HOW MATTER AND ENERGY CYCLE THROUGH EARTH’S

SYSTEMS

BY ARIEL WHITE

STEPHANIE HARRIS LIAM GRINTON

Our Objectives

Essential Question: How do matter and energy cycle through earth’s systems?

Sub- Questions:

-What are matter and energy?-What different forms can matter and energy have and how do they cycle?-What are atoms?-How do atoms form bonds?-What are molecules?-What is conservation of mass?-What is conservation of energy?-How does energy affect matter?-How does matter and energy relate to life forms?

What Are Matter and Energy?

http://education.jlab.org/qa/plasma_01.html

What are the forms or states of matter?

There are four states of matter on this planet and in our world. Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma.

A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume that remain constant. The atoms in a solid are tightly packed and vibrate while staying in their places.

A liquid has no distinct shape and takes on the shape of its container, but it has a certain constant volume. The atoms in liquids vibrate more and more quickly, and can slide over each other.

Gasses have no distinct shape, and no distinct volume. The atoms in gasses move freely around each other and vibrate vigorously.

Plasma is an ionized gas. This gas has been provided enough energy for electrons to free themselves from their atoms or molecules. So much energy has been added to the gas that electrons and ions can coexist.

What different forms can matter and energy have and

how do they cycle?

Forms of energy

There are two main types of energy, Kinetic and potential.

Kinetic energy Radiant energy: electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves like

light

Thermal Energy: or heat is the movement and the quivering of the atoms in a substance.

Motion energy: energy stored in the movement of objects, the faster those objects move, th more energy is contained within them.

Sound: the movement of energy through objects in longitudinal waves (compression waves).

Forms of energy Continued

There are two main types of energy, Kinetic and potential.

Potential energy

Chemical Energy: This is the energy that is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. This is the energy we derive from fossil fuels and the food we eat.Mechanical Energy: Is the energy stored in objects by tension. A compressed spring or rubber ball are good examples of this.Nuclear Energy: This is the energy found stored in the nuclei of atoms It is also the force that holds the nuclei together.Gravitational Energy: this is the energy stored in an object due to the force of gravity acting on it, for example a ball at the top of a hill, when it rolls down this energy becomes kinetic.Electrical energy: this is what flows through circuits and powers your cell phone, the energy is transferred through electrons that usually flow through a wire.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_forms_of_energy-forms

Forms of energy Continued

There are two main types of energy, Kinetic and potential.

Potential energy

Chemical Energy: This is the energy that is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. This is the energy we derive from fossil fuels and the food we eat.Mechanical Energy: Is the energy stored in objects by tension. A compressed spring or rubber ball are good examples of this.Nuclear Energy: This is the energy found stored in the nuclei of atoms It is also the force that holds the nuclei together.Gravitational Energy: this is the energy stored in an object due to the force of gravity acting on it, for example a ball at the top of a hill, when it rolls down this energy becomes kinetic.Electrical energy: this is what flows through circuits and powers your cell phone, the energy is transferred through electrons that usually flow through a wire.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_forms_of_energy-forms

What are atoms?

AtomsAtoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms can join together to form molecules, which in turn form most of the objects around

you.

Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative

electrical charge and neutrons carry no electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom, called the

nucleus, and the electrons 'orbit' the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as

many neutrons as protons.

Protons and neutrons are both composed of other particles called quarks and gluons. Protons contain two 'up' quarks and one 'down' quark while

neutrons contain one 'up' quark and two 'down' quarks. The gluons are responsible for binding the quarks to one another.

How do atoms form bonds?

Bond FormationThere are four basic types of bonds that can be formed between two or more

(otherwise non-associated) molecules, ions or atoms. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to be attracted or repulsed by each other. Often, these define some of the physical characteristics (such as the melting point) of a substance.

A large difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms will cause dipole-dipole interactions. The bonding electrons will, on the whole, be closer

to the more electronegative atom more frequently than the less electronegative one, giving rise to partial charges on each atomic center, and

causing electrostatic forces between molecules. A hydrogen bond is effectively a strong example of a permanent dipole. The large

difference in electronegativities between hydrogen and any of fluorine, nitrogen and oxygen, coupled with their lone pairs of electrons cause strong electrostatic forces between molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the high boiling points of water and ammonia with respect to their heavier

analogues. The London dispersion force arises due to instantaneous dipoles in neighbouring

atoms. As the negative charge of the electron is not uniform around the whole atom, there is always a charge imbalance. This small charge will induce a

corresponding dipole in a nearby molecule; causing an attraction between the two. The electron then moves to another part of the electron cloud and the

attraction is broken. A cation-pi interaction occurs between the negative charges of pi bonds above

and below an aromatic ring and a cation.

What are molecules?

MoleculesA molecule is defined as a group of at least two atoms in a definite

arrangement held together by covalent chemical bonds.[1][2][3][4][5][6] In the narrow use of the word, molecules are electrically neutral. Molecules are distinguished from polyatomic ions in this strict sense. However, in

quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is used less strictly and also is applied to molecular ions, charged organic

molecules, and biomolecules.

What is conservation of mass?

Conservation of Mass

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in any chemical reactions ,the mass of the product is always equal to the mass of the reactants, in other

words, what goes in must come out The notion that mass, or matter, can be neither created nor destroyed.

According to conservation of mass, reactions and interactions which change the properties of substances leave unchanged their total mass; for instance, when charcoal burns, the mass of all of the products of combustion, such as ashes, soot, and gases, equals the original mass of charcoal and the oxygen

with which it reacted.

What is conservation of energy?

Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy is an empirical law of physics. It states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over

time (is said to be conserved over time). A consequence of this law is that energy can neither be created nor destroyed: it can only be transformed from one state to another. The only thing that can happen to energy in a

closed system is that it can change form: for instance chemical energy can become kinetic energy.

How does energy affect matter?

Ariel’s data tables of plant Ariel’s data tables of plant info:info:

Day(S)1 & 13Day(S)1 & 13Control Start Height

Control End Height

Control Name

Change Fertilizer

Start Height

End Height

Name

Change Water Start Height

End Height

Name

4 1/4 inches

5 1/2 inches

Control A/ Arty

4 1/4 inches

dead Fertilizer A

4 1/2 inches

deadWater A

4 1/2 inches

deadControl B

4 1/2 inches

dead Fertilizer B

4 1/2 inches

deadWater B

4 3/4 inches

deadControl C

5 inches

dead Fertilizer C

4 1/4 inches

deadWater C

4 inches

deadControl D

4 3/4 inches

dead Fertilizer D

4 1/2 inches

deadWater D

Ariel’s data tables of plant Ariel’s data tables of plant info:info:Day 3Day 3

Plant Height Amount Grown

Control A 4 3/8 inches 1/8 inch

Control B 4 3/4 inches 1/4 inch

Control C 5 inches 1/4 inch

Control D 4 1/2 inches 1/2 inch

Fertilizer A 4 3/8 inches 1/8 inch

Fertilizer B 4 3/4 inches 1/4 inch

Fertilizer C 5 1/4 inches 1/4 inch

Fertilizer D 5 1/8 inches 3/8 inch

Water A 4 3/4 inches 1/4 inch

Water B 5 inches 1/2 inch

Water C 4 3/8 inches 1/8 inch

Water D 5 inches 1/2 inch

Ariel’s data tables of plant Ariel’s data tables of plant info:info:Day7 Day7 Plant Height Amount Grown

Control A 5 inches 5/8 inch

Control B 5 1/4 inches 1/2 inch

Control C 5 1/2 inches 1/2 inch

Control D 4 3/4 inches 1/4 inch

Fertilizer A sick no result N/A

Fertilizer B sick no result N/A

Fertilizer C sick no result N/A

Fertilizer D sick no result N/A

Water A 4 3/4 inches didn’t grow

Water B 5 1/2 inches 1/2 inch

Water C 5 inches 5/8 inch

Water D 5 inches didn’t grow

Ariel’s data tables of plant Ariel’s data tables of plant info:info:Day 8Day 8

Plant Height Amount Grown

Control A 5 inches no growth

Control B 5 1/4 inches no growth

Control C 6 inches 1/2 inch

Control D 5 inches 1/4 inch

Fertilizer A 4 3/4 inches no growth but saved

Fertilizer B dead N/A

Fertilizer C dead N/A

Fertilizer D dead N/A

Water A 5 inches 1/4 inch but sick

Water B 5 inches sick no growth

Water C 5 inches sick no growth

Water D 4 1/2 inches sick no growth

24

Ariel’s Data Table Info:Ariel’s Data Table Info:Day 11Day 11

Plant Height Amount Grown

Control A 5 1/2 inch 1/2 inch

Control B sick N/A

Control C sick N/A

Control D really sick N/A

Fertilizer A dead N/A

Fertilizer B dead N/A

Fertilizer C dead N/A

Fertilizer D dead N/A

Water A really sick N/A

Water B really sick N/A

Water C really sick N/A

Water D really sick N/A

25

Heres Arty the Plant, the Heres Arty the Plant, the only survivor from the only survivor from the

experimentexperiment

So, as you can probably see, us and other forms of life can’t live without matter and energy

How does matter and energy relate to life forms?

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How Does Matter & Energy Relate to Life Forms?

Matter is anything that occupies space & has mass. This would include life forms

Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. There are several ways this happens in organisms. One of those ways is demonstrated in the following experiment we conducted:

How Does Matter & Energy Relate to Life forms cont.

* In this experiment we tested to see what would happen if we changed a plant’s food and water supply. As you can see to much energy makes an organism go zap. Our controls died because they gained so much matter, there wasn’t enough room for them in their habitats* Energy plays a huge role in food chains as well like in the diagram showed here:

Conclusion

Conclusion

Energy and Matter are fundamental and extremely relevant to our lives, and follow conservation properties and depend upon

atoms and their bonds as building blocks.