How the Americans Were Duped and Af Pak Brutalised and Extremised

8/13/2019 How the Americans Were Duped and Af Pak Brutalised and Extremised

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nhw tn` Gb`rdegms w`r` lup`l gml Gf SgjKrutgids`l gml @xtr`bds`l-Kigej U`pt`bk`r

,Hp`rgtdhm \hpgz , Hks`qu`husm`ss pgr

`xe`ii`me` gml [`gogms Ldgsgsthrhus Fgdiur`

@xtrgets frhb PUG, SGJDU\GM EDG ,DUD, GI WG@LG GML \GIDKGM

Gong Nubgyum Gbdm

\rgmshxdgmg Dme

DUKM-731 7733?6-7733?6


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O`m`rgi Endsntd tn`m tn` Bdidtgry Uèr`tgry gml ldrètiy r`sphmsdki` fhr prhbhtdhm

khgrls r`b`bk`rs tngt Qdg wgs s`v`mtn dm hrl`r hf s`mdhrdty dm gii idùt`mgmt o`m`rgis.

_n`m D dmt`rvd`w`l Bgahr O`m`rgi Mgs``ruiign Jngm Kgkgr Sgjdstgms `x Dmt`rdhr

Bdmdst`r dm `griy ;337 n` ngl tn` fhiihwdmo tgj` hm O`m`rgi Qdgs gse`mt th tn` phst hf

grby end`f .

\n`r` w`r` g mubk`r hf r`gshms gml tn`s` w`r` ldseuss`l wdtn b` p`rshmgiiy ky Br

Knutth, wndi` dm l`t`mtdhm gt Burr``. Hm` wgs tn` pr`t`ml`l nubdidty hf Qdg, gml tnds

ldsgrb`l Br Knutth dmth tn` kìd`f tngt n` whuil phs` mh tnr`gt th tn` mgse`mt

l`bhergey. Uèhmliy, nds p`rfhrbgme` wn`m n` dmvdt`l Br Knutth th tn` e`mt`mgry

eì`krgtdhms hf 77 Egvgiry gt Jngrdgm. N` thhj pgdms th gse`rtgdm Br Knutth's tgdihr dm

Jgrgend (Ngbdl Jngm) gml ngl g Kiu` Sgtrhis gs Ehihmì-dm-End`f hf Grbhur`l

Ehrps stdten`l. Hm `mt`rdmo tn` rhhb, Br Knutth fhuml g sudtegs` hm nds k`l gml hm

dmqudry wgs thil tngt dt ehmtgdm`l tn` Kiu` Sgtrhi. \n` m`xt lgy, Br Knutth wgs

r`qu`st`l th eidbk g tgmj gml `mogo` g tgro`t. Wudt` hkvdhusiy tn` tgro`t wgs ndt. \n`m

wgs nds p`rfhrbgme` wndi` hm l`putgtdhm dm Ahrlgm, wn`r` n` jdii`l g igro` mubk`r hf

Sgi`stdmdgms (Kigej U`pt`bk`r), Br Knutth wgs i`l th tn` kìd`f tngt df n` wgs sh ihygi

th Ahrlgm, n` whuil k` `v`m bhr` ihygi th Sgjdstgm. Nds prdb` p`rfhrbgme` egb` gt

Buitgm, wn`r` n` dmvdt`l Br Knutth gs Ehihmì-dm-End`f. Gft`r tn` fumetdhm, wn`m Br

Knutth ngl kgrìy r`turm`l th Br Ugldq Wur`snd's nhus`, wn`m n` wgs dmfhrb`l tngt

O`m`rgi Qdg r`qu`st`l th b``t ndb. Br Knutth wgs surprds`l, ngvdmo b`t ndb dm tn`

b`ss g idtti` `grid`r. Nhw`v`r, n` egii`l ndb dmth Br Ugldq Wur`snd's stuly/idkrgry.

O`m Qdg hm `mtrgme` w`mt rhuml tn` Gibdrgn, ihhjdmo fhr shb`tndmo gml hm dmqudry n`

r`v`gi`l tngt n` wgs ihhjdmo fhr g ehpy hf tn` Nhiy Wurgm. Hm fdmldmo g ehpy n`

pige`l nds ngml hm gml gllr`ssdmo Br Knutth n` sgdl, "Thu gr` tn` sgvdhur hfSgjdstgm gml w` hw` dt th yhu th k` thtgiiy ihygi th yhu". \n`m wgs tn` fget tngt tn`r`

wgs idtti` th pdej gml enhhs` gbhmost tn` htn`r gspdrgmts. \n` hmiy htn`r sudtgki`

egmldlgt` wgs O`m`rgi Bga``l Bgidj wnh wgs Br Knutth's fgvhurdt` gs g shuml

prhf`ssdhmgi. Pmfhrtumgtìy wgs dmvhiv`l dm tn` Dmt`rmgtdhmgi Nhtì Uegmlgi wn`r` n`

wgs eguont wdtn Bustgfg Jngr. N` wgs s`mt gs Gbkgssglhr th Idkyg. Fdmgiiy, hf

ehurs` wgs tn` Gb`rdegm gmoi`. Qdg's hks`qu`hus k`ngvdhur bgl` Br Knutth tndmj

tngt n` wgs g mhm-phidtdegi bgm. Sgjdstgmd l`bhergey wgs gt gm dmfgmt stgo` gml ehuil

mht gffhrl gm Grby End`f wdtn phidtdegi gbkdtdhms. \n`m tn`r` wgs mht buen enhde`.

O`m Ungrdf wgs ehmsdl`r`l phidtdegiiy umrìdgki` sdme` n` ngl k``m v`ry eihs` th Gyuk

Jngm. Adiigmd ngl mh ehbbgml `xp`rd`me` gml wgs tn` n`gl hf DUD. Gjkgr Jngm nglmht p`rfhrb`l wìi gs g OHE 7; Ldvdsdhm dm Jgsnbdr dm 74?7 wgr. O`m Gftgk gml GK

Gwgm ngl mh ehbbgml pht`mtdgi gml w`r` mht sudtgki`.

O`m`rgi Kgkgr tnus subb`l dt up gs T`s, umlhukt`liy, tn` fgethrs edt`l ehmtrdkut`l

th nds sìètdhm gs EHGU. \n`r` wgs hff ehurs` tn` Gb`rdegm gmoi`. \n`y ngl pdej`l

Qdg gs sudtgki` bgt`rdgi gt Fhrt I`gv`mwhrtn, fhiihw`l nds egr``r prhor`ss gml


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phssdkiy ihkkd`l dm nds fgvhur. \n`y bgl` dt jmhwm th frd`mls bhmtns dm glvgme` tngt

n` whuil k` gpphdmt`l EHGU.

\n` grby end`f \djjg ldl mht `v`m dmeiul` Qdg dm tn` idst hf pht`mtdgi egmldlgt`s gml

ngl rèhbb`ml`l Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgi Gjkgr Jngm dm gm hffdedgi i`tt`r gllr`ss`l th

Br Q.G Knutth fhr tn` ahk.

Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgi Ungrdf tn` s`mdhrbhst wgs mht rèhbb`ml`l ky \djjg dm tndsi`tt`r.

O`m`rgis Gftgk gml Gzbgt Kgjsn Gwgm tn` sèhml gml fhurtn dm s`mdhrdty geehrldmo

th Endsntd w`r` rògrl`l gs umsudtgki` fhr igej hf gkdidty ky \djjg.

Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgi Onuigb Adiigmd Jngm sdxtn dm s`mdhrdty gml tn` tn`m LO DUD wgs

ehmsdl`r`l umsudtgki` fhr igej hf fhrbgtdhm ehbbgml `xp`rd`me`.

Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgis Bgidj Gklui Bga``l gml Qdg ui Ngq sdxtn gml s`v`mtn dm

s`mdhrdty w`r` mht `v`m ehmsdl`r`l ky tn` grby ndon ehbbgml th k` `v`m fdt th k`

ehmsdl`r`l gs tn`y w`r` m`wiy prhbht`l gml ngl v`ry idtti` ndon`r fhrbgtdhm

ehbbgml `xp`rd`me`.

Qdg nhw`v`r ngl dmorgtdgt`l ndbsìf th Q.G Knutth ky nds `xtr`b` s`rvdidty gml

syehpngmey.

O`m`rgi Oui Ngssgm dm nds b`bhdrs gserdk`s Qdg's prhbhtdhm th tn` fget tngt n` thhj

dmsuits, smuks, gml htn`r sdbdigr dmldomdtd`s frhb Knutth, wnhb n` rògrl`l gs nds nds

er`gthr wdtn dmkhrm orge` !

Qdg ehmtrgry th w`st`rm p`re`ptdhms wgs mht g Adngldst kut g rìdodhus bgm wnh wgs

usdmo rìdodhm gs g fggl` th ndl` g sngkky p`rshmgidty ngmldegpp`l wdtn g nubki`

kgejorhuml.

_n`m g w`st`rm gmgiyst stgt`s tngt tn` bdidtgry usurp`r Qdg wgs l`t`rbdm`l th l`t`r

tn` PUU[ frhb r`gendmo tn` wgrb wgt`r phrts hf Grgkdgm U`g gml Dmldgm He`gm, tndsds ohhl rhbgme` dm styi` hf Agb`s Khml kut mht s`rdhus ndsthry.

\nr`` eruedgi fgethrs fhre`l O`m`rgi Qdg , g bgm wnh ngl usurp`l phw`r diiògiiy hm 0

Auiy 74?? gml wgs jmhwm th k` g bgm wdtn PU ehmmètdhms sdme` 7403s.

Qdg ngl pigy`l g j`y rhi` dm suppr`ssdmo tn` SIH dm Ahrlgm gs Sgjdstgmd bdidtgry

gttgen dm Ahrlgm.

\n` fdrst fgethr wgs tngt Qdg bdidtgry aumtg wgs phidtdegiiy dshigt`l gml fdmgmedgiiy

krhj` gml m``l`l dmt`rmgtdhmgi gdl gml supphrt.

\n` sèhml fgethr wgs tngt Qdg bdidtgry aumtg m``l`l dmt`rmgi phidtdegi supphrt dm

Sgjdstgm gml tn` `gsd`st wgy hf bust`rdmo shb` wgs th us` Dsigb.

\n` tndrl fgethr wgs tngt sdme` 74


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74?? Kgihendstgm gml M_FS prhvdme`s sgw g ndon dmt`msdty dmsuro`mey dm tn` fhrb`r

gml ihw dmt`msdty dmsuro`mey dm tn` igtt`r.

\n`s` tnr`` fgethrs w`r` eruedgi dm prhpìidmo tn` Qdg aumtg th us` Uhvd`t dmvgsdhm hf

Gfongmdstgm gs g ohil`m thhi th ogdm phidtdegi gml bhrgi iòdtdbgey gml fdmgmedgi

supphrt frhb tn` w`st gml tn` rden grgk stgt`s hf Ouif gml Uguld Grgkdg.

Sgsntums w`r` us`l gs egmmhm fhll`r ky tn` bdidtgry aumtg gs prhxd`s dm Gfongm wgrgml tnus tn` s``ls hf rìdodhus `xtr`bdsb w`r` pigmt`l dm Sgjdstgm . Fhr`dom phidey

gml gii sèurdty gml l`f`me` bgtt`rs dm Sgjdstgm kègb` tn` pr`s`rv` hf Sgjdstgmd

bdidtgry wnden ehmtdmu`s tdii th lgt` !

Udme` Gfongm wgr wgs g ohil bdm` fhr Sgjdstgms fgtn`ri`ss bdidtgry ìdt` tn`y wgmt`l

dt th ehmtdmu` fhr gs ihmo gs phssdki`.\n` strgtòde hkaètdv` hf Sgjdstgmd o`m`rgis wgs

th stgy dm phw`r gml tngt r`qudr`l tn` Gfongm wgr ohil bdm` th ydìl PU Lhiigrs.

\nus wndi` tn` Gfongm wgr wgs fhuont fhr g twdst`l phidtdegi ohgi , tn` wgo`rs hf tn`

ogb` ngl tn`dr hwm p`rshmgi go`mlgs tn` ròdhm oht rgldegidz`l.

\n` PU phidey bgj`rs hf tngt tdb` fgdi`l strgtòdegiiy dm mht hutbgmhùvrdmo

Sgjdstgms or``ly o`m`rgis gml k`dmo tgj`m fhr g rdl` ky tn`b.

[`gogm wdtn mh dmtìiètugi egidk`r gml l`ptn kdt tn` Sgjdstgmd o`m`rgis kgdt gml

o`m`rgis wnh us`l th sìi òos th survdv` kègb` tn` p`rshmgi k`m`fgethrs hf tn`

PUGs or`gt`st ehv`rt hp`rgtdhms gdl prhorgb.

_ndi` PU gdl snhuil ngv` k``m lìdv`r`l dm suen g bgmm`r tngt Uhvd`ts w`r` gish ki`l

wndt` , tn` Dsigbdsts gml Sgjdstgmds snhuil gish ngv` k``m ki`l wndt` gml dm tn` `ml

tn`r` w`r` mh wdmm`rs.[`gogm glbdmdstrgtdhm dmst`gl supphrt`l Sgjdstgm m`griy

umehmldtdhmgiiy gml thlgy tn` PUG gml tn` wnhi` whril ds pgydmo tn` prde` hf tnds

[`gogm fgux pgs.

\n` or`gt`st drhmy hf tn` wnhi` PU strgtòy dm Gfongm wgr wgs tngt sèuigrdsb wgss`v`rìy w`gj`m`l dm tn` Dsigbde whril gml s``ls hf drr`vhegki` Dsigbde bdidtgrdzgtdhm

pigmt`l dm tn` Dsigbde whril. Dt ds mgd`v` gml dmtìiètugiiy umaust wn`m gmgiysts dm tn`

w`st pgrtdeuigriy Gb`rdegms sdbpiy kigb` Sgjdstgm fhr gii tn` bgigld`s ehmmèt`l

wdtn `xtr`bdsb gml t`rrhrdsb.

Dt ds gogdm g ndoniy figw`l _`st`rm bdsp`re`ptdhm tngt tn` DUD wgs odv`m gmy tgsj ky

Qdg th bgj` Sgjdstgm gm Dsigbde stgt`.Dsigbdsgtdhm wgs r`strdet`l th shb` ehsb`tde

engmo`s dm tn` pr`lhbdmgmtiy Gmoih Ugxhm iògi syst`b hf Sgjdstgm.

\n` kgsde bhtdvgtdhm hf Qdg dm tnds egs` gogdm wgs th pi`gs` tn` Ugulds gml o`t bhr`

Uguld gdl.

\n` orhwtn hf Dsigbde senhhis gml s`bdmgrd`s jmhwm gs Bglrgsgns ngl g fgr eihs`ridmj wdtn tn` PU Gfongm wgr rgtn`r tngm Qdgs Dsigbdsgtdhm.

\wh fgethrs ehmtrdkut`l th tn` pn`mhb`mgi orhwtn hf Bglrgssgs dm tn` p`rdhl 74??-

4;.

\n` fdrst fgethr wgs tn` Drgmdgm r`vhiutdhm hf 74?>-?4 wnden er`gt`l pgmde dm tn` hdi

rden Grgk Ouif bhmgrend`s gs wìi gs Uguld Grgkdg wnh ldrètiy fge`l g phssdki`

futur` Drgmdgm igml gml s`g dmvgsdhm tnr`gt. G igro` pgrt hf tn` prhxy wgr wgs tnus


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fhuont frhb 74?4 hmwgrls dm Sgjdstgm.\nds wgs kègus` Sgjdstgm wgs tn` bhst

dbphrtgmt Dsigbde stgt` kègus` hf dts phpuigtdhm, strgtòde ihegtdhm gml bdidtgry

pht`mtdgi.

Sgjdstgms khrl`r wdtn Gfongmdstgm gml Drgm gml tn` Uhvd`t Gfongm wgr gish bgl`

Sgjdstgm fhegi gml e`mtrgi dm tn` Grgk- Drgm wgr wnden wgs sètgrdgm gs wìi gs `tnmde.

\n` sèhml fgethr wgs Gfongm wgr fhr wnden egmmhm fhll`r wgs r`qudr`l gml egmmhmfhll`r ehuil hmiy k` prhlue`l dm Bglrgsgnngs wnden w`r` f`l wdtn stul`mts frhb tn`

ihw`st gml phhr`st èhmhbde eigss`s , bhstiy hrpngms wnh w`r` tn` pgwms th k`

sgerdfde`l dm tn` hmohdmo Gfongm wgr.

Gmhtn`r Gb`rdegm nìl bytn ds tngt tn` DUDs Gfongm wgr wgs Sgsntum e`mt`r`l._n`m

gmgiysts idj` Krue` [d`lì stgt` tngt DUD khss I\O Gjntgr Gklui [gnbgm wgs g

Sgsntum , tnds ds i`ss tngm tn` ngif trutn .

Gjntgr wgs g Sgsntum ky rge` kut g Sumagkd euiturgiiy gml idmoudstdegiiy , gs buen g

O`rbgm gs shb`hm` bgy egii O`m`rgi @ds`mnhw`r. Dm usdmo Sgsntums gs prhxd`s dm tn`

Gfongm wgr Sgjdstgms Sumagkd Prlu `stgkidsnb`mt l`strhy`l Sgsntum s`pgrgtdsb ,

l`strhy`l whrils hmiy Sgsntum stgt` Gfongmdstgm gml gish w`gj`m`l Sgsntums gs gm

`tnmde orhup dm khtn Gfongmdstgm gml Sgjdstgm.

Bhst hf tn` Uhvd`t Gfongm wgr wgs fhuont dm tn` Sgsntum gr`gs shutn hf Ndmlu Jusn

gml >3 % tn` thtgi lgbgo`s w`r` dm Sgsntum gr`gs.\nus tn` prdbgey tngt tn` Sgsntums

`mahy`l dm Gfongmdstgm gs gm `tnmde orhup wgs s`v`rìy engii`mo`l ky tn` mhm

Sgsntums .

Hmiy muei`gr w`gphms ehuil l`t`r Dmldg frhb gttgejdmo Sgjdstgm.\nus tn` bhst

mògtdv` r`suit hf PU supphrt hf Sgjdstgm fhr tn` Gb`rdegms wgs Sgjdstgms gequdsdtdhmhf muei`gr w`gphms, wdtn tgedt kut ei`gr PU gpprhvgi. Df mhw gmgiysts idj` Krue`

[d`lì sn`l erhehldi`s t`grs gkhut Sgjdstgms fgst`st orhwdmo muei`gr grs`mgi , tn`y

ngv` th uml`rstgml tngt dt wgs g PU fgux pgs. \n`r` ds g rgtdhmgi` dm tnds gss`rtdhm.

\n` [`gogm glbdmdstrgtdhm ehuil ngv` bgmgo`l th odv` tn` Uhvd`ts g ngrl tdb` dm

Gfongmdstgm wdtnhut tn` vgst segi` hf PU bdidtgry gml fdmgmedgi gdl. \n` [`gogm

glbdmdstrgtdhm ehuil gish ngv` dmsdst`l gml hktgdm`l ougrgmt``s gml sgfòugrls frhb

Sgjdstgm gkhut PU rhi` dm l`gidmo wdtn Gfongm r`kìs , vdz er`gtdhm hf g ohv`rmb`mt dm

`xdi` , ldrèt idgdshm wdtn Gfongm r`kìs gml g ougrgmt`` wdtn gttgen`l ehmtrhi

bèngmdsb th j``p gm `y` hm Sgjdstgms muei`gr prhorgb. \ngt [`gogm glbdmdstrgtdhm

bgl` mh suen gtt`bpt gt gii snhws nhw gbgtùriy gml egvgid`riy PU fhr`dom phideywgs rum ky tn` [`gogm ròdb` .

\n` PUU[ gish fgdi`l th bgj` suffded`mt us` hf tn` Dmldgm bdidtgry th r`lue` Sgjdstgm

th sdz`.\dii 74>0->? gt i`gst tn` bdidtgry dbkgigme` dm k`tw``m Sgjdstgm gml Dmldg wgs

sh ihpsdl`l tngt Dmldgms ehuil ngv` s`v`rìy bgui`l tn` Sgjdstgmd bdidtgry dm g

ehmv`mtdhmgi wgr gml fhre` Sgjdstgm th ldsbgmti` dts `mtdr` Dsigbdst t`rrhrdst kgs`

gogdmst Gfongmdstgm.


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\nds wgs g lugi Uhvd`t gml Dmldgm fgdiur`.\n` [ussdgms bgy pgy i`ss prde` fhr tnds

fgux pgs kut tn` Dmldgms wdii k` tn` or`gt`r ihs`r dm futur` kègus` hf tnds fgux pgs.

\n` Dmldgms egb` th igumendmo g pumdtdv` wgr gogdmst Sgjdstgm dm 74>< D wgs

s`rvdmo dm tn` Sgjdstgmd bdidtgry gml sgw frhb fdrst qugrt`rs pgtn`tde stgt` hf Sgjdstgmd

tgmjs gml `qudpb`mt .

Sgjdstgm Grby wgs dm kgl sngp` gml Dmldgms ehuil ngv` tguont tn` Qdg aumtg g ohhlbdidtgry i`sshm. Dmldg ngl bhkdidz`l dts grby gogdmst Sgjdstgm dm r`sphms` th tn` Qdg

ròdb`s b`llidmo wdtn Udjn s`pgrgtdsts dm Dmldg. \h Qdgs ohhl iuej engme`

gssgsmgtdhm hf Dmldrg Ogmlnd ky n`r Udjn khlyougrls tnr`w Dmldgm pigms th gttgej

Sgjdstgm hut hf o`gr. Dmldrgs suee`sshr [gadv Ogmlnd wgs g nhpì`ss b`ldher` wdtn mh

strgtòde vdsdhm.Idj` [`gogm wnh wgs g fgdi`l gethr gml g fgdi`l pr`sdl`mt,[gadv

Ogmlnds pht`mtdgi ldl mht `xt`ml k`yhml fiydmo g ehbb`redgi gdr pigm`. Gml Dmldg

pgdl tn` prde` dm mht r`luedmo Sgjdstgm th sdz` dm tn` p`rdhl 74>>. PU Sgjdstgmd

Gfongm wgr engmo`l Gfongm shed`ty gml Gf Sgj shed`ty dm g fgtgi wgy

.\n` Buiign wnh wgs gt tn` ihw`st rumo hf tn` shed`ty wgs ì`vgt`l gml tn` trgldtdhmgi

i`gl`rs hf Sgsntum shed`ty ìdbdmgt`l gml l`strhy`l. Kgsdegiiy tn` Sgjdstgmd

i`gl`rsndp idj` tn` usurp`r Qdg ehbprds`l hf b`m wdtn nubki` hrdodms pr`f`rr`l

pidgki` Gfongms wdtn nubki` hrdodms wnh whuil hk`y tn` tndrl rgt` DUD bgahr gogdm

frhb ihw`r bdlli` eigss nubki` hrdodms.

Gfongm r`sdstgme` dm Sgjdstgm wgs tnus i`l ky Sgmasn`rd pumetur`b`m pr`vdhusiy

r`pgdrdmo tyr`s dm Jgkui , hkseur` gml nubki` Buiigns idj` Ngqqgmd gml fgdi`l

`modm``rdmo umdv`rsdty lrhphuts wdtn mh trdkgi stgmldmo idj` N`jbgtygr. Dt sudt`l tn`

Sgjdstgmds gml tn`dr Gb`rdegm fgtn`rs th l`gi wdtn mhm `mtdtd`s wnh ehuil k` bhuil`l

gml bgmdpuigt`l.

\n` Gb`rdegms w`r` fumldmo p`hpi` idj` Qdg wnh wgs sìidmo òos th survdv` wdtn;03 gml gml `griy 74?4. \n`

Sgjdstgmds gml Gb`rdegms krhuont gii typ`s hf bgl lho Dsigbdsts th Sgjdstgm fhr tn` sh

egii`l Gfongm Adngl.

Mhw p`hpi` idj` Krue` [d`lì gr` kigbdmo gml gttgejdmo tn` sgb` engrget`rs

pgtrhmdz`l ky tn` PU dm 74>3s gs Gi Wg`lg gml Dsigbde `xtr`bdsts. Dsigbdst vhiumt``rs

w`r` krhuont ky tn` DUD,EDG gml Uguld ODL th Sgjdstgm kègus` tn` Gfongm

b`re`mgrd`s `midst`l ky tn` DUD w`r` mht fdontdmo gs rutni`ssiy gs tn`dr DUD ngmli`rs

wgmt`l tn`b th fdont.Dt ds drhmde tngt Dsigbde Adngl wgs trgmsfhrb`l dmth g oihkgi egus` uml`r EDG

st`wgrlsndp. Engrget`rs idj` Ngfdz U``l , thlgy thppdmo tn` PU ngt` idst w`r` orhhb`l

gml ogdm`l prhbdm`me` lurdmo tn` EDG-DUDODL Gfongm wgr. NGBGU wgs `stgkidsn`l

dm 74>? wdtn Gkluiign Gzzgb gs hm` hf dts dl`gis.

DM\[HLPE\H[T MH\@


7/109


8/109

7? Guoust 74>>

ky Gong Gbdm Guoust 7?, ;33> ;;1Srdmt @-bgdi Dmt`rgets(5;)

Ungr`

;0

\gos1 Sgjdstgm Bdidtgry [ui` Ldetgthr grby ndsthry Qdg ui Ngq

Gm grby end`f wnh snhuil m`v`r ngv` k``m tn` end`f dm tn` fdrst pige` gml snhuil ngv`

dmstutdhmgiiy r`tdr`l ky 74>3 wgs fdmgiiy t`rbdmgt`l ky ldvdm` l`sdom hm 7? Guoust

74>>.

Dt wgs g nht subb`r lgy wn`m g E 753 bdidtgry trgmsphrt`r ergsn`l gibhst rdont hm tn`

sdt` hf g pr` 74


9/109

_n`m Qdg wgs sull`miy prhbht`l tn` grby end`f dm 74?6 n` wgs gm umjmhwm bgm dm

tn` grby. _dtn mh wgr rèhrl gml jmhwm fhr mh prhf`ssdhmgi krdiidgme` , Qdg wgs g odft

hf tn` edvdidgm prdb` bdmdst`r Q.G Knutth th tn` Sgjdstgm Grby. Igt` Bguigmg Jgusgr

Mdgzd fhuml gm Gb`rdegm ehmmètdhm dm tnds lgrj nhrs` wn`m n` stgt l tngt tn` PU

Gbkgssghr thil tn` Bguigmg bgmy lgys k`fhr` nds getugi prhbhtdhm tngt g bgm egii`l

Qdg bgy k` tn` grby end`f.Hf nubki` kgejorhuml Qdg ldl mht s`` gmy getdhm dm gmy hf Sgjdstgm's wgrs `xe`pt

ngvdmo k``m bgst`r bdml hf g ldrty wgr hf Ahrlgm's pumdtdv` getdhm egii`l Kigej

U`pt`bk`r gogdmst tn` Sgi`st`mdgms.Nds dbb`ldgt` sup`rdhr Bgahr O`m`rgi Mgwgzdsn

fhuml ndb umsudtgki` th k` g ehbbdssdhm`l hffde`r kut n` survdv`l ky sn``r iuej ,

kòodmo O`m`rgi Oui Ngssgm th sgv` ndb .\n` dmfgbhus grkdtrgry r`tdr`b`mts hf bhr`

tngm 70 o`m`rgi hffde`rs ky dmtrdou` hf O`m`rgi Oui Ngssgm gml Q.G Knutth dm

Lè`bk`r 74?7 er`gt`l gm `mhrbhus ogp dm tn` grby dm Sgjdstgm gml tnds nìp`l Qdg

dm qudej prhbhtdhm th tn` rgmj hf bgahr o`m`rgi dm 74?;.G rìdgki` grby shure`

O`m`rgi Endsntd stgt`s tngt wndi` phst`l dm Buitgm Qdg prgetde`l `xtr`b` syehpngmey

euitdvgtdmo SSS stgiwgrts idj` Ugndkzglg Fgruq, Ngbdl [gzg Odiigmd, Ugldq Nussgdm

Wur`snd gml Ugaagl Nussgdm Wur`snd.Endsntd tnhuont tngt tn` EDG bgy ngv`

suee`ssfuiiy euitdvgt`l Qdg buen `grid`r dm 7403s wn`m Qdg gtt`ml`l g bdidtgry ehurs`

dm PUG.Krdogld`r Q.G Jngm r`b`bk`rs ndb gs sìidmo òos gs g ehihmì dm bdl 63s dm

Buitgm.

Drhmdegiiy tn` grby m`v`r rèhbb`ml`l Qdg fhr prhbhtdhm th tn` rgmj hf EHGU.

O`m`rgi Endsntd tn`m tn` Bdidtgry Uèr`tgry gml ldrètiy r`sphmsdki` fhr prhbhtdhm

khgrls r`b`bk`rs tngt Qdg wgs s`v`mtn dm hrl`r hf s`mdhrdty dm gii idùt`mgmt

o`m`rgis.\n` grby end`f \djjg ldl mht `v`m dmeiul` Qdg dm tn` idst hf pht`mtdgi

egmldlgt`s gml ngl rèhbb`ml`l Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgi Gjkgr Jngm dm gm hffdedgi i`tt`rgllr`ss`l th Br Q.G Knutth fhr tn` ahk. Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgi Ungrdf tn` s`mdhrbhst wgs

mht rèhbb`ml`l ky \djjg dm tnds i`tt`r.O`m`rgis Gftgk gml Gzbgt Kgjsn Gwgm tn`

sèhml gml fhurtn dm s`mdhrdty geehrldmo th Endsntd w`r` rògrl`l gs umsudtgki` fhr

igej hf gkdidty ky \djjg. Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgi Onuigb Adiigmd Jngm sdxtn dm s`mdhrdty

gml tn` tn`m LO DUD wgs ehmsdl`r`l umsudtgki` fhr igej hf fhrbgtdhm ehbbgml

`xp`rd`me`. Idùt`mgmt O`m`rgis Bgidj Gklui Bga``l gml Qdg ui Ngq sdxtn gml

s`v`mtn dm s`mdhrdty w`r` mht `v`m ehmsdl`r`l ky tn` grby ndon ehbbgml th k` `v`m

fdt th k` ehmsdl`r`l gs tn`y w`r` m`wiy prhbht`l gml ngl v`ry idtti` ndon`r fhrbgtdhm

ehbbgml `xp`rd`me`.

Qdg nhw`v`r ngl dmorgtdgt`l ndbsìf th Q.G Knutth ky nds `xtr`b` s`rvdidty gmlsyehpngmey. O`m`rgi Oui Ngssgm dm nds b`bhdrs gserdk`s Qdg's prhbhtdhm th tn` fget

tngt n` thhj dmsuits,smuks, gml htn`r sdbdigr dmldomdtd`s frhb Knutth,wnhb` n`

rògrl`l gs nds nds er`gthr wdtn dmkhrm orge` !

O`m`rgi Qdg's t`mur` gs grby end`f ldl mht dbprhv` tn` Sgjdstgm Grby . Mht gt i`gst dm

tn` p`rdhl 74>7 th 74>> wn`m D sgw dt gs g egl`t gml hffde`r.Sgjdstgm wgs trgmsfhrb`l

dmth g frhmtidm` stgt` dm tn` Uhvd`t Gfongm _gr mht kègus` hf gmy rìdodhus r`gshms


10/109

kut sdbpiy kègus` Sgjdstgm's bdidtgry aumtg igej`l iòdtdbgey gml wgs dshigt`l.

U``jdmo PU gml Uguld gssdstgme` wgs dts hmiy wgy hf survdvgi . Dm tn` prhe`ss g

lgmo`rhus gffgdr wdtn ldgsgsthrhus ehms`qu`me`s , wnden hmiy kègb` `vdl`mt dm bdl

7443s wgs stgrt`l wdtn rìdodhus `xtr`bdsb. Engulnry Ugrlgr Gid tn`m gm Dmspèthr

O`m`rgi hf phide` stgt`l dm gm dmt`rvd`w tngt Qdg glhpt`l lrgehmdgm Dsigbde igws idj`

Nulhhl gml Wdsgs aust th pi`gs` tn` Ugulds gml th o`t fdmgmedgi gdl.G lukdhus pgrtm`rsndp wgs er`gt`l k`tw``m gm diiòdtdbgt` bdidtgry aumtg,PU gml

Uguld dmtìido`me` go`med`s gml lukdhus kgmjs idj` tn` Kgmj hf Erhhjs gml En`gts

(KEED) hf tn` tn` dmfgbhus Gong Ngssgm Gk`ld. Sgjdstgm wgs ehmv`rt`l dmth g kgs`

fhr g sh egii`l Adngl th `msur` Enrdstdgm Gmoih Ugxhm supr`bgey gogdmst Uhvd`t

[ussdg wdtn PU gml Uguld lhiigrs.

\n` grby kègb` g hm` bgm hrogmdzgtdhm wdtn prhbhtdhm gml suee`ss fhr hmiy tnhs`

hffde`rs wnh w`r` dm Qdg's ohhl khhjs. \nds gmgenrhmdstde sdtugtdhm ehmtdmu`l tdii 7?

Guoust 74>>. Or`gt pr`pgrgtdhms w`r` bgl` wn`m Qdg wgs ehbdm th wdtm`ss tn` tgmj

l`bhmstrgtdhm gt Jgml`wgig [gmo`s. Kgkg de` er`gb g spèdgi de` er`gb tngt Qdg

ihv`l wgs grrgmo`l frhb Buitgm. Upèdgi ihtgns w`r` khuont fhr Qdg gml nds pgrty's

gkiutdhm. En`fs w`r` phhi`l dm frhb vgrdhus fhrbgtdhms th pr`pgr` Qdg's iumen gt

\gb`wgid [`st Nhus` hm 7? Guoust 74>>. Qdg m`v`r ngl tngt iumen. Nds l`gtn wgs

fdx`l hm tn` Ndmlu Ungbsngm Ongt gt Kgstd Igi Jgbgi. Gm grby end`f wnh snhuil

m`v`r ngv` k``m tn` end`f dm tn` fdrst pige` gml snhuil ngv` dmstutdhmgiiy r`tdr`l ky

74>3 wgs fdmgiiy t`rbdmgt`l ky ldvdm` l`sdom hm 7? Guoust 74>>. \n` ngrb tngt n`

dmfidet`l hm Sgjdstgm purìy bhtdvgt`l ky nds sìfdsn phided`s th stgy dm phw`r idmo`rs

hm gml ngumts Sgjdstgm's v`ry `xdst`me` thlgy tw`mty y`grs igt`r hm 7?tn Guoust ;33>.

\hlgy tngmjs th Qdg phidtdegi i`gl`rsndp dm Sgjdstgm ngs k``m m`griy l`strhy`l gml

bdidtgry tgi`mt ds mhm `xdst`mt.

G BGM _NH _@M\ \H \N@ IH_@U\ L@S\NU HF UTEHSNGMET GML

U@[VDID\T \H SI@GU@ G S[DB@ BDMDU\@[ _NH N@ IG\@[ NGL

NGMO@L DM G LPKDHPU \[DGI


11/109

NH_ \N@SGJDU\GM

G[BT_H[J@L

PML@[ QDG_N@M HMIT GM

@B@ EGS\GDMNGL \N@


12/109

EHP[GO@ \H

L@FT G \ND[L[G\@ UNGKKT

IHHJDMOO@M@[GI

I\O FGDQ GID

ENDUN\D \N@ I\OBGNBHHL HF 0

APIT 74?? _[H\@HM SGO@ ;< HF


13/109

NDU KHHJ

K@\[GTGIU HFGMH\N@[ JDML--


14/109

EGS\GDM JGPU[ \N@ @B@EGS\GDM _NH NGL \N@
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EHP[GO@ \H L@FT G \ND[L

[G\@ UNGKKT IHHJDMOO@M@[GI _NDI@ GII

HFFDE@[U HF \N@ E[GEJ

UH EGII@L FD[U\G[BHP[@L LDVDUDHMB@@JIT HK@T@L QDGU

DII@OGI GML PI\@[DH[

EHBBGMLU !


16/109

EGS\GDM JGPU[ \N@ @B@EGS\GDM _NH NGL \N@
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EHP[GO@ \H L@FT G \ND[L

[G\@ UNGKKT IHHJDMOO@M@[GI _NDI@ GII

HFFDE@[U HF \N@ E[GEJ

UH EGII@L FD[U\G[BHP[@L LDVDUDHMB@@JIT HK@T@L QDGU

DII@OGI GML PI\@[DH[

EHBBGMLU !

" wn`m zdg wgs g

ehrps ehbbgml`rdm buitgm dm


18/109

74?0,gml ngl

dmvdt`l tn` SB fhriumen,tn` rhut`

mhbdmgt`l rgmtnrhuon tn` grby

hffde`rs ehihmy

tn`r`. o`m`rgi zdgngl gsj`l tn`

igld`s gml endilr`mth ehb` hut hf


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20/109

sh,kègus` tn`

hffde`r ngl lhm`mhtndmo wrhmo.kut

igt`r gft`r zdgkègb` EHGU n`

r`tdr`l tnds hffde`r

pr`bgturìy.NH_ \N@ G[BT _GU [PM GML DU [PM GML NH_ S[HBH\DHMU G[@

BGL@

Bgtn`w Bgvggjs Wu`stdhms

\n`m wny w`r` sh bgmy o`m`rgis jdii`l gihmo wdtn tn` PU Gbkgssglhr gml tn` PU bdidtgrygttgen`8 _`r` tn`s` Sgjdstgmd o`m`rgis (hmkhgrl) ld`-ngrl supphrt`rs hf Qdg gml tn`r`fhr` ngl thk` r`bhv`l8


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tn`r` gr` mh ld` ngrl supphrt`rs by l`gr frd`ml . tn`r` gr` aust tndrl rgt` egr``rdsts ,

gppi` phidsn`rs , p`m pusn`rs , syehpngmts ,KXXXXII IDF\XXX[U , b`m l`serdk`l ky bySndihshpnde Srhpn`t Frgmeds Kgehm gs b`m wnh ogdm ldomdtd`s tnrhuon ldomdtd`s.

Gml gogdm Frgmeds Kgehm sgdl tn` wgy th tn` thp ds tnrhuon g wdmldmo stgdr 8_ngt wgs N`mry Jdssdmo`rs bhlus hp`rgmld,r`gl \n` Srde` hf Shw`r ky U`ybhur N`rsn .


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yhu tndmj tn`r` gr` gmytndmo idj` b`m hf ehmvdetdhm dm tn` o`m`rgis wnh rds` th tn` thp 8 gbgm hf ehmvdetdhm ds `idbdmgt`l gs g bgahr hr bgxdbub g ehihm`i hr krdogld`r 8


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\n` gv`rgo` grby hffde r wnh rhs` th twh hr tnr`` stgr wgs r`gly th jXXXss tn` GXXXU hfgmyhm` wnh bgtt`r`l dm nds prhbhtdhm 8

\n` sgb` o`m`rgi wnh zdg wnh ngmo`l prdb` bdmdst`r knutth wgs idt`rgiiy jdssdmo knutthsngml pr`vdhusiy gml wn`m tn` prdb` bdmdst`r knutth egb` th buitgm ogrrdshm ngl hrl`r`l tngtwdv`s hf gii hffde`rs k` idm`l up th or``t br knutth.hmiy hm` hffde`r g Bgahr Jgusgr r`fus`l tndsdiiògi hrl`r gml n` wgs subbgrdiy ldsbdss`l frhb tn` grby 8[`gl O`m`rgi Endsntds khhj wnh wgs fdrst ngml wdtm`ss hf tnds l`spdegki` `pdshl` 1---

Aust fhr yhur dmt`r`st ds idmj th gm gmgiysds hf nhw prhbhtdhms gr` bgl` dm tn` grby :--

nttp1//ihw-dmt`msdty-ehmfidet-r`vd`w.kihospht.ehb/;37;/77/gss ssb`mt-hf-hffde`rs-gml-bdidtgry.ntbi

tngt ds ndsthry , `v`m Frgmeds Kgehm wgs fhre`l th k` idj` tngt 8

tn` syst`b ky wnden prhbhtdhms gr` bgl` r`qudr`s g bgm `dtn`r th k` r`gly th k` ngppdiyjdej`l hr k` g egr`fui syehpngmt 8nhw lh b`m ehb` th ord`f ,Bgendgvìid tìis us , mht ky k`dmo umprdmedpi`l kut k`dmo prdmedpi`l dm g

shed`ty wn`r` prdmedpi`s ngv` mh vgiu` hr rìgtdv` vgiu` 8

Uhedgi Ssyenhihodsts dm tn` PU gor``l g ihmo tdb` kgej tngt " FIG\\@[T _DII O@\ THP UHB@_N@[@"!NH_ _GU \N@ PU G[BT [PM DM VD@\MGB GML _NH BGL@ D\ \H \N@ \HS --\N@ NHI@ SPMEN@[U 8MH\ \N@ [@GI UHILD@[U.
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\N@ SHUUDKI@ PU DMVHIVI@B@M\ 8

\N@ PU UG_ QDG GU G BGAH[ DBS@LDB@M\ DM \N@ @ML OGB@ SIGM FH[

GFONGMDU\GM DM \N@ _GJ@ HF UHVD@\ _D\NL[G_GI.

PU EDG G[ENDV@U _NDEN D FD[U\ [@GL GU [@E@DV@L F[HB B[ J@VDM E

[PFFM@[ U\G\@L \NG\ \N@ EDG GUU@UU@L \NG\ GF\@[ UHVD@\


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_D\NL[G_GI SGJDU\GMU [@IG\DHMU _D\N PUG _HPIL K@EHB@

EHBSIDEG\@L \H UHB@ @^\@M\

\n`r` wgs aust hm` PU o`m`rgi hm tn` pigm` D tndmj gml hm` gbkgssglhr frhb tn`PU 8 Mhw wngt ds tn` vgiu` hf twh b`m dm fhr`dom phidey 8 Mhm` 8 Mhm` fhr tn`suee`ss hr fgdiur` hf g mgtdhm wnden ds g sup`r phw`r 8 \n` Gb`rdegms m`v`r thhjgmy dmt`r`st dm dmv`stdogtdmo tnds ergsn .M`dtn`r ldl tn` Sgjdstgmd suee`sshrs hf Qdg. Dt wgs ohhl rdllgme` fhr gii gml g _DM-_DM sdtugtdhm fhr gii.
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\n` lèigssdfd`l grendv`s hf EDG wnden D oht gt tn` ABN gmmugi b``tdmo hrogmds`lky tn` EDGs E`mtr` fhr Utuly hf Dmtìido`me` Hp`rgtdhms dm Gprdi 7446 sn`l shbìdont hm nhw dt bgy ngv` gii ngpp`m`l1X--


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\n` tgro`t w`r` hm` kut tn` htn`rs w`mt th XXXXX ky ehiigt`rgi lgbgo` .\h jdii tn` rdont bgm , dmmhe`mts ld` gish.\ngt ds ndsthry , tn` ngrl gml tn` uoiygik`dt getugi fge` hf ndsthry .Nhw O`m`rgi Qdg _`mt Lhwm!
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\nds grtdei`, ky @lwgrl Agy @pst`dm, pukidsn`l dm Vgmdty Fgdr, Aum` 74>4, ds gkhut tn`

gdr ergsn dm 74>> wnden jdii`l O`m Qdg, tn` P.U. `mvhy gml g mubk`r hf s`mdhr

hffde`rs. Udme` tn`m, qudt` g mubk`r hf pukidegtdhms egb` dm tn` bgrj`t, kut tnds r`phrt

s``bs th k` tn` bhst gutn`mtde gml dmedsdv`. \n` dmv`stdogtdhm ds tnhrhuon gml

gmgiysds ds b`tnhldegi.

\nds grtdei` gkhut tn` ergsn ds idj` Gogtng Enrdstd`'s tnrdii`r Burl`r hm tn` Hrd`mt@xpr`ss, dm wnden `v`ryhm` gkhgrl tn` trgdm ngl g bhtdv` fhr burl`r. \n` susp`ets

n`r` gr`, Gb`rdegms, Dmldgms, [ussdgms, Gfongms gml `v`m Sgjdstgm Grby.

Si`gs` domhr` tn` phhr qugidty hf pgp`r gs tdb` tgj`s dts thii hm pgp`rs gish, nubgm

k`dmos mh `xe`ptdhm.

Si`gs` hp`m tn` gttgenb`mt gml r`gl tn` tnrdiidmo sthry


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G BGAH[ O@M@[GI _NH _GU O@M@[GI QDGU EHM\@BSH[G[T HM O@M@[GI QDG

G.N GBDM'U WP@U\DHM1--

_ngt w`r` yhur dbpr`ssdhms gkhut Qdg gs yhu sgw ndb dm tn` Grby t`mur`8

BGAH[ O@M@[GI \GAGBBPIU GMU_@[ (GML D GO[@@ _D\N NDB 733 %)

D ngl mht dmtdbgtìy jmhwm ndb k`fhr` n` kègb` tn` End`f hf tn` Grby Utgff kut frhb nds ehmluetlurdmo tn` Ldvdsdhmgi Ehbbgml`rs Ehmf`r`me`s, n` gpp`gr`l th b` gm dmehbp`t`mt gml ihw orgl`hffde`r.

Dm hm` hf tn` Ldvdsdhm Ehbbgml`rs prhbhtdhm ehmf`r`me`s, D `v`m sgw ndb si``pdmo wdtn nds bhutnhp`m.

N` surpgss`l gii idbdts hf syehpngmey wn`m b``tdmo tn` Srdb` Bdmdst`r Quifdjgr Gid Knutth. _ndi`dm umdfhrb, n` us`l th khw wn`m sngjdmo ngmls wdtn Quifdjgr Gid Knutth.

D r`b`bk`r by hil Krdogl` Ehbbgml`r, Krdogld`r Ngygt, wdtn wnhb D s`rv`l gs nds Krdogl` Bgahr,hme` thil b` tngt n` ngl wrdtt`m dm Bgahr Qdg ui Ngqs GE[ wn`m n` s`rv`l uml`r ndsehbbgml, Mht fdt th oh k`yhml tn` rgmj hf g Bgahr. Dt ds gm drhmy hf fgt` tngt g p`rshm hf suen gegidkr` ngl rui`l Sgjdstgm fhr g ihmo p`rdhl hf ì`v`m y`grs tdii n` wgs fdmgiiy jdii`l dm gm gdr ergsn.

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76 Mhv`bk`r, ;37;

Gss`ssb`mt hf Hffde`rs gml Bdidtgry \rgdmdmo-Sgjdstgm GrbyGss`ssb`mt hf Hffde`rs gml Bdidtgry \rgdmdmo-Sgjdstgm Grby_ngt wgs wrhmo wdtn Gss`ssb`mt hf Hffde`rs gml Bdidtgry \rgdmdmo-Sgjdstgm Grby gml _ngt

ehmtdmu`s th k` wrhmo tdii th lgt` gs r`s`gren dmldegt`sEidej hm segmm`l pgo`s pdetur`s th `migro`

Bgahr Gong N Gbdm ([`tdr`l)

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@MGKI@L-Lh-gejmhwi`lo`-th-tn`-gutnhr

nttp1//www.serdkl.ehb/lhe/;;/I`tt`rs-th-Ehbbgml-gml-Utgff-Ehii`o`-Wu`ttg-Edtgl`i-

Ahurmgi

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Gish s`` tn` bdidtgry dmt`rvd`ws ehmluet`l ky tnds serdk` wdtn s`mdhr Sgjdstgmd hffde`rs th s`` rhi` hfsyehpngmey gml umr`gidstde trgdmdmo gml gss`ssb`mt dm Sgjdstgm Grby spèdgiiy dmt`rvd`ws hf Bgahr O`m\gagbbui gml Krdo Q.G Jngmnttp1//www.serdkl.ehb/lhe/;57033;?/Sgjdstgm-Grby-tnrhuon-`y`s-hf-Sgjdstgmd-O`m`rgis

Uìètdhm gml Gss`ssb`mt hf Ehbbgml`rs dm Sgjdstgm Grby-Sgjdstgm Grby Ahurmgi-Edtglì-Ehbbgml gml Utgff Ehiiò`\n`s` grtdei`s pukidsn`l dm bdidtgry ahurmgis hf Sgjdstgm Grby `ml`gvhur thsukaèt tn` ndoniy l`fètdv` syst`b hf gss`ssb`mt hf hffde`rs th erdtdedsb l`spdt`

strdet e`mshrsndp.Hm` bust gll tngt shb` ldseussdhm kègb` phssdki` dm tn` grby hmiy gft`r 74>>

wn`m O`m`rgi B.G Kgdo thhj hv`r .Dm tn` Qdg `rg , wdtn dmtìiètugi nhm`sty kurd`l gml nypherdsy gml syehpngmeyk`dmo ngiibgrj hf tn` grby fhr 7; ihmo y`grs (74?6->>) tnds wgs dbphssdki`.Gft`r 744> hme` Krdogld`r [dgz thhj hv`r gs LO DUS[ tn` sdtugtdhm dbprhv`l.\nr`` `ldthrs hf Sgjdstgm Grby Ahurmgi w`r` hutstgmldmo , gii dm suee`ssdhm , d.`

Ehihmì D.L Ngssgm (g enrhmde kgenìhr gml v`ry e`r`k`rgi gml wìi r`gl) ,Idùt`mgmt Ehihmì Uy`l Dsnfgq Mgqvd (hutstgmldmo) gml Idùt`mgmt Ehihmì Uy`lAgwgdl Gnbgl (shft sphj`m kut khil gs fgr gs pukidsndmo grtdei`s gml `xtr`bìy

jmhwi`lo`gki`).Dm tn` ehbbgml gml stgff ehiiò` tn`r` wgs Idùt`mgmt Ehihmì Gsnrgf Ugi``b

(igt`r idùt`mgmt o`m`rgi) , Idùt`mgmt Ehihmì \grdq Jngm (mhw idùt`mgmto`m`rgi) gml Idùt`mgmt Ehihmì Gnsgm Bgnbhhl (mhw bgahr o`m`rgi) , gii tnr``

w`r` wìi r`gl gml ngl g ndon dmtìiètugi egidkr` pgrtdeuigriy \grdq Jngm.Gft`r tn`s` tnr`` tn` p`lgmts egb` gml p`lgmts gml tn` ehmfhrbdsts hff ehurs`

gr` dm pr`phml`rgme` !D whuil sgy tn` gss`ssb`mts tngt D bgl` dm fguity gml fgiigedhus gss`ssb`mt hfbdidtgry ehbbgml`rs ehmtdmu` !
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Df \grdq Jngm k`egb` g tnr`` stgr dt wgs g trdubpn hf l`stdmy hv`r gtnhrhuoniy rhtt`m syst`b !
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Hm tn` fdrst pgo` g qu`stdhm ds rgds`l " df sìètdhm gml gss`ssb`mt syst`b dm gm grby dsr`gidstde" .

\n`r` wgs g kdo qu`stdhm bgrj dm 7447 wn`m D wrht` tnds , dt r`bgdm`l wn`m D r`tdr`l dmLè`bk`r 7445 kègus` tn` grby tn`m wgs rum hm wndbs gml idj`s gml ldsidj`s gml mh hm`khtn`r`l nhw ohhl gm hffde`r wgs dm r`gi ehbbgml gml dmtìiètugi gkdidty ! D f`gr tngt tn` igroògps gml qu`stdhm bgrjs r`bgdm th lgt` 8 \n` v`ry Jgrodi hp`rgtdhm prhv`s tngt gm hv`rgbkdtdhusbgm wdtn byhpde strgtòde vdsdhm idj` Busngrrgf egm rds` th tn` ndon`st rgmjs ,sngbì`ssiygkgmlhms khld`s hf shild`rs gml tn`m prheigdb Jgrodi gs nds or`gt`st suee`ss ! Hm` ehuil s`` gmgbkdtdhus bgm dm ndb dm 7445 , wnh wgs hks`ss`l wdtn sìf prhaètdhm ! D ngl gsj`l Idù`mgmtEhihmì Gsnrgf (tn`m EH


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Mh hm` dm jgrodi ngl tn` ehurgo` th phdmt hut tngt tn` hp`rgtdhm wgs g wdil ogbki` !Krdogld`r Udbhm ehmfdl`l tngt tngt O`m`rgi \guqdr Qdg wgs gogdmst dt kut tn`m \guqdr Qdg m`v`r ogv`

nds ldss`mt 8

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G r`gi shild`r dm tn` p`get`db` `mvdrhmb`mt hf a`` ngzhhrd gml y`s bgm sndp ngrliy ngs gmyengme` hf k`dmo prhbht`l ! \ru` dm 744; wn`m D wrht` tnds gml tru` thlgy ! Egm Sgjdstgm gffhrl tnds 8


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wgs sdlìdm`l. \nds bgy k` oguo`l frhb tn` fget tngt gt tn` tdb` hf hutkr`gj hf tn` 74?7

_gr Mdsgr gitnhuon prhbht`l th krdogld`r rgmj, wgs hmiy ehbbgmldmo tn` Grbhur`l ehrps

rèrudt trgdmdmo e`mtr`, g phhr gpphdmtb`mt fhr g bgm wnh ngl ldstdmoudsn`l ndbsìf gs gtgmj ròdb`mt ehbbgml`r dm sthppdmo tn` bgdm Dmldgm gttgej. G bgm wnhs` umdt's

p`rfhrbgme` wgs l`serdk`l ky tn` `m`by hpphsdmo ndb gs hm` "wnden wgs e`rtgdmiyer`ldtgki` kègus` dt gihm` sthhl k`tw``m tn` 7st Dmldgm Grbhur`l Ldvdsdhm gml dts

hkaètdv`";5 wgs ehmsdl`r`l ky tn` Sgjdstgmd O`m`rgi N`glqugrt`rs p`lgmtde hffde`rs gs fdthmiy th ehbbgml g rèrudt trgdmdmo e`mtr` wndi` hm` wnh wgs dmstrub`mtgi dm fgdiur` hf tn`

bgdm Sgjdstgmd dmtìido`me` fgdiur` gs LBD wgs prhbht`l th Bgahr O`m`rgi rgmj gml trust`ligt`r wdtn tn` ehbbgml hf Sgjdstgm's 7 Ehrps wdtn ldsgsthrhus r`suits !
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Krdogld`r Wgyyub Un`r wnh ngl ldstdmoudsn`l ndbsìf gs g krdogl` ehbbgml`r dm 73Ldvdsdhm gr`g dm Ignhr` wgs gish mht prhbht`l! Wgyyub Un`r wgs hm` hf tn` f`w krdogl`

ehbbgml`rs hf tn` grby wnh ngl i`l frhb tn` frhmt.

Bgahr O`m`rgi Ungujgt [dzg wnh rgrìy prgds`l gmyhm` ngl tn` fhiihwdmo th sgy gkhutUn`r's ehmluet wndi` i`gldmo tn` Sgjdstgm grby's bhst dbphrtgmt dmfgmtry krdogl` ehumt`r

gttgej hm Ignhr` Frhmt gs g r`suit hf wnden tn` Dmldgm 70 Ldvdsdhm l`spdt` ehmsdl`rgki`

mub`rdegi sup`rdhrdty wgs ehbpi`tìy tnrhwm hff kgigme`. Ungujgt stgt`l tngt "Krdogld`rWgyyub Un`r, dm nds ehbbgml a``p, bhv`l frhb umdt th umdt gml tn`m p`rshmgiiy i`l tn`glvgme`, stgr pigt` gml p`mmgmt vdsdki`. \nds wgs shb`tndmo mh trhhps whrtn tn`dr sgit ehuil

domhr`".

Kut tn` Grby's Uìètdhm Khgrls domhr`l Wgyyub Un`r hme` nds turm fhr prhbhtdhm egb`!Wgyyub Un`r ldl wìi dm wgr gml wgs gwgrl`l tn` Sgjdstgmd L.U.H d.`. tn` NA!
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Kut wgr p`rfhrbgme` hr `v`m p`rfhrbgme` dm p`ge`tdb` trgdmdmo bgmhùvr`s wgs, gml stdii

ds, mh erdt`rdg fhr prhbhtdhm dm tn` Sgjdstgm Grby! Wgyyub r`tdr`l gs g krdogld`r,

r`b`bk`r`l ky tnhs` wnh fhuont uml`r ndb gs g krgv` gml r`shiut` ehbbgml`r, wnh wgsmht odv`m gm hpphrtumdty th rds` th g ndon`r rgmj, wnden Wgyyub ngl l`s`rv`l, bhr` tngm

gmy krdogld`r hf tn` Sgjdstgm Grby ldl.

Krdogld`r Mdsgr hf ;0 Egvgiry wnh wgs prgds`l ky Dmldgm ndsthrdgms gs hutstgmldmo dmlìgydmo kgtti` dm Ungjgrogrn gs ehbbgml`r hf engmo`z Fhre` wgs gish sdlìdm`l kègus`n` wgs mht eihs` th \djjg Jngm gml ehbpgmy gml ldl mht phss`ss Qdgs bgst`ry hf grt hf

syehpngmey gml gpp`gs`b`mt hf s`mdhrs !

Dt wgs typdegi hf Sgjdstgm Grby tngt Krdogld`r [gndbulldm wnh ldl mht ahdm nds krdogl` dmEngbk hm pr`t`xt hf bgrtdgi igw luty wgs prhbht`l th o`m`rgi rgmj wndi` Mdsgr wnh fhuont

khtn tn` 7460 gml 74?7 wgrs `xe``ldmoiy wìi sdlìdm`l !

Dm 7460 Mdsgr ky nds sdmouigr getdhm gt Oglohr ngl idt`rgiiy sgv`l Sgjdstgm ! Kut prhbhtdhmdm Sgjdstgm Grby ngl mhtndmo th lh wdtn wgr p`rfhrbgme` hr r`gi shild`rdmo ! Sgtn`tde !

Dmt`r`stdmoiy Krdogld`r Drsnggl n`gldmo tn` bdidtgry dmtìido`me` dm 7460 gml oudity hf

Sgjdstgm Grbys or`gt`st dmtìido`me` fgdiur` hf 7460 d.` ldsrògrldmo g o`mudm` r`phrt tngtDmldgm Grbhur`l ldvdsdhm wgs dm jgsnbdr , ldsbdssdmo dt gs g lè`ptdhm pigm , wgs prhbht`l

th twh gml tnr`` stgr gft`r tn` wgr .N` pigy`l nìi wdtn Sgjdstgms 7 Ehrps dm 74?7 _gr !Bgahr O`m`rgi Ugrfgrgz wnhs` ehmluet gs OHE wgs hutstgmldmo dm 7460 _gr wgs mht

prhbht`l kègus` nds gkdidty wgs rògrl`l gs g tnr`gt ky Gyuk Jngm !


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Krdogld`r \gagbbui Nussgdm Bgidj wgs prgds`l gs gm hutstgmldmo ehbbgml`r ky g p`rshm

mh i`ss tngm tn` Dmldgm hpphm`mt hf nds Bgahr O`m`rgi igenbgm Udmon .

G spèdgi ehbbdssdhm wgs gpphdmt`l ky Dmldgm Grby th stuly \gagbbuis krdogl` getdhms !\n` trgo`ly ds tngt gii stgrtdmo frhb Idgqugt Gid Jngm sdlìdm`l hffde`rs wdtn hutstgmldmo wgr

p`rfhrbgme` ! \n` fdrst k`dmo tn` ì`vgtdhm hf Gyuk Jngm th grby end`f wdtn g prhv`m rèhrlhf tgetdegi tdbdldty dm Kurbg !Gyuk Jngm ,\djjg Jngm gml Knutth sdlìdm`l tn` k`st hffde`rs hf 74?7 ! \gagbbui wgssdlìdm`l kègus` n` wgs mht g pgtn`tde syehpngmt wdtn mh wgr rèhrl idj` Qdg ui Ngq ! \ndsds g bgm wnhs` wgr p`rfhrbgme` wgs sh hutstgmldmo tngt tn` Dmldgms gpphdmt`l g ndon i`vì

ehbbdssdhm th stuly nds `pde krdogl` kgtti` gt Ndiid wn`r` n` idt`rgiiy r`pìi`l g ldvdsdhm pius!


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\gagbbui Nussgdm tnus wìi subb`l up Sgjdstgm Grbys trgldtdhm hf prhbhtdhms wn`m n`

stgt`l1--

"Dm hur Grby, Fdìl Bgrsngi Gyuk Jngm sdme` n` kègb` Ehbbgml`r-dm-End`f dm 7407,bgl` sur` tngt hmiy tnhs` p`hpi` w`r` prhbht`l th ndon`r rgmjs, wnh prhv`l tn`drp`rshmgi ihygity th ndb rgtn`r tngm ihygity th tn` stgt`.N` ldl sh kègus` n` ngl tn` gbkdtdhms hf kèhbdmo tn` N`gl hf Utgt` frhb tn` v`rykòdmmdmo. Gs D sgdl k`fhr`, n` ngl g ehmt`bpt fhr tn` phidtdedgms gml wdtn tn` pgssgo` hf

tdb` n` w`mt hm o`ttdmo `xt`msdhm hf nds t`mur` tdii n` fdmgiiy thhj hv`r dm Het 740>.

Frhb gbhmost tn` s`mdhr hffde`rs gmyhm` wnh `xpr`ss`l nds hpdmdhm gogdmst tn` Grbydmluiodmo dm phidtdes wgs dbb`ldgtìy r`tdr`l. Uhb` hf tn` v`ry egpgki` o`m`rgis wnh ngl

pgss`l hut frhb Ugmlnurst w`r` sup`rs`l`l wn`m O`m`rgi Busg wgs gpphdmt`l

Ehbbgml`r-dm-End`f. Mhw tngt n` ds l`gl, dt ds mht prhp`r fhr b` th pgss gmy r`bgrjsgogdmst ndb kut D ngv` mh n`sdtgtdhm dm sgydmo tngt n` wgs g typdegi Ohrjng Uhild`r, wnh ngli`grmt th hk`y tn` ehbbgml hf tn`dr sup`rdhrs wn`tn`r rdont hr wrhmo. \n` aumdhr hffde`rs

fhiihwdmo `xgbpi`s hf tn` s`mdhrs, ngl gish i`grmt tngt p`rngps syehpngmey, rgtn`r tngmprhf`ssdhmgi egpgkdidtd`s, wgs tn` hmiy erdt`rdg fhr gttgdmdmo tn` ndon`r ehbbgml.@xe`ptdhms gr` giwgys tn`r`, kut gs g o`m`rgi prgetde` bgmy ohhl hffde`rs wnh whuil ngv`

kèhb` v`ry ohhl O`m`rgis ehuil mht oh k`yhml tn` rgmj hf Idùt`mgmt Ehihmì kègus`

tn`y w`r` dmtìiètugiiy gml prhf`ssdhmgiiy fgr sup`rdhr th tn`dr s`mdhrs gml giwgys `xpr`ss`ltn`dr vd`ws wdtnhut gmy n`sdtgtdhm wn`m`v`r gml wn`r`v`r r`qudr`l.Ehbbgml`rs wnh gttgdm tn` ndon`r rgmjs tnrhuon fhiihwdmo tn` pgtn hf syehpngmey shhmerubki` dm tn` fge` hf lgmo`r gml egmmht stgml tn` t`st hf kgtti` fgtdou`. \ngt ngs k``m gm

dmn`r`mt w`gjm`ss dm hur Grby, wnden p`rngps ehmtdmu`s tdii thlgy.D ngl mht dmtdbgtìy jmhwm O`m`rgi Qdg k`fhr` n` kègb` tn` End`f hf tn` Grby Utgff kutfrhb nds ehmluet lurdmo tn` Ldvdsdhmgi Ehbbgml`rs Ehmf`r`me`s, n` gpp`gr`l th b` gm

dmehbp`t`mt gml ihw orgl` hffde`r.Dm hm` hf tn` Ldvdsdhm Ehbbgml`rs prhbhtdhm ehmf`r`me`s, D `v`m sgw ndb si``pdmo wdtn

nds bhutn hp`m.

N` surpgss`l gii idbdts hf syehpngmey wn`m b``tdmo tn` Srdb` Bdmdst`r Quifdjgr Gid Knutth.

_ndi` dm umdfhrb, n` us`l th khw wn`m sngjdmo ngmls wdtn Quifdjgr Gid Knutth.


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D r`b`bk`r by hil Krdogl` Ehbbgml`r, Krdogld`r Ngygt, wdtn wnhb D s`rv`l gs ndsKrdogl` Bgahr, hme` thil b` tngt n` ngl wrdtt`m dm Bgahr Qdg ui Ngq's GE[ wn`m n` s`rv`luml`r nds ehbbgml, "Mht fdt th oh k`yhml tn` rgmj hf g Bgahr". Dt ds gm drhmy hf fgt` tngt g

p`rshm hf suen g egidkr` ngl rui`l Sgjdstgm fhr g ihmo p`rdhl hf `i`v`m y`grs tdii n` wgsfdmgiiy jdii`l dm gm gdr ergsn."
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\n`r` ds mh sèhml hpdmdhm phssdki` gkhut nhw Sgjdstgm Grby suff`r`l kègus` hf bdidtgry

rui`.\nus Bgahr O`m`rgi Fgzgi Buq``b Jngm dm gm hffdedgiiy sphmshr`l khhj glbdtt`l tnds

egrldmgi fget wn`m n` wrht` 1--

"_` ngl k``m lèidmdmo geehrldmo th tn` lòr`` hf hur dmvhiv`b`mt dm bgjdmo gmlumbgjdmo hf ròdb`s. Orglugiiy tn` hffde`r ehrps, dmt`msìy prhul hf dts prhf`ssdhmgidsb wgs

`rhl`l gt dts gp`x dmth tndrl eigss phidtdedgms gml glbdmdstrgthrs. Lu` th tn` gks`me` hf gprhp`riy ehmstdtut`l phidtdegi ohv`rmb`mt, tn` sìètdhm gml prhbhtdhm hf hffde`rs th tn`

ndon`r rgmj l`p`ml`l hm hm` bgm's wdii. Orglugiiy, tn` wìfgr` hf dmstdtutdhms wgs sgerdfde`l

th tn` wìfgr` hf p`rshmgidtd`s. \h tgj` tn` `xgbpi` hf tn` grby, tn` ndon`r ehbbgml nglk``m sihwiy w`gj`m`l ky r`tdrdmo `xp`rd`me`l hffde`rs gt g ldsturkdmoiy fdm` rgt`. K`tw``m

7400 gml Mhv`bk`r 74?7, dm gkhut 7? y`grs


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nds egr``r twde` gs g krdogld`r gml bgahr o`m`rgi wn`m n` thhj g rdont`hus stgml wdtn nds

ldrèt sup`rdhrs Bgidj Ugi``b Jngm dm Jgrgend gml Bubtgz Oui gt S`sngwgr !

Dt ds mh sèr`t tngt ngl Tusuf hr Gnsgm Ugi``b Ngygt k``m ehbbgml`r 73 Ehrps dm pige` hf

Bgnbul hm 7; Hethk`r 7444 , Busngrrgfs ehup whuil ngv` fgdi`l ! S`rngps tngt wgs tn`j`y sìètdhm erdt`rdhm fhr khtn ! Igej hf r`shiutdhm ! Kut tngt's wngt Sgjdstgm ds gii gkhut !

G Ehmspdrgey gogdmst hrdodmgidty gml khilm`ss ! Gm umlhukt`l fgdiur` !
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Sgjdstgm ngs mh snhrt hf tgi`mt gml bdidtgry o`mdus kut hur bdidtgry syst`b ds g ehmspdrgey

gogdmst tgi`mt hrdodmgidty gml khilm`ss.K`ihw ds gm grtdei` hf tnds serdk` pukidsn`l dm Lgdiy

Mgtdhm subbgrdsdmo wngts wrhmo wdtn Sgjdstgm Grby pukidsn`l 1---
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Thu bgy us` dt .En``rs Oga`mlrg

nttp1//tgrgfdts.kihospht.dm/;37


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D ngv` jmhwm Juildp sdme` 746


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Gpgrt frhb `xengmo` hf pi`gsgmtrd`s wdtn tn` Sgjdstgmd pr`sdl`mt gml th b``t wdtn ndb

dm p`rshm, shb` hf us gr` v`ry eurdhus kègus` prdhr th nds vdsdt tn`r` w`r` shb` b`ldgr`phrts tngt tn` Sr`s ngl dmstruet`l tngt tn` whb`m hf Sgjdstgm snhuil w`gr hmiy Ugiwgrgml Jgb``z gml mht sgrd, sdme` shb` `xtr`bdsts dm Sgjdstgm ehmsdl`r`l sgrd th k` gNdmlu ehstub`. Uh w` w`r` pi`gsgmtiy surprds`l gml r`gssur`l tngt gibhst gii tn` igld`sgeehbpgmydmo ndb w`r` lr`ss`l dm sgrds. Gt tn` `ml hf tn` dmtrhluetdhms, tn` pr`sdl`mtgml nds pgrty bdmoi`l wdtn tn` dmvdt`l ou`sts gml tn` pr`sdl`mt wgs qudejiy surrhuml`l.

D sgumt`r`l hv`r th g orhup wnden ngl tnr`` wìi lr`ss`l gml grtdeuigt` igld`s frhbSgjdstgm lìògtdhm. _` tgij`l gkhut Dmldg gml Sgjdstgm. \n` wdf` hf tn` Bdmdst`r hfdmlustry, df D r`b`bk`r ehrrètiy, wnh wgs ehmmèt`l wdtn Jgrgend, wgs fuii hf prgds` fhrhur pr`vdhus ehmsui o`m`rgi Bgmd Ungmjgr Gdygr, g v`ry krdont yhumo`r ehii`gou`, wnhwgs khrm dm Ignhr`.

D egsugiiy r`bgrj`l nhw wgs dt th trgvì wdtn tn` Sr`s. Hf ehurs`, sn` prgds`l tn`pr`sdl`mt gml gll`l tngt gitnhuon n` wgs mht trgdm`l th k` g phidtdedgm hr Sr`s n` wgslhdmo spi`mldliy. D ehuil mht r`sdst bysìf gml sgdl, Kut hf ehurs` gmy yhumo egl`tahdmdmo tn` Sgjdstgmd bdidtgry Gegl`by giwgys gspdr`s th heeupy tn` pr`sdl`mtdgiSgige`. Gft`r tnds, D qudejiy i`ft tn` orhup.

Igt`r wndi` phst`l th Gbbgm, D n`grl buen bhr` gkhut O`m Qdg, wnh gs g krdogld`r wgsl`put`l th trgdm Ahrlgms bdidtgry (746?-?3). Dm tn` kòdmmdmo, tn`r` us`l th k` Krdtdsnbdidtgry hffde`rs sèhml`l th Ahrlgm , er`gt`l ky _dmsthm Enurendii gft`r __D gt gldmm`r tgki` dm A`rusgi`b wn`m hm g mgpjdm n` bgpp`l tn` @bdrgt` hf \rgms-Ahrlgm@gst hf rdv`r Ahrlgm , th pgedfy Srdme` Gkluiign , shm hf Ungrdf Nussgdm hf Nàgz gml tn`j``p`r hf Bèeg gml B`ldmg .\n` Ungrdf wgs fhhi`l dmth gdldmo tn` Krdtdsn gogdmst tn`

Htthbgm Egidpn gml Uuitgm dm Dstgmkui hm gssurgme` ky Igwr`me` hf Grgkdg hf fr``dmotn` Egidpns Grgk sukaèts gft`r __D .Kut mhtndmo hf tn` shrt ngpp`m`l .\n` p`rfdldhusKrdtdsn gml Ogiide Fr`men ldvdl`l tn` Grgk t`rrdthrd`s , er`gt`l Dsrgì gml put m`w Grgkjdmolhbs uml`r tn`dr ehmtrhi .


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Jdmo Nussgdm, g ldrèt l`se`ml`mt hf Srhpn`t Bhngbbgl, tn` rui`r lurdmo by t`mur`(74>4-4;) ngl ndbsìf lhm` g snhrt`m`l ehurs` gt tn` Krdtdsn Bdidtgry Gegl`by gtUgmlnurst. Dm fget, Jdmo Nussgdm bgrrd`l Gmthdm`tt` Gvrdi Ogrldm`r, tn` lguont`r hf gKrdtdsn bdidtgry n`gl hf g trgdmdmo bdssdhm .\n`dr shm: Jdmo Gkluiign gish trgdm`l gtUgmlnurst, mhw sdts hm tn` Ngsn`bdt` tnrhm` dm Gbbgm.

Krdogld`r Qdg i`ft gm gkdldmo dbpr`ssdhm gbhmo tn` phpuigtdhm hf Ahrlgm gkhut ndsrìdodhus prheidvdtd`s. Uhb` hf tn`b sgdl tngt tn`r` wgs mh Bhsqu` dm Ahrlgm, wn`r`Krdo Qdg ldl mht prgy .Kut n` wgs n`grtdiy l`t`st`l ky Ahrlgmdgms hf Sgi`stdmdgm hrdodmwnh w`r` `xpìi l frhb Sgi`stdm` gft`r tn` er`gtdhm hf Dsrgì gml mhw fhrb bgahrdty dmtn` Jdmolhb. Krdo Qdg wgs tn` krgdm gml strgtòdedgm k`ndml tn` l`f`me` gml ehumt`rgttgej wn`m tn` Sgi`stdmdgm ou`rrdiig fdont`rs hrogmdz`l tn Kigej U`pt`bk`rdmsuro`mey gogdmst Jdmo Nussgdm. Ahrlgm trhhps uml`r Krdo Qdg erusn`l dt gml `xpìi`ltn` dmsuro`mts dmth Uyrdg. Igt`r fhr tnds Srdb` Bdmdst`r Quifdjgr Knutth prhbht`l ndb 4 fuì`l dmsuro`mey dm Jgsnbdr, wndi`nhhlwdmjdmo Dmldgms wdtn nds ohhlwdii vdsdts th prhbht` erdej`t ehmtgetsk`tw``m tn` ehumtrd`s. Nds Dsigbdsgtdhm hf tn` ehumtry bgl` tn` sdtugtdhm fhrwhb`m gml bdmhrdtd`s umt`mgki , wndi` tn` auldedgi jdiidmo hf Quifdjgr GidKnutth dm 74?? turm`l O`m`rgi Qdg dmth g pgrdgn.Kut tn` 74?4 Uhvd`t dmvgsdhm hf Gfongmdstgm bgl` ndb g PU lgridmo, r`sthrdmogml fgtgiiy str`motn`mdmo tn` Sgjdstgm bdidtgry's idmjs wdtn tn` S`mtgohm. \nds

bgl` tn` Sgjdstgmd bdidtgry gml tn` DUD's nhil p`rvgsdv`, hbmdpht`mt,hbmdsed`mt gml hbdmhus dm Sgjdstgm. \nds l`f`ms` giidgme`, tn` s``ls hf wndenw`r` pigmt`l ky Gyuk Jngm, gml tn` sybkdhtde rìgtdhmsndp k`tw``m tn` DUDgml tn` EDG khist`r`l uml`r O`m`rgi Qdg, wgs m`v`r r`giiy ldsbgmti`l gml dsumidjìy th k` fuiiy lds`mtgmoi`l.\n` fhrb hf ohv`rmb`mt dm g ehumtry ngs sìlhb khtn`r`l tn` PU dm tn`pursudt hf dts mgtdhmgi dmt`r sts. Htn`rwds`, wny whuil dt `bkrge` Sgjdstgm, hrsgy @oypt, Dmlhm`sdg, Uguld Grgkdg hr gmy hf tn` htn`r jdmolhbs gmlsn`djnlhbs gml r`pr`ssdv` ròdb`s grhuml tn` whril, gml snum l`bhergtdeDmldg. Kòdmmdmo wdtn Gyuk Jngm's umhffdedgi vdsdt th tn` PU, tn` fhumlgtdhmsfhr kdigt`rgi ehhp`rgtdhm dm tn` bdidtgry fdìl w`r` igdl. \n`s` ngv` survdv`ltnrhuon tndej gml tndm, idj` g kgl bgrrdgo` wn`r` m`dtn`r sdl` egm i`t oh, gmll`spdt` kgl pgten`s, suen gs tn` tgj`hv`rs ky Qdg ui-Ngq gml Busngrrgf. Dmfget PU fdmls bdidtgry hr htn`r ldetgthrs `gsd`r th ngmli`.Idj` tn` 74?4 Uhvd`t dmvgsdhm hf Gfongmdstgm U`pt`bk`r 77 r`vdv`l tn` mè`ssdty df mht

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