How Living Things are Classified

S7L1• Students will investigate the diversity of

living organisms and how they can be compared scientifically.

S7L4• Students will examine the dependence of

organisms on one another and their environment.

Why is R.O.G.E.R. a living thing?• Living things respond……By interacting with their surroundings. Homeostasis, the ability to keep proper conditions inside, is a trait of all living things.

Why is R.O.G.E.R. a living thing?

• Living things are organized………….

Made of cells. Some are single celled. Others are many celled.

Why is R.O.G.E.R. a living thing?• Living things grow and develop…….

Living things have a life span – 1 day to many years.

Why is R.O.G.E.R. a living thing?• Living things take in and use energy……

Energy used by most organisms comes directly or indirectly from the sun.

Why is R.O.G.E.R. a living thing?• Living things reproduce……….

Reproduce new organisms like itself.

What do living things need?• A place to live

that supplies for all of its needs

• Water• Raw materials –

food, air, etc.

PROKARYOTIC CELL

• HAS NO NUCLEAR BOUND NUCLEUS• HAS HEREDITARY MATERIAL/DNA• ONLY EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA

HAVE THIS TYPE OF CELL

EUKARYOTIC CELL

• HAS A NUCLEAR BOUND CELL WITH HEREDITARY MATERIAL/DNA

• FOUND IN ANIMALS, PLANTS, FUNGI AND PROTISTS

When Cells Get TogetherLevels of Organization

Living things have different levels of organization. The simplest level of organization is that of the . A group of

cells with a similar function is called a Groups of tissues working together to perform a common function are called . An example of this would include the nervous, muscle, and other tissues which make up the heart. Groups of organs working together to perform a common function are referred to as a system or . The blood vessels, blood,

and the heart are organs which work together to form the circulatory system. Many different systems function together

to allow a complex organism to function.

cell

tissue.organs

organ system

CellsNerve cells

TissuesNerve tissue Brain

/organ

Organ SystemsNervous system

Organisms

Systems

A system is a collection of related parts that interact in some organized way. Materials, energy and information that enter the system from outside are Inputs.Materials, energy, and information that leave are outputs.

A system can be:• made up of many sub-systems• be part of a larger system.• E.g. A human body is made up of

respiratory, circulatory, nervous, excretory, skeletal/muscular, digestive, lymphatic systems. Each of these systems are connected to one or more other systems.

• A change in one system will affect the others.

Earth Systems

• Earth-Universe• Biosphere• Cryosphere• Atmosphere• Hydrosphere• Solid Earth

Biosphere: This is the area occupied by living

organisms. • In recent years this has expanded with

the finding of life deep underground. • The biosphere has played a major role

in the shaping of our planet and still has a major impact on climate, erosion and weather patterns.

TAXONOMY• The science of classifying

living things.• Can also be used to classify

non-living things

• Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist developed a system of classification that is commonly used today. He also came up with the two-word naming system of living organisms called binomial nomenclature.

• A scientific name identifies the genus and species.

• Organism in the same species can only reproduce together and have offspring that are fertile, (able to have offspring themselves).

Taxonomy• Kingdom (6 kingdoms)

-Phylum or Division -Class

-Order -Family -Genus

-SpeciesKing Paul Cried Out For Good Soup!

Animala

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Ursidae

Ursus

U. americanus

6 Kingdoms of Living Things

• Kingdom Eubacteria– Prokaryotic cells, no nuclear bound membrane, colonies or alone cell

wall contains polysaccharide called peptidoglycan

• Kingdom Archaebacteria– Prokaryotic cells, no nuclear bound membrane, lives in colonies or

alone, cell wall contains no peptidoglycan

• Kingdom Protista• http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/protists/exhibition.htm• Eukaryotic with organelles for feeding, digestion, locomotion,

water balance, oxidative metabolism, and integration; in addition, it exhibits a remarkably complex behavior.

• Kingdom Fungi– Eukaryotic with system for chemical digestion and

absorbtion, cell walls containing cellulose and chitin

• Kingdom Plantae– Eukaryotic cell with two organ systems: shoot system and the root

system, specialized tissues perform different functions.

• Kingdom Animalia– Eukaryotic cells that form specialized tissues which forms

specialized organs then organ system. More complex animals have more specialized organs and systems.

• Scientist use tools to help identify organisms– Field Guides-books with pictures and

descriptions.

– Dichotomous Keys-a detailed list of identifying characteristics that includes scientific names.

• Dichotomous Keys are arranged in steps with two descriptive statements at each step.

• Dichotomous keys have two steps at each characteristic.– Example: Hair color 1a Blond hair

1b Not blond hair

• YOU ALWAYS HAVE ONE LESS STEP THAN THE AMOUNT OF ITEMS THAT YOU WILL WRITE CHARACTERISTICS ON!!!!!

EXAMPLE: IF YOU HAVE 10 ITEMS TO BE IDENTIFIED, YOU WILL HAVE ONLY 9 STEPS, A AND B.

1a_________________________________________________1b_________________________________________________2a_________________________________________________2b_________________________________________________3a_________________________________________________3b_________________________________________________4a_________________________________________________4b_________________________________________________5a_________________________________________________5b________________________________________________6a________________________________________________6b________________________________________________7a________________________________________________7b________________________________________________8a________________________________________________8b________________________________________________9a________________________________________________9b________________________________________________

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

• DIVIDE INTO TWO GROUPS

D.B. C.

E.F. G.

JH.

I

A.

LIVING THINGS NON-LIVING THING1a. 1b.

Living

PlantsNon-plants

It is A

TREE

2a 2b

Bird

FLY CAN NOT FLY

3a 3b

LIVES IN COLD BIOME

DOES NOT LIVE IN COLD BIOME

POLARBEAR

TURTLE

4a4b

NON-LIVING THING

Non Living

Sports Non Sports

5a 5b

ROUND NOT ROUND Jewelry Non - Jewelry

Soccer Ball

Football

6a 6b7a 7b

FINGERJEWELRY

RING

NON FINGERJEWLERY

NECKLACE

STAR HEART

HAS FIVE

POINTSDOES NOTHAVE FIVE

POINTS

8a 8b

9a 9b

1a If it is a living thing go to step 21b If it is not living go to step 52a If it is living and a plant it is a TREE2b If it is not a plant go to step 33a If it can fly it is a BIRD3b If it cannot fly go to step 44a If it lives in a cold biome it is a POLAR BEAR4b If it does not live in a cold biome it is a TURTLE5a If it has to do with sports go to step 65b If it does not have to do with sports go to step 76a If it is round it is a SOCCER BALL6b If it is not round it is a FOOTBALL7a If it is jewelry go to step 87b If it is not jewelry go to step 98a If it is finger jewelry it is a RING8b If it is not finger jewelry it is a NECKLACE9a If it has 5 points it is a STAR9b If it does not have 5 points it is a HEART

Directions: Copy the words below-

nac…………………………..________________________lan…………………………..________________________nep…………………………._________________________cip………………………….._________________________ney…………………………._________________________rek…………………………._________________________cor…………………………._________________________des…………………………_________________________lel………………………….__________________________

1A made of wax……………………………..………..…a nac1B Not made of wax………………………………….…see 22A Slender and pointed……………………………..….see 32B Not slender and pointed………………………..….see 43A Made of wood……………………………………..…see 53B Not made of wood………………………………..…a lan4A Round in shape…………………………………...…see 64B Not round in shape………………………….……….see 75A Writes with a black mark……………………........a nep5B Does not write …………………………………….… a cip6A Made of copper……………………………………..…a ney6B Made of plastic…………………………………….…..a rek7A Was once living or part of a living thing………..…see 87B Was not living or part of a living thing………..……cor8A Part of a plant………………………………………....a des8B Part of an animal………………………………..……...a lel

When classifying organisms, scientists study a wide range of features, including those visible to the naked eye, those detectable only under a microscope, and those that can be determined only by chemical tests. Scientists compare the external shapes and sizes of organisms as well as the anatomy and function of internal organs and organ systems, such as the digestive or reproductive systems. Biochemists study and compare the molecular interactions within an organism that enable it to grow, make and store energy, and reproduce. The early stages of an organism’s development, or embryology, as well as an organism’s behavior, or ethology, are also useful in grouping organisms. Even the role an organism plays in its habitat can help place it in a particular group. Scientists use the fossil record to learn how certain animals have changed and evolved through Earth’s history, which may provide clues for classification.

REMEMBER TO KEEP IN MIND THE SCIENTIFIC METHODSR. HEAD

KNOW:EXPERIMENT CONTROLS, INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, QUALATIVE AND QUANATATIVE DATA