r)m t%e attempt t)sprea$ t%e(r pr(+(p!es ( t%e Amer(+a %em(sp%ere, )r t)

sb@gate b" *)r+e a" part )* t%ese +)t(ets t) t%e(r 0(!!/

Ha(g *)rm!ate$ t%e *$ameta! ($eas t) be set be*)re t%e at()s )* t%e

0)r!$, t%at t%e (te$ States 0as )0 t) $(re+t!" +%a!!ege t%e )!(gar+%(+a!

s"stem )* Er)pe, a$ t%at )* Rss(a ( part(+!ar, A$ams resp)$e$ t) t%e

Rss(a t%reats/ : N)/ &7, %e rea$ t) t%e Rss(a m((ster %(s >:bsera-

t()s ) t%e 2)mm(+at()s re+et!" re+e(e$ *r)m t%e ((ster )* Rss(a/>

At t%e t(me, A$ams +)s($ere$ t%(s t%e m)st (mp)rtat state paper %e %a$eer 0r(tte/ T%e g)ermet )* t%e (te$ States, state$ t%e $)+met,

re+)g(3e$ t%e r(g%t )* at()s t) estab!(s% a$ m)$(*" t%e(r )0 g)er-

mets a++)r$(g t) t%e(r )0 @$gmets/ W%(!e esp)s(g t%e repb!(+a

pr(+(p!e, (t %a$ )t s)g%t b" t%e pr)pagat() )* (ts )0 pr(+(p!es t)

$(strb t%e pea+e )r t) me$$!e 0(t% t%e p)!(+" )* a" part )* Er)pe/ It %a$

re+)g(3e$ t%e estab!(s%e$ ($epe$e+e )* t%e *)rmer Spa(s% +)!)(es, a$



etere$ (t) p)!(t(+a! a$ +)mmer+(a! re!at()s 0(t% t%em/ I t%e e5(st(g

+)test bet0ee t%ese states a$ t%e(r m)t%er +)tr", t%e (te$ States

0)!$ rema( etra! as !)g as t%e Er)pea p)0ers, apart *r)m Spa(, $($

s)/

T%e >:bserat()s> +!)se$ 0(t% a $(re+t +%a!!ege t) t%e Rss(a (tet() )* (tere(g ( Amer(+aB

T%e (te$ States )* Amer(+a, a$ t%e(r 4)ermet, +)!$ )t

see 0(t% ($(**ere+e, t%e *)r+(b!e (terp)s(t() )* a" Er)pea

P)0er, )t%er t%a Spa(, e(t%er t) rest)re t%e $)m(() )* Spa(

)er %er ema+(pate$ 2)!)(es ( Amer(+a, )r t) estab!(s%

)ar+%(+a! 4)ermets ( t%)se 2)tr(es, )r t) tras*er a"

)* t%e p)ssess()s %eret)*)re )r "et sb@e+t t) Spa( ( t%e

Amer(+a Hem(sp%ere, t) a" )t%er Er)pea p)0er/

Jst a *e0 s%)rt $a"s e!apse$ be*)re Pres($et )r)e $e!(ere$ %(s aa!

message t) 2)gress ) De+ember &, 18&;, #)0 t)$a" as t%e )r)e

D)+tr(e/

T%e Rss(as a$ t%e =r(t(s% 0ere s%)+#e$ b" )r)es a)+emet/

=)t% rea!(3e$ t%at t%e" %a$ bee )t*!a#e$ b" A$ams bt t%ere 0as !(tt!e

t%e" +)!$ $), s(+e t%e(r mta!!" +)*!(+t(g a(ms ( t%e Amer(+as

preete$ @)(t a+t() aga(st t%e (te$ States/

"ic#ing Russia Out of 1orth America

A$amss eg)t(at()s 0(t% t%e Rss(as pr)+ee$e$ sm))t%!", a$ a

agreemet 0as s(ge$ ) Apr(! , 18&?, 0%(+% 0as a!m)st e5a+t!" 0%at %e

%a$ pr)p)se$ t%e "ear be*)re/ Rss(a gae p %er pretes()s t) be t%e !)r$

)* t%e N)rt% Pa+(*(+ at !east *)r t%e t(me be(g/ S%e a++epte$ %er b)$ar"

0(t% t%e (te$ States t) be ? ?'>, a$ $($ )t (s(st p) a re+)g(t() )*

Rss(a s)ere(gt" )rt% )* t%at para!!e!/ As *ar as t%e Rss(as 0ere

+)+ere$, A$amss )-+)!)(3at() pr(+(p!e 0as (ta+t/ W%at t%(s

agreemet a!s) $($ 0as t) sCee3e t%e =r(t(s% )t )* t%e N)rt% Amer(+a

Pa+(*(+ et(re!", at !east ) paper/

Ab)t a "ear !ater, 0(t% A$ams )0 Pres($et )* t%e (te$ States, t%e

Rss(as a$ =r(t(s% +ame t) a agreemet, 0%(+% set t%e(r respe+t(e

b)$ar(es ( t%e reg() at t%e !(es t%at $e*(e t%e b)r$ers )* A!as#a t)$a"/



=t t%e Rss(a-=r(t(s% treat" re+)g(3e$ A!as#a as a Rss(a p)ssess(),

s)met%(g t%at t%e (te$ States %a$ eer $)e/ =et0ee t%emse!es, t%e

p)0ers 0ere attempt(g t) (g)re A$amss )-+)!)(3at() pr(+(p!e/

W(t% t%e /S/-Rss(a a$ =r(t(s%-Rss(a Cest()s sett!e$, t%ere rema(e$

)!" t%e b)$ar" bet0ee t%e (te$ States a$ =r(ta( t) be sett!e$/

T%e =r(t(s% $ema$e$ )* t%e (te$ States, t%at t%e b)r$er separat(g t%e(r

respe+t(e terr(t)r(es ( t%e N)rt%0est be t%e 2)!mb(a R(er, re@e+t(g, )t

)!" A$amss pr)p)se$ !(e )* 1, bt ee A$amss +)mpr)m(se !(e )*

?9/ N)0 pr(me m((ster, 2a(g #e0 t%at (* t%e area +rret!" +)mpr(s-

(g Was%(gt) State 0as t) rema( a terr(t)r" )* @)(t )++pa+" *)r

a)t%er $e+a$e )r m)re, (t 0)!$ t%e *a!! t) t%e Amer(+as as sett!ers

p)re$ (, a+r)ss t%e R)+#" )ta(s (a t%e :reg) Tra(!, a$ b" sea/

T%ere*)re, 2a(g ps%e$ *)r a (mme$(ate agreemet/

A$ams, )* +)rse, %a$ a s(m(!ar ea!at()/ He pr)p)se$ t%at t%e e5(st(g

1818 @)(t )++pa+" agreemet be e5te$e$ *)r a)t%er te "ears/ T%e

=r(t(s%, 0(!!(g a$ ab!e t) *(g%t, *(a!!" agree$/

*)rtate!" *)r t%e at(), A$ams !)st t%e 18&8 pres($et(a! e!e+t() t)

A$re0 Ja+#s)/ Ja+#s) eer $($ a t%(g *)r :reg)/ T%(s spp)se$

pr)m)ter )* 0ester (terests, +)mp!ete!" (g)re$ t%e Pa+(*(+ N)rt%0est/

N)t )e g)ermet-sp)s)re$ sett!emet, )r a" )t%er )**(+(a! a+t((t"

0as $erta#e ( t%e :reg) Terr(t)r" $r(g t%e Ja+#s) pres($e+"/

T%e +)s)!($at() )* t%e terr(t)r" *)r t%e (te$ States $r(g t%(s per()$

reerte$ t) t%e ass)+(ates )* A$ams, ( t%e m(ss()ar" s)+(et(es a$ )t%er

pr(ate (terests/ =" t%e m($-18;'s, a$ m)re s) $r(g t%e e5t $e+a$e,

t%)sa$s )* p()eers, a$ a %a$*! )* great me, !(#e ar+s W%(tma,

estab!(s%e$ a str)g e)g% prese+e ( t%e :reg) Terr(t)r", t%at t%e

(mme$(ate estab!(s%met )* a g)ermet t%ere 0as 0arrate$/

=" 18?;, Amer(+a sett!ers %a$ +reate$ !arge +)+etrat()s )* Amer(+as (

t%e W(!!amette a!!e", )tmber(g t%e H$s)s =a" 2)mpa" estab!(s%-

met ) t%e )rt% ba# )* t%e 2)!mb(a R(er, at F)rt a+)er/ S%)rt!"t%erea*ter, F)rt a+)er 0as aba$)e$ b" t%e =r(t(s% as t%e" m)e$ t)

t%e m)re se+re F)rt (+t)r(a ) a+)er Is!a$/

: De+/ &, 18? Pres($et P)!#, ( %(s aa! message t) 2)gress, ()#e$

t%e )e-"ear )t(+e pr)(s() t) term(ate t%e Amer(+a-=r(t(s% @)(t )++-

pa+" treat" )* 1818/ P)!# se$ A$amss N)-2)!)(3at() Pr(+(p!e )*



)r)es 18&; spee+% ( $)(g s)/ It 0as *(a!!" t(me *)r t%e s%)0$)0

0(t% t%e =r(t(s% )er t%e )rt%er b)$ar" Cest()/ A$ams, )* +)rse,

spp)rte$ t%e Pres($et/

=t, *ear*! )* a $)b!e 0ar 0(t% =r(ta( a$, t) t%e s)t%, 0(t% e5(+),

P)!# >*!(+%e$,> as A$ams pt (t/ P)!# a++epte$ =r(ta(s !atest )**erB t%e!(e )* ?9 t%r)g% t) sa!t 0ater<A$amss *a!!ba+# )pt() )* & "ears

ear!(er/ T%ere (s ) Cest() t%at, %a$ P)!# )t >*!(+%e$,> t%e =r(t(s% +)!$

%ae bee *)r+e$ as *ar )rt% as ? ?'>/ T%e treat" ma#(g t%e ?9t% para!!e!

t%e b)$ar" bet0ee Amer(+a a$ =r(t(s% terr(t)r" 0as s(ge$ ( 18?6/

J)% .(+" A$ams %a$ ma$e p)ss(b!e t%e :reg) Treat" )* 18?6/ As a

")g seat)r *r)m assa+%setts, %)me )* t%e treas))s Esse5 Jt), %e

%a$ %e!pe$ Je**ers) a+C(re t%e L)(s(aa Terr(t)r", t%ereb" %)!$(g t) t%e

!at(t$e )* t%e La#e )* t%e W))$s ?9t% para!!e! (stea$ )* t%e s)r+e )* t%e

(ss(ss(pp( as t%e *tre p)(t )* $epartre 0est0ar$/ As ((ster t) Rss(a

%e %e!$ t%e area ga(e$ ) t%e N)rt%0est 2)ast b" Amer(+a e5p!)rers a$

tra$ers/ As eg)t(at)r at t%e Treat" )* 4%et %e retre$ Ast)r(a t) Amer(-

+a %a$s/ As Se+retar" )* State %e $re0 t%e para!!e! )* ?9 0est t) t%e

R)+#" )ta(s/ T%e, 0(t% t%e Tras+)t(eta! Treat" 0(t% Spa( %e set

t%e Spa(s% b)$ar" at ?& *r)m t%e R)+#" )ta(s t) t%e Pa+(*(+, 0%(+%

0as t%e *(rst treat" a+#)0!e$gemet )* Amer(+a t(t!e ) t%e Pa+(*(+ 2)ast/

He +reate$ t%e )r)e D)+tr(e, 0%(+% set ( m)t() t%e pr)+ess b" 0%(+%

t%e (te$ States 0)!$ $r(e t%e Rss(as a$ =r(t(s% *r)m t%e Amer(+as/

He pt t%r)g% t%e Rss(a Treat" )* 18&?, arr)0(g $)0 t%e :reg).est() t) t%e (te$ States a$ =r(ta(/ He a$ %(s ass)+(ates %e!$ t%e

!(e ab)e t%e 2)!mb(a R(er aga(st =r(ta( t%r)g% t%e "ears 0%e (t

0)!$ %ae bee g(e a0a" b" tra(t)rs/

America Purchases Alas#a

=e*)re 0e +)+!$e, 0e mst 0rap p t%e %(st)r" )* t%e Rss(a prese+e )

t%e Amer(+a s%)res/ =" 18;; t%ere 0ere *e0er t%a &'' pe)p!e at F)rt

R)ss/ Amer(+as 0ere p)r(g (t) t%e reg(), a$ (t 0as mere!" a matter )*

t(me be*)re Rss(as 2a!(*)r(a $ream 0)!$ +)me t) a e$/ I 18?1 t%eRss(a-Amer(+a 2)mpa" s)!$ t%e et(re sett!emet t) J)% Stter, 0%) %a$

b(!t %(s )0 *)rt @st &' m(!es a0a"/

F(a!!", t%e Rss(as 0ere )t )* 2a!(*)r(a )t )* Ha0a(( a$ ps%e$

)rt% t) ? ?'> ( A!as#a/



T%e, 0(t% t%e )tbrea# )* t%e 2r(mea War ( 18? bet0ee Rss(a ) )e

s($e, a$ =r(ta( a$ Fra+e ) t%e )t%er, t%e *ear t%at t%e =r(t(s% 0)!$

attempt t) ta#e A!as#a $)m(ate$ Rss(a t%(#(g/ I t"p(+a! )!(gar+%(+a!

*as%(), t%e Rss(as a$ =r(t(s% +ame t) a agreemet $r(g t%e 0ar t) pt

t%e(r Amer(+a p)ssess()s >)** !(m(ts> t) %)st(!(t(es *)r t%e $rat()/ W(t%

t%e e$ )* t%e 0ar ( 186, se!!(g A!as#a be+ame )**(+(a! Rss(a g)er-

met p)!(+"/ I 1861, eg)t(at()s *)r t%e sa!e t) t%e (te$ States 0ere

*r)3e *)r t%e $rat() )* t%e Amer(+a 2((! War/ T%e" resme$ aga( (

186?, as t%e Rss(as be+ame +)*($et )* t%e ()s (+t)r"/ T%e sa!e 0as

+)mp!ete$ ( Je 1867/

Rss(a T%(r$ R)me p)!(+" *)r t%e Pa+(*(+ t%e s%(*te$ gears/ =!)+#e$ a$

ps%e$ )t ) t%e Amer(+a s($e, t%e" bega t) m)e s)t% ) t%e As(at(+

s($e/ s(g a +)mb(at() )* tra$(g )perat()s a$ )tr(g%t m(!(tar" +)-

Cest, t%e Rss(as t))# t%e Amr a$ ssr( reg()s *r)m 2%(a a$*)$e$ t%e +(t" )* !a$()st)# t%e r!er )* t%e east/ S%)rt!" t%erea*ter, a

agreemet 0(t% Japa gae Rss(a t%e (s!a$ )* Sa#%a!(/ W(t% t%(s, Rss(as

p)s(t() ) t%e As(at(+ s($e )* t%e N)rt% Pa+(*(+ 0as stab(!(3e$ a$ +)s)!(-

$ate$/

A 189 !etter t) St/ Petersbrg *r)m t%e $(re+t)r )* t%e Rss(a-Amer(+a

2)mpa" $er!(es t%e (mp)rta+e, t)$a", )* a+t(g ) t%e *)re(g p)!(+"

pr(+(p!es estab!(s%e$ b" J)% .(+" A$ams/ I$(+at(g t%at t%e Rss(as

0)!$ )t be eas(!" $(ssa$e$ *r)m t%e(r asp(rat()s ( t%e Pa+(*(+, t%e

$(re+t)r 0r)teB

:r (terests are ) t%e As(at(+ +)ast a$ 0e mst $(re+t )r

eerg" t) t%at/ T%ere 0e are ) )r )0 terr(t)r" a$ %ae *)r

e5p!)(tat() t%e pr)$+t() )* a !arge, r(+% reg()/ We 0(!! ta#e

part ( a e5tra)r$(ar" a+t((t", $ee!)p(g *r)m t%e Pa+(*(+

:+ea, )r (st(tt()s 0(!! r(a! t%)se )* )t%er at()s a$ 0(t%

t%e +are 0%(+% )r m)st agst S)ere(g (s g((g t) t%e

mar(t(me part )* Amr, 0e mst )t !)se t%e p)ss(b(!(t" )*

a+C(r(g ( t%(s )+ea a great s(g(*(+a+e, 0)rt%" )* Rss(a/

Documents

How John Quincy Adams Built Our Continental Republic