How to Read and Write a Paper 2003

7/30/2019 How to Read and Write a Paper 2003

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Sheffield Kidney Institute


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Workshop Objectives

1. How to write a paper 2. How to read a paper 3. How to review a paper 4. How to respond to the Editor 5. How to apply for a research grant


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How to write a paper

The Introduction Material and Methods

Results Discussion References


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Writing a Paper

Title Page

Authorship

Abstract


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How to Write a Paper

The Title

Attractive Informative Relevant

Realistic Not too long/ Not too short


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Writing a Paper

The Authorship

Fair

Comprehensive

Appropriate


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Writing a Paper

The Abstract 150 words unstructured 250 words structured

2-3 lines introduction Aim Material and Methods (Procedures) Main Results including data and statistics Conclusion


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Writing a Paper

The Introduction

Key references

Relevance to current study Aim of current study Avoid a lengthy review of the literature


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Writing a PaperThe Methodology

Describe the population studied Give inclusion and exclusion criteria Give the experimental protocol: drugs, diet...

Refer to establish methods Describe new or modified methods Ethics committee approval Helsinky Declaration 1975-1983 Statistical analysis


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Writing a Paper

The Results Make your presentation logical Start with general observations Divide your results into sections Do not leave results out Avoid data presentation repetition: use either

text, tables, figures but dont repeat yourself


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Writing a PaperThe Discussion

Summarise important findings Explain your findings Compare your findings with the literature Explain disagreements Avoid too much speculation

Acknowledge your study limitations Suggest further studies


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Writing a Paper

Acknowledgments

Individuals

Funding


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Writing a Paper

References

Vancouver style Authors. Journal year; volume: pages. Be consistent in your abbreviations

Use conventional titles abbreviations


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How to Read a PaperThe Title

The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion

The References


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

The Title Attractive Informative Relevant Realistic

Not too long/ Not too short Not misleading


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

The Authors/Institution

Known/Unknown

Too many/ Too few


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

The Abstract

Informative Comprehensive Not too many numerical data

Not too many statistics


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

The Introduction

Comprehensive Not exhaustive Key papers included Key papers left out ? Original articles quoted


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

Materials and Methods

Descriptive Methods have to be detailed Methods have to be referenced Appropriate controls have to be included

Patients: numbers Duration of study Experimental design


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

Statistics

You need to be familiar with statistics

Selection of appropriate test

Omission of appropriate test


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

Results

All the data should be given

Look for omissions ?

Make sure control data given


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

Discussion

Relevance to the results

Relevance to the findings

Avoid excessive speculation


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The References


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How to Read a Paper

References

Key references

Original articles

Omissions


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Always read between the line

Look for originality of the data

Look for missing data

Look for the significance of the data

How to Read a Paper


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How to Review a Paper I Is the observation original is the number of subjects adequate Are all the controls included Is the duration of the study acceptable is the statistical analysis appropriate Is the design/protocol clear Are the results clear and clean

Are the results well presented Are the results consistent


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How to Review a Paper II

Are the results significant Is the discussion relevant to the results Are other studies quoted Are the conclusions appropriate


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How to respond to an Editor Relevance of the questions

How can I address them Answer the ones you can Justify not answering the ones you cant Acknowledge the relevance of the reviewers comments Send a nice cover letter Be courteous and dont be antagonistic Dont be offended by their comments Dont take it personally


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Documents

How to Read and Write a Paper 2003