How to construct How to construct a Data Reporta Data Report

for qualitative or quantitative data

Topics we will coverTopics we will cover

What is data?What is data? TerminologyTerminology Formats used to collect dataFormats used to collect data Formats used to report dataFormats used to report data Organizing quantitative dataOrganizing quantitative data Examples Examples Other sources of informationOther sources of information

TerminologyTerminology Quantitative dataQuantitative data: : data which is numerical in data which is numerical in

nature, statistics is one examplenature, statistics is one example Qualitative data:Qualitative data: data which is narrative and data which is narrative and

non-numerical in nature, a description of non-numerical in nature, a description of religious customs is an examplereligious customs is an example

Emergent categories:Emergent categories: topic categories in topic categories in qualitative data that become obvious as the qualitative data that become obvious as the researcher examines the gathered data.researcher examines the gathered data.

Raw data:Raw data: returned surveys, verbatim text of returned surveys, verbatim text of interviews, verbatim answers on questionnairesinterviews, verbatim answers on questionnaires

What is data?What is data? Data is informationData is information you you will will collectcollect in the in the

field to explore your project topicfield to explore your project topic Data isData is notnot the information you found for the information you found for

your literature reviewyour literature review Data is sets of observations, sets of answers Data is sets of observations, sets of answers

to questions on questionnaires or surveys, to questions on questionnaires or surveys, information gathered from interviews, information gathered from interviews, information gathered from historical or information gathered from historical or informational documents (e.g.. school informational documents (e.g.. school statistics, letters, handbooks, brochures)statistics, letters, handbooks, brochures)

Formats used for collecting Formats used for collecting datadata

questionnaires and surveysquestionnaires and surveys– a set or sets of predetermined questions each a set or sets of predetermined questions each

participant is askedparticipant is asked– written or oralwritten or oral– anonymous or known subjectsanonymous or known subjects

interviewsinterviews– a set of predetermined questions/topics with a set of predetermined questions/topics with

follow-up clarification and expansion questionsfollow-up clarification and expansion questions– oral with notes/recordingoral with notes/recording– known subjectsknown subjects

Formats for reporting Formats for reporting datadata

Quantitative:Quantitative:– tables (with text explanations) tables (with text explanations) – graphs (with text explanations) graphs (with text explanations) – figures (with text explanations)figures (with text explanations)

QualitativeQualitative– categorically organized textcategorically organized text– images (with text explanations)images (with text explanations)– sound (with text explanations)sound (with text explanations)

Reporting Qualitative Data: Reporting Qualitative Data: organizing your dataorganizing your data

type up your data and store it on a diskettetype up your data and store it on a diskette look for emergent categories in your datalook for emergent categories in your data these categories may or may not match these categories may or may not match

Literature Review subtopicsLiterature Review subtopics cut and paste data chunks into titled emergent cut and paste data chunks into titled emergent

categoriescategories review your data to be sure it is all included in review your data to be sure it is all included in

the reportthe report do not report raw datado not report raw data

Reporting Quantitative Reporting Quantitative Data: organizing your Data: organizing your

data data type up your data and store it on a diskettetype up your data and store it on a diskette organize/combine the data into categoriesorganize/combine the data into categories these categories may or may not match Literature these categories may or may not match Literature

Review subtopicsReview subtopics create graphs, figures or tables that best fit the data create graphs, figures or tables that best fit the data

you are reporting and insert the summarized datayou are reporting and insert the summarized data review your data to be sure it is all included in the review your data to be sure it is all included in the

reportreport do not report raw datado not report raw data

Quantitative Example: Quantitative Example: Graph and ChartGraph and Chart

0

10

20

30

40

50

School 1School 2School 3

School 1 20.4 27.4 31.8 20.4

School 2 30.6 38.6 0 30.8

School 3 45.9 46.9 0 7.2

% Blac

% Whit

% Hisp

% Othe

This graph and chart illustrate the percents of student population by race/cultural group. Note that school 1 is the only school housing Hispanic students. School 3 is about half and half White and Black. “Other” in School 2 is predominantly Asian American.

Qualitative reporting Qualitative reporting exampleexample

Parent views of teacher roles (very abbreviated)Parent views of teacher roles (very abbreviated)

Parents 1 and 5 viewed teachers as surrogate parents. They shouldParents 1 and 5 viewed teachers as surrogate parents. They should

discipline and work with the child as the parent would. They should knowdiscipline and work with the child as the parent would. They should know

the parent’s discipline styles and follow them in the classroom. Parents 2,the parent’s discipline styles and follow them in the classroom. Parents 2,

3 and 4 viewed the teacher as an outsider authority figure who would not3 and 4 viewed the teacher as an outsider authority figure who would not

know their cultureknow their culture..

Teacher views on parent rolesTeacher views on parent roles

All teachers thought parents should be responsible for traditional All teachers thought parents should be responsible for traditional

assistance at home (assist with homework, make cupcakes for classassistance at home (assist with homework, make cupcakes for class

functions), assist the teacher with jobs in the classroom (copying, readingfunctions), assist the teacher with jobs in the classroom (copying, reading

to students) and participate in PTO. Teacher 3 also felt parents shouldto students) and participate in PTO. Teacher 3 also felt parents should

have input into the types of participation they could do. This wouldhave input into the types of participation they could do. This would

include suggesting how they could inform the students about their homeinclude suggesting how they could inform the students about their home

culture.culture.

Where to get more Where to get more informationinformation

Samples of various data reporting formats Samples of various data reporting formats are on reserve in the Learning Resource are on reserve in the Learning Resource Center in UCOM in the course foldersCenter in UCOM in the course folders

Look at “findings” sections of empirical Look at “findings” sections of empirical articles in journals for good examplesarticles in journals for good examples

Case Studies (without the analysis section) Case Studies (without the analysis section) in our textbook are examples of qualitative in our textbook are examples of qualitative data reporting data reporting

ReviewReview You have learned what data isYou have learned what data is Be careful to report only data you have Be careful to report only data you have

collected in your Data Reportcollected in your Data Report Report Report allall data you collected (you can’t only data you collected (you can’t only

report the data that supports your view or the report the data that supports your view or the plan you have in mindplan you have in mind

Questions should be directed to Questions should be directed to – 1) your support groups first, 1) your support groups first, – 2) other class members second, and 2) other class members second, and – 3) myself 3) myself