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Workbook

Module 1The Foundations

prefixes/suffixes/rules/glossary of terms/plural rules

byJoanne Rudling

fromwww.howtospell.co.uk

Spelling won’t improve itself, but it will improve if you

use it, practise it, think about it, notice it and love it

Download or print this workbook and work on your spelling when you’re offline, or haven’t got access

to a computer or Internet.

Spelling Patterns & Pronunciation Masterclass - Module 1 www.howtospell.co.uk

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http://www.howtospell.co.uk/

Contents Module 1 – The Foundations1. Building words with prefixes & suffixes – intro page 42. Building words with prefixes - page 10 3. Building words with suffixes – part 1 page 214. Building words with suffixes – part 2 page 255. Building words with suffixes – part 3 spelling rules page 336. Building words together – part 4 page 567. Nationalities – suffix endings page 68

1. Spelling rules for plurals & verbs - intro page 732. Adding -es to words page 743. Changing -f to -ves page 784. Words ending in o page 835. Changing y to ies page 876. Irregular plurals page 91

Spelling Rulesadding -ful to words (Only use full when full) page 95drop the L page 100Glossary of terms page 101


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http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/module-1/


http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/ful-spelling-rule/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/irregular-plurals/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/y-to-ies/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/words-ending-in-o-os-and-oes/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/f-fe-to-ves-or-s/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/adding-es-to-words/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/plurals-verbs-spelling-rules/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/nationalities-suffix-endings/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-with-prefixes-suffixes-together/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-with-suffixes-part-3-the-rules/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-suffixes-2/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-suffixes-1/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-prefixes/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-intro/

Building words with prefixes & suffixes – intro


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Seeing patterns in ‘long’ words and using syllable breakdown

Uncomfortably, disinterested, unmanageable, indifferently, unnecessarily, anticlockwise, misrepresentation…

Do long words scare you?

In this series of lessons on building words with prefixes & suffixes we’re looking at how these ‘long’ words aren’t so scary and difficult to learn, read, spell if you understand how they are built.

“You can improve your spelling, increase your knowledge of words and spellings, and dramatically improve your confidence with spelling if you understand that long words are often made up of a ‘root’ word plus ‘bits’ added to the beginning and/or end.” (These “bits” are called prefixes and suffixes). Basic Skills Agency

1. root word/base word – a word which a prefix and suffix can be added to make another word:

understand > misunderstanding > misunderstandingregular > irregularly > irregularly

2. prefixes are little words that go before a root word to change its meaning:

un + certain = uncertainmis + understood = misunderstoodil + legal = illegalir + regular = irregular

3. suffixes are little words that are added to the end of a word to change the way that a word is used = want + ed = wanted, regular + ly = regularly, start – starting , incredible, happiness


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Spelling Strategy – syllable breakdown

Syllable breakdown is a strategy to help you spell long words. It’s great because it helps you identify bits of the word that cause problems or helps you remember silent letters.

Breaking a word down into syllables means:- you break a word down into little spoken chunks and- each chunk is called a syllable- each chunk usually has a vowel or vowel sound in it.

1 syllable = trick2 syllables = paper – pa/per3 syllables = computer – com/pu/ter4 syllables = application – ap/plic/a/ tion5 syllables = examination – ex/am/in/a/tion

Syllable breakdown also helps you identify prefixes & suffixes:dissatisfied = dis /sat / is / fieduncomfortable = un/com/fort/ableirregularly = ir/ reg/u/lar/ly or ir/re/gu/lar/lyimmoveable = im/move/able

*It’s up to you how you break a word down – as long has it helps you. There’s no right or wrong way.

But some people find it hard to identify syllables or hear them – that’s fine. So use other methods that rely on seeing the separate bits of the word. See the small words within words, the root word, prefix, suffix… using ‘words within words’ is in the Spelling Strategies video


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http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/free-bonus-spelling-strategies-video/

You’re probably thinking that you don’t know how to spell the little syllable words!I’ll admit that syllable breakdown is great for good spellers because they know letter patterns and their sounds. They have an excellent visual memory for what looks right. They know the ‘qua’ in qualification is spelt with an ‘a’ not ‘o’ just like the other ‘qua’ words: quarter, quart, quantity, quaint, quality. They know the suffix endings that sounds like “shun” is either tion/sion/cian.

You can develop this skill too by practicing spelling, noticing the patterns and rules.

Spelling won’t happen by just reading about it – you have to work at it.

A good tip for dyslexics is to identify vowels in words. See the video from www.beatingdyslexia.com

separate – sep /a / rate.Can you see the vowels and also the word within a word in separate? ( a rat – “separate a rat” ) sep a rat e

qualification – qua li fi ca tionmuseum – mu se um see the u vowels either side of the e


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http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/vowel-lessons-guest-video-from-beating-dyslexia-com/

http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/vowel-lessons-guest-video-from-beating-dyslexia-com/

Let's look at suffixes (the endings of words). When you break a word down it helps to know the common endings.–tion, –ment, -ly, -ture, -ing- ture ad/ven/ture fu/ture tem/pe/ra /ture-ly faith/ful/ly grate/ful/ly-ment com part ment a/part/ment-tion de te ri or a tion dec/or/a/tion mul/ti/pli/ca/tion-sion ex/ten/sion ap/pre/hen/sionexamination - ex/ am / in / a / tioncomprehensive - com/ pre / hen/ sive

Anne Betteridge in her book "Adult Learner's Guide to Spelling" says, If breaking words into syllables doesn't make sense to you then don't worry. Some people find it hard. A word can be broken up in several ways:

hearing

- small words - h ear ing

- suffix endings - hearing

- letter patterns - hear, near, dear, fear

- say it oddly - "he" "a" "ring"

- memory trick - you hear with your ear - hearing

Breaking words into syllables also helps you remember the silent letter(s) in the word. Let's look at Wednesday with that horrible silent 'd' in there.

We say ‘wens day’ but spell it Wed/nes/day. When you need to spell it say it slowly and exaggerated, Wed / nes / day, and you'll be able to spell it every time

Using syllable breakdown is a strategy to help you, especially with


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http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/wp-admin/suffixes-part1

Exercise Part 1: Building words with prefixes & suffixes – intro

1. What’s a root word? _____________________________________

2. What’s a prefix? _____________________________________

3. What’s a suffix? _____________________________________

4. What’s syllable breakdown? And why is it useful?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

5. What’s a vowel? _____________________________________

6. What are consonants? _____________________________________

7. What’s a verb? _____________________________________

8. What’s an adverb?_____________________________________

9. What’s an adjective?_____________________________________

10. What’s a noun?_____________________________________

answers page 101


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http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-intro/

2. Building words with prefixes

We can change the meaning of a word by putting a little word called a prefix in front of the word.

A lot of prefixes change the meaning of the word to the opposite meaning.

happy – unhappy,legal – illegal, like – dislike , patient – impatient, correct – incorrect.

Usually when you add a prefix you don’t change the root word.

multi + national = multinationalin + complete = incomplete

*Notice the double letters in the following words. We just add the prefix to the root word:

dis + satisfied = dissatisfiedmis + spell = misspellun+ necessary = unnecessaryim + mature = immatureir + responsible = irresponsible

There are hundreds of prefixes, some of the most popular are:in-, ir-, il-, im-, un-, dis-, pre-, ex-, anti-, uni-, bi-

Recognising and understanding prefixes will help your spelling and reading.


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http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/building-words-prefixes/

There are some rules which help us to know which prefix to add to which word but like all rules there are exceptions.

* use il- before words starting with l legible – illegible, illegal, illogical...

* use ir- before words starting with r relevant – irrelevant, irrational, irresponsible...

* use im- before words stating with m, p and b mature - immature perfect – imperfect balance – imbalance...

*Do you know any other words with these rules? When you see a word with these patterns/rules write them here. Any exceptions?


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Common prefixes with their meanings (some prefixes mean different things with different words).

un, in, il, im, ir, dis, non - these make nouns, verbs, adjectives negative, not, opposite.unfair, untidyincomplete, informalillegal, illegitimateimmature, impatientirregular, irrationaldishonest, dislikenon-smoker, non-toxic

de, dis, un, re - indicate reversal of verb’s actions – reverse, back, againdefrost, debugdisconnect, disinterestedunwrap, undoreturn, retell, regain

over, under, sub, mis - indicate something is wrong, bad, under, lowlyoversleep, overpopulated ( = too much, excessive)undervalued, undercooked (= not enough)substandard, subspecies (= not enough, lowly)misunderstand, miscalculate (= bad)

hyper, mega, super, ultra, micro, mini - indicate size very big, very small, too muchhypermarket, hyperactivemegastore, megabytesupermarket, supermodelultrasound, ultra-modernmicrowave, microchipminiskirt, minibus

mono, uni, bi, tri, multi, semi - indicate number, frequency, shapemonorail, monologue = (one)universal, unisex = (one, same)bilingual, bicycle = (two)triangle, tripod = (three)multinational, multi-storey/multistorey (see hyphens below) = (many)semicircle, semicolon = (half)


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hyphens (-)

e-book or ebook, e-mail or email, multi-storey or multistorey, anticlockwise or anti-clockwise?

Some dictionaries have the hyphen some say both are OK.

Hyphens come and go. When it’s a new word it usually starts with a hyphen so as not to confuse people then soon the hyphen is dropped (e-mail now email) – this has been going on for centuries!

• British English uses hyphens more than American English• you must use an hyphen when the prefix comes before a

capital letter, anti-British, pro-European, because a capital letter can’t appear inside a word proEuropean.

• single letter prefixes – e-commerce, e-book, e-mail but this changes with time. Now we have email, ebook.

• sometimes if there are two vowel together and causes confusion – co-operate, re-align.

• if a word looks the same as another – re-cover (cover something again) not recover from a illness.


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Exercise

Make the following words opposite

1. happy ___________________←2. like ___________________←3. legal ___________________

4. kind ___________________←5. patient ___________________←1. mature ___________________

2. understanding ___________________

3. practical ___________________

answers next page


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Exercise AnswersMake the following words opposite

1. happy - unhappy←2. like - dislike←3. legal - illegal

4. kind - unkind←5. patient - impatient←1. mature - immature

2. understanding - misunderstanding

3. practical - impractical


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Exercise

Add a prefix to these words:

For example: 1. not comfortable = uncomfortable2. not regular = _____________3. not correct = _____________4. not personal = _____________5. not mobile = _____________6. not patient = _____________7. not logical = _____________8. not possible = _____________9. not responsible = _____________10. not proper = _____________


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Exercise Answers

Add a prefix to these words:

For example: 1. not comfortable = uncomfortable2. not regular = irregular3. not correct = incorrect4. not personal = impersonal 5. not mobile = immobile6. not patient = impatient7. not logical = illogical8. not possible = impossible9. not responsible = irresponsible10. not proper = improper


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Exercise

Change these words to make them mean the opposite:

import - export

1. include ___________ 2. deflate ________________________ 3. encourage _____________________________ 4. exhale _________________________________ 5. increase ________________________________


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Exercise Answers ← 1. include - exclude 2. deflate - inflate

3. encourage - discourage

4. exhale - inhale

5. increase - decrease


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Notes

My thoughts about Building Words with Prefixes

What I’ve learnt:

What I need to work on:


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3. Building words with suffixes – part 1

In part 1 we’re looking at suffixes that change the grammar and also suffixes that make verbs.


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1. Some suffixes do not change the meaning of the word just the grammar:

Suffix Grammar / tense

original word Word with suffix

-s plural computer computers -en plural

(irregular) (singular)

child woman

man

(plural) children women

men -s 3rd person

present simple writework

He writes She writes

It works -ed past tense /past

participle(regular) walklearn

walkedlearned

-en past participle falleat

write

falleneaten

written -ing continuous/

progressive study studying

-er comparative adjective

small smaller

-est superlative adjective

small smallest

-ly adverbs carefulslow

carefullyslowly

Grammar examples:Regular plural: He has two jobs. Irregular plural: They have three children.Present simple tense: I walk to work. She/He walks to work twice a week.Past simple tense: I walked to work yesterdayPresent perfect: I have walked to work for the last few days.Past continuous: I was walking to work when it started to rain.Comparative adjective: My new job is harder than my previous one.Superlative adjective: My new job is the hardest I’ve ever had.Adverb: Please drive carefully. Speak slowly.


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2. Making verbs.

Some suffixes change the meaning (but the new meaning is related to the old meaning)

Suffix example original word

making verbs

-ise or-ize

terror

privatereal

modern

to terrorise terrorizeprivatise / privatize

realise / realizemodernise / modernize

-en wide

loose sharp

to widen loosen

sharpen

-ate

hyphen

participant to hyphenate

participate

-ify simple pure just

to simplify

purify justify


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Notes

My thoughts about Building Words with Suffixes part 1

What I’ve learnt:



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Building words with suffixes – part 2

In part 2 we’re looking at how we can build nouns and adjectives by adding a suffix ending.


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1. We can make a noun that describes people or things:

suffix verb or noun job or description -er teach

ridebank

sprinklecopy

teacherrider

bankersprinklercopier

-or actsolicit

conduct

actorsoliticitorconductor

-ist cyclepsychiatry

art

cyclistpsychiatrist

artist

-cian electricbeautymusic

electricianbeauticianmusician

-ee employattendtrain

employeeattendeetrainee

-ant assistattend

account

assistantattendant

accountant


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2. We can make a noun or verb into an adjective

suffix

verb or noun

adjective

-al accidentmonumenttradition

accidentalmonumental

traditional

-ary imagine imaginary

-able taxread

taxablereadable

-ly brotherlove

friend

brotherlylovely

friendly

-y easesun

noise

easysunnynoisy

-ful beautyforget

beautifulforgetful

-ish blueself

bluishselfish

-less usefatherhelp

uselessfatherlesshelpless

-ous famenervemarvel

famousnervous

marvellous (AmEng marvelous)


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Exercise

Describing people and jobs

example: If you have a problem with your electrics you call an electrician

1. They look after people’s teeth (teeth doctors), they’re ___________

2. Another word for a lawyer is _______________

3. These people deal with your company or personal taxes and money, they’re _____________

4. They ride bikes, they compete in cycling events and sometimes the Tour de France, they’re _______________

5. They play instruments, write music, play in bands or solo, they’re _______________

6. A person who is employed by a company for wages or a salary is an __________ of that company.


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Exercise Answers

Describing people and jobs

example: If you have a problem with your electrics you call an electrician

1. They look after people’s teeth (teeth doctors), they’re dentists.

2. Another word for a lawyer in the UK is solicitor.

3. These people deal with your company or personal taxes they’re accountants.

4. They ride bikes, they compete in cycling events and sometimes the Tour de France, they’re cyclists

5. They play instruments, write music, play in bands, orchestras or solo they’re musicians.

6. A person who is employed by a company for wages or a salary is an employee of that company.


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Exercise - revision of Suffixes Parts 1 & 2

Which spellings are correct?

1. a. assistent b. asistent c. assistant

2. a. beautifull b. beautiful c. beautyful

3. a. studing b. studdying c. studying

4. a. participate b. particepate c. participat

5. a. childs b. children c. childran

6. a. women b. womans c. wommen

7. a. noisy b. noisey, c. noisie

8. a. friendly b. freindly c. friendley

9. a. forgettful b. forgetfull c. forgetful

10. a. simplyfy b. simplify c. simplefy


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Exercise Answers

The correct spellings

1. a. assistent b. asistent c. assistant

2. a. beautifull b. beautiful c. beautyful

3. a. studing b. studdying c. studying

4. a. participate b. particepate c. participat

5. a. childs b. children c. childran

6. a. women b. womans, c. wommen

7. a. noisy b. noisey c. noisie

8. a. friendly b. freindly c. friendley

9. a. forgettful b. forgetfull c. forgetful

10. a. simplyfy, b. simplify c. simplefy


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Notes

My thoughts about Building Words with Suffixes part 2

What I’ve learnt:



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Building words with suffixes – part 3 the rules

Remember suffixes are small words that we add to the end of words to make new words or change the grammar.

Sometimes we have to change the root word and sometimes double up letters so let’s have a look at some rules around adding suffixes.


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First we need to understand what vowel and consonant suffixes are for this part:

vowel suffix

-ant /-ance-ent /-ence-er-ing-able/-ible-est-ed-ation-ic

consonant suffix

-ly-less-y-ship-ment-ness-ful-s-ck-cal-cial/-tial

In the next few pages we’re looking at a summary of some key rules (but like all spelling rules there are always exceptions)


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1. Y to i rule with words ending in consonant + y.

a. Change the y to i before vowel suffixes (except -ing) carry + ed = carried carry + er = carriercarry + age = carriagebut carry + ing = carrying (can’t have two i’s carriing!!!!! But

exceptions see rule 5)

happy + er = happierhappy + est = happiest supply + ed = suppliedsupply + er = suppliersupply + es = suppliesbut supplying

deny – denied, denial but denyingmarry – married, marries but marryingrely – reliable, reliant, relied, relies but relyingcomply – compliance, compliant, complied, complies but complying


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b. Change the y to i before consonant suffixes

beauty + ful = beautifulbeauty + fy = beautifyhappy + ness = happinesshappy + ly = happilyangry – angrily, angrinessordinary – ordinariness, ordinarilylonely – lonelinessempty – emptinessplenty – plentifullikely- likeliness, likelihoodnecessary = necessarilybusy – business, busilyhungry – hungrilycrazy - crazilygreedy - greedily

c. exceptions – dryer, drying, dryish, dryness, slynessdry + ly = dryly or drily


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d. Changing ie to y

die + ing = dyingtie + ing = tyinglie + ing = lying

e. y remains if the word ends in a vowel + y

buy – buyer, buying, buysemploy – employer, employee, employableenjoy – enjoying, enjoyed, enjoyable, enjoymentjoy – joyful, joyous, enjoyable, joys

f. Adding -ly after -ic you need to add -ally = -ically(but public is an exception - publicly)basic + ally = basically analytic + ally = analyticallyautomatic + ally = automaticallycharacteristicallycomicallycriticallycynicallydemocraticallydrasticallyeccentricallyenthusiastically


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Exercise

Which is correct?

1. a. happyer b. happier

2. a. carried b. carryed

3. a. denying b. dennying

4. a. beautyful b. beautiful

5. a. lieing b. lying

6. a. publicly b. publically

7. a. happiness b. happyness

8. a. basicly b. basically

9. a. busily b. busyly

10. a. dryness b. driness


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Exercise

Which is correct?

1. a. happyer b. happier

2. a. carried b. carryed

3. a. denying b. dennying

4. a. beautyful b. beautiful

5. a. lieing b. lying

6. a. publicly b. publically

7. a. happiness b. happyness

8. a. basicly b. basically

9. a. busily b. busyly

10. a. dryness b. driness


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about the changing y to i rule

What I’ve learnt:



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2. Drop the ‘e‘ rule before a vowel suffix

a. Words ending in silent ‘e’ + vowel suffixlove - loving, lover, loved, lovable (or loveable)make – making, makeruse – using, usable, user, usedhave – havingadore- adorablecare – cared, carer, caringmove – movable, moving, mover

b. Exceptions – words ending in ‘ce‘ or ‘ge‘ keep the ‘e’ before -ous and -able ( because it softens the ‘g’, ‘c’ sound) manage – manageable (but drop the ‘e’ with -ing, -ed, er: managing, managed, manager)notice – noticeable (but drop the ‘e’ with -ing,-ed, -er: noticing, noticed)courage – courageousservice – serviceablechangeablegorgeous

c. Also keep the ‘e‘ with the following:likeable, saleable, hireable, blameable, sizeable nameable (but drop the ‘e’ with -ing)

d. Also drop the ‘e‘ with -isanalyse + is = analysis, paralyse = paralysis


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Keep the ‘e‘ rules: e. Keep the ‘e’ with consonant suffixes

Keep the ‘e‘ before -ful care+ ful = carefulhopeful, peaceful, useful, wasteful

f. Keep the ‘e‘ when the word ends in ee or ye agree – agreeingeye- eyeingsee – seeingguaranteeing, foreseeing, decreeing

g. Keep the ‘e‘ before -lyaccurate+ ly = accurately, like + ly = likely, love+ ly = lovely, definite + ly = definitelylively, rarely, homely, desperately, approximately, entirely, completelyBut due – duly, subtle = subtly, true – truly, whole - wholly

h. Keep the ‘e‘ before -ment achieve + ment = achievement advertisement, arrangement, excitement, involvement, replacementBut drop the ‘e’ with argue + ment = argument.

Also acknowledgement or acknowledgment can be spelt either way.

*judgement usually keeps the ‘e’ but lawyers spell it without the ‘e’ judgment


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take - taking make - makingbake - baking fake - faking

bite - biting live - living kite - kiting survive - surviving

move - moving love - lovingadore - adoring hope - hoping

use - using amuse - amusingabuse - abusing confuse - confusing

manage - managing service - servicingnotice - noticing change - changing

blame - blaming name - naming

organise - organising or organize - organizing

excite - exciting achieve - achieving


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Exercise

Which is correct?

1. a. writeing b. writting c. writing

2. a. management b. managment c. managemment

3. a. truely b. truelly c. truly

4. a. defintely b. definetely c. definitely

5. a. arguement b. argument c. arguemment

6. a. manageing b. managing c. managging

7. a. managable b. managgable c. manageable

8. a. hopeful b. hopful c. hopefull


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Exercise Answers

The correct spellings

1. a. writeing b. writting c. writing

2. a. management b. managment c. managemment

3. a. truely b. truelly c. truly

4. a. defintely b. definetely c. definitely

5. a. arguement b. argument c. arguemment

6. a. manageing b. managing c. managging

7. a. managable b. managgable c. manageable

8. a. hopeful b. hopful c. hopefull


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about the drop the ‘e’ rule

What I’ve learnt:



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3. 1:1:1 doubling up rule

a. Words of 1 syllable ending in 1 vowel+ 1 consonant – double the last letter before a vowel suffix shop – shopped, shopping, shopperplan – planned, planning, plannerfat – fatter, fatten, fattest, fattypot – potting, potted, potter, potteryslip – slipped, slipping, slipper, slippery Do not double last letter if it’s a w, x, y:tax – taxed, stay – staying, towed…

Do not double if two vowels - heat – heating, sleeping, sleeper…Do not double if two consonants – sharp- sharpen, fasting, turned… BUT qu- is classed as one consonant because we can’t have q without the uquit – quitting, quitter, quittedquiz – quizzed, quizzing, quizzer Notice the difference between doubling up and drop the ‘e’ rule:hopping and hopinghop on one leg - They’re hopping on one leg.hope - I hope you’re OK. I’m hoping it’ll be OK


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b. Words of more than 1 syllable ending in 1 vowel + 1 consonant when the stress is on the last syllable double up the last letter.

regret – regrettable, regretting, regrettedforget – forgettable, forgetting (past: forgot – forgotten)occur – occurring, occurrence, occurredbegin – beginning, beginnercommit – committing, committee, committedforbid - forbidden, forbidding

Butprefer – preferring, preferred (but preference, preferable, preferential- the stress moves)refer – referred, referring (but reference, referee- the stress moves)confer – conferred, conferring (but conference)

(No change if stress not on last syllable – (stress on first syllable) target – targeted, limit – limited, limiting, budgeting, marketing, marketed)

but focus can be both – focusing or focussing, focused or focussed

ALSO input – inputted, inputtingkidnap – kidnapped, kidnapping, kidnapper (American kidnaped, kidnaping, kidnaper)output – outputted, outputtingworship – worshipping, worshipper, worshipped (American – worshiped, worshiper, worshiped)handicap – handicapped, handicapping, handicapper


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Exercise

1. a. shoping b. shopping

2. a. stayed b. stayyed

3. a. begining b. beginning

4. a. quiting b. quitting

5. a. quizzes b. quizes

6. a. taxxed b. taxed

7. a. reference b. referrence

8. a. forgotten b. forgetten

9. a. writting b. writing

10. a. focussing b. foccusing


49


Exercise

1. a. shoping b. shopping

2. a. stayed b. stayyed

3. a. begining b. beginning

4. a. quiting b. quitting

5. a. quizzes b. quizes

6. a. taxxed b. taxed

7. a. reference b. referrence

8. a. forgotten b. forgetten

9. a. writting b. writing (writting is a classic mistake- drop the ‘e’ don’t double up)

10. a. focussing b. foccusing


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about the 1:1:1 doubling up rule

What I’ve learnt:



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4. Double the last L

Words of more than 1 syllable ending in 1 vowel + L always double up the L before a vowel suffix (except after -ity and -ise). American spelling don’t double up.

travel – travelled, traveller, travelling) (American – traveled, traveler, traveling)

cancel – cancelling, cancelled, cancellation (American – canceling, canceled, cancelation)

label – labelling, labelled (American – labeled, labeling)

model – modelled, modelling, modeller (American – modeled, modeling, modeler)

marvel – marvellous, marvelled, marvelling (American – marvelous, marveling, marveled)

signal – signalling, signalled, signaller signally (American – signaled, signaler, signaling)

quarrel – quarrelling, quarrelled, quarreller (American – quarreling, quarreled, quarreler)

enrol – enrolling, enrolled (enrols), enrolment (American enroll – enrolling, enrolled, enrolls, enrollment)

expel – expelled, expelling, expeller, expellable (American the same)

But: devil – devilish, loyal – loyalist, parallel – paralleled, paralleling, travel – travelogue

Do not double when two vowels – appeal – appealing, appealed


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about double the last L

What I’ve learnt:



53


5. Words ending in vowels – no change with vowel suffixes.

echo – echoed, echoer, echoinghenna – hennaedmascara – mascaraedradio – radioedski – skied, skier, skiingtaxi – taxied, taxiingvideo – videoed, videoing

These words are from other languages or new words like video, radio.


54


Notes/ other words

My thoughts about words ending in vowels

What I’ve learnt:



55


Building words with prefixes & suffixes together – part 4


56


In the previous lessons we looked at prefixes and suffixes separately now we’re going to combine them and this is when the scary long words happen!!

misrepresentationmisunderstanding

irresponsiblyuninterestinglyuninterruptibledisrespectfully

Can you see the prefixes, suffixes and root words?

A couple of them have two suffixes and one has two prefixes - can you spot them?

irresponsibly = ir + response + ible + ly = irresponsibly (drop the ‘e’ with -ible and ly)

uninterestingly = un + interest + ing + ly = uninterestingly

disrespectfully = dis + respect + ful + ly = disrespectfully

misrepresentation = mis + re + present + ation = misrepresentation


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From BBC Skillswise

A root word is a word that has nothing added at the beginning or the end. It is a freestanding word with its own meaning.

New words can be made from root words by adding beginnings (prefixes) and endings (suffixes).

For example, clear is a root word. By adding prefixes and suffixes you can make these new words:clear, clearly, cleared, unclear, unclearly…

All of these words have developed from their root word. They share parts of the same spelling and they are linked in terms of meaning. Together, they are known as a word family.

In a word family the spelling and meaning of all the words are linked.Here are some more examples of root words and their word families:use: useless, usable, used, using, user, misuseemploy: employment, unemployment, employer, employee, employingmanage: manager, managing, manages, manageable, unmanageablebeauty: beautiful, beautifully, beauticianfaith: faithful, faithfully, unfaithful, unfaithfully


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Let’s look at the root word present and how we can build up this word to make a great word family.

presentpresentablepresentationpresentingpresentlyunpresentablerepresentrepresentationrepresentationalrepresentativeunrepresentativerepresentingmisrepresentmisrepresentationmisrepresented

Can you spot the prefixes and suffixes? Write the words out and colour code them.


59


Sign is a good root word that makes a great word family by adding prefixes and suffixes:signdesignerdesigningredesignsignaturesignalsignpostassignassignmentreassign…


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Revision Exercises

1. The suffix ‘ment’ can be added to a verb to make a noun. Which is correct? a. enrollment b. enrolement c. enrolment

2. The suffix ‘ment’ can be added to a verb to make a noun. Which is correct? a. entertainment b. entertainnment c. entertainement

3. Which suffix can be added to the verb rejoice to create a noun? a. ing b. ful c. ment

4. Which suffix can be added to the verb laugh to create a noun? a. ful b. ter c. ment

5. Which suffix can be added to the verb play to create an adjective? a. al b. ary c. ful

6. What suffix can be added to the verb care to create an adverb? a. ly b. ful c. fully

7. What suffix can be added to the verb arrive to create a noun? a. al b. ment c. sion

8. What suffix can be added to the verb please to create an adjective? a. ful b. ment c. ant

9. What suffix can be added to the verb adorn to create a noun? a. ness b. ment c. sion


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Revision exercise answers

1. c. enrolment (but in American English a. enrollment) 2. a. entertainment. 3. a. rejoicing (but drop the ‘e’ rejoice + ing = rejoicing) 4. b. laughter (laugh + ter) 5. c. playful 6. c. carefully - adding the suffix ‘fully’ to the verb care creates the adverb carefully. Adding ful creates an adjective (careful). 7. a. arrival

8. c. pleasant When you add ant to please, drop the ‘e’ please + ant 9. b. adornment.


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Revision exercise 1. How would you spell the word that means not comfortable?

a. uncumfortable b. uncomfortible c. uncomfortable

2. Which suffix can you not add to the word love to make a new word? a. ly b. ful c. er

3. Which suffix can you add to the word sincere to make a new word? a. ly b. ful c. er

4. If you misjudge someone, you: a. don't judge them b. judge them wrongly c. judge them again

5. How do you spell the word that means before birth? a. antinatal b. andenatal c. antenatal

6. How do you spell the word that means to not approve of something? a. disapprove b. disaprove c. dissapprove

7. If you add the suffix ‘ly’ to the word like, what is the spelling? a. likelly b. likly c. likely

8. When you add the suffix ‘y’ to the word noise, what is correct? a. nosey b. noisy c. noisey

9. When the suffix ‘ness’ is added to the word happy, what is correct? a. happieness b. happiness c. happyness

10.How do you spell the word that means not responsible? a. unresponsible b. inresponsible


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Exercise answers

1. c. uncomfortable. 2. b ‘ful’. Loveful isn't a proper word. Lovely and lover are proper words 3. a. ‘ly’ as it makes the word sincerely. The other two suffixes do not make words. 4. If you misjudge someone, you: b. You judge them wrongly. The prefix ‘mis’ means wrong. 5. c. antenatal. The prefix ‘ante’ means before. 6. a. disapprove. 7. c. likely. 8. b. noisy. When you add ‘y’ to noise, drop the ‘e’. 9. b. happiness. When you add ‘ness’ to a word ending in ‘y’, the ‘y’ changes to an ‘i’. 10. c. The word irresponsible means not responsible.


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Exercise 1. How would you spell the word that means spelled wrongly?

a. misspelled b. mispelled c. misspeled

2. How would you spell the word that means not necessary?

a. unecessary b. uneccessary c. unnecessary

3. How would you spell the word that means 'someone who plays music'? a. musitian b. musician c. musision

4. What prefix & suffix can you add to comfort to make another word? 1. discomfortable 2. uncomfortly 3. uncomfortable

5. What prefix and suffix can you add to usual to make another word? 1. misusually 2. unusually 3. unusualment

6. When you add the suffix ‘est’ to pretty, what is the correct spelling? 1. prettiest 2. prettyest 3. prettest

7. What is the correct spelling for the word that means against society? 1. antisocial 2. antesocial 3. missocial

8. What prefix & suffix can you add to the word satisfy to make another word? 1. missatisfiable 2. unsatisfier 3. dissatisfied

9. How do you spell the word that means not natural? 1. unnatural 2. unatural 3. inatural


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Exercise Answers

1. a. misspelled. 2. c. unnecessary. 3. b. musician. 4. c. Uncomfortable

5. b. Unusually is a real word, made from the prefix ‘un’, the root word usual and the suffix ‘ly’. 6. a. prettiest. When you add ‘est’ to a word ending in ‘y’, the ‘y’ changes to an ‘i’. 7. a. antisocial. The prefix ‘anti’ means against. 8. c. Dissatisfied is a real word, made from the prefix ‘dis’, the root satisfy and the suffix ‘ed’. 9. a. unnatural.

Thanks to the BBC Skillswise website for these exercises


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about prefixes and suffixes

What I’ve learnt:



67


Nationalities – suffix endingsBy adding or changing the endings of some countries we can make adjectives and nouns for nationalities and language: Britain – British, Portugal – Portuguese, Belgium – Belgian.

Can you think of any nationalities that end in these endings?-ish-ese-ian-an-ean

(Some answers on next page)


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Some nationalities:

-ish: English, British, Polish, Finnish, Irish, Scottish

-ese: Congolese, Gabonese, Japanese, Lebanese, Maltese, Portuguese, Senegalese, Sudanese, Taiwanese, Vietnamese.

-ian: Albanian, Algerian, Argentinian, Asian, Australian, Austrian, Armenian, Barbadian, Belgian, Bolivian, Bosnian, Brazilian, Bulgarian, Canadian, Colombian, Croatian, Egyptian, Estonian, Ethiopian, Fijian, Gambian, Georgian, Ghanaian, Hungarian, Indian, Indonesian, Iranian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malaysian, Mongolian, Nigerian, Norwegian, Peruvian, Romanian, Russian, Saudi Arabian, Serbian, Slovenian, St Lucian, Syrian, Tunisian, Ukrainian, Zambian.

-an: Afghan, African, American, Andorran, Angolan, Botswanan, Costa Rican, Cuban, Dominican, German, Guatemalan, Honduran, Kenyan, Libyan, Mexican, Moldovan, Monacan, Moroccan, South African, Sri Lankan, Tongan, Venezuelan.

-ean: Belizean, Chilean, Eritrean, European, Guinean, North/South Korean, Sierra Leonean, Singaporean, Zimbabwean.

-i: Azerbaijani/Azeri, Bangladeshi, Iraqi, Israeli, Kuwaiti, Omani, Pakistani, Qatari, Saudi, Somali, Thai, Yemeni.


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Exercise

Write the nationalities

They come from England they’re English.

1. They come from Brazil they’re ______.

2. They come from Poland they’re ______.

3. They come from Canada they’re ______.

4. They come from Holland/Netherlands they’re ________.

5. They come from Norway they’re ______.

6. They come from Russia they’re ______.

7. They come from Ukraine they’re ______.

8. They come from Thailand they’re ______.

9. They come from Iran they’re ______.

10. They come from Britain they’re ______.


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Exercise

Write the nationalities

They come from England they’re English.

1. They come from Brazil they’re Brazilian.

2. They come from Poland they’re Polish.

3. They come from Canada they’re Canadian.

4. They come from Holland/Netherlands they’re Dutch.

5. They come from Norway they’re Norwegian.

6. They come from Russia they’re Russian.

7. They come from Ukraine they’re Ukrainian.

8. They come from Thailand they’re Thai.

9. They come from Iran they’re Iranian.

10. They come from Britain they’re British.


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about spelling nationalities

What I’ve learnt:



72


plurals & verbs spelling rules

boys, countries, radios , heroes, boxes, rulers, women, children, dogs, washes , lorries

Do you know why and when we add -ies, -ves, -s and -es to plural nouns and verbs?

Most people don’t know spelling rules but they know if a word looks ‘right’ or ‘strange’ because they’ve developed their visual memory for what looks right and recognise the patterns.

In this series of lessons we’re looking at some rules that apply to both plurals and verbs.

It’s always a great strategy to know rules and why spelling is the way it it.

*But the trouble with rules there are always exceptions, which you need to learn.

The rules we’re going to look at:

1. Add -s to regular plurals. Adding an s is all you need to do to form a regular plural: file/files, centre/centres, girl/girls, book/books, pen/pens, computer/computers.

We also add -s to third person present simple verbs – She walks / He runs / It works / She speaks Arabic / Also: He/She/It has/goes/is.

2. Adding -es to words ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -z, -x 3. Changing some words ending in -f or -fe to -ves or -fs 4. Change some words ending in -y to -ies or -s 5. Adding -s or -es to words ending in O –6. Irregular plurals


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adding -es to words

washes, matches, boxes, passes, businesses, glasses, fixes, quizzes, buses…

Can you see the letters or combination of letters before the -es? What are they? Add -es to words ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, -z to form a plural: wash/washes, box/boxes, match/matches, glass/glasses, quizzes…*There’s one exception to this rule. If the -ch ending is pronounced with a ‘k’ then add -s (stomach/stomachs) -sh to -sheswashes, dishes, flashes, flushes, rushes, wishes, bushes, brushes, pushes, ashes, crashes, crushes, dashes, finishes, varnishes, publishes…

-ch to -chesmarches, riches, ostriches, sandwiches, attaches, peaches, churches, teaches, lunches, bunches, approaches, inches, coaches, touches, launches, …

-tch to -tchescatches, matches, watches, witches, pitches, peaches, sketches, stretches, switches, beaches, bitches, patches, dispatches…

-s to -ses buses, bonuses

-ss to -ssespasses, glasses, crosses, harnesses, classes, dresses, addresses, businesses, losses, witnesses, processes, clashes, successes, stresses, bosses, misses, expresses, guesses, assesses…

-x to -xesboxes, foxes, fixes, taxes…

-z to zes (double up the final z in quiz, whiz)waltzes, quizzes, whizzes, fizzes, buzzes…


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Exercise

Add -s or -es

1. glass

2. computer

3. bus

4. business

5. phone

6. tax

7. watch

8. clock

9. laptop

10. apple

11. inch

12. fizz

13. address

14. publish


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Exercise Answers

Add -s or -es

1. glasses

2. computers

3. buses

4. businesses

5. phones

6. taxes

7. watches

8. clocks

9. laptops

10. apples

11. inches

12. fizzes

13. addresses

14. publishes


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about adding -es to words

What I’ve learnt:



77


-f /-fe to -ves or -s

Adding -ves or -s to words ending in -f or -fe

knife-knives, half-halves, roof-roofs, cliff-cliffs, chief-chiefs

The -f to -ves rule is an easy rule but with many exceptions that you need to learn.

But the trouble with spelling rules is that there are always exceptions! It’s good to know rules but you need to know the exceptions too.

Let’s look at some common words with this rule and the exceptions.


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1. Words ending in ff you just add s to make the plural.cliff – cliffstoff – toffsscuff – scuffssniff – sniffs

Some words ending in f add s:roof – roofschief – chiefsoaf -oafs 2. There are other words ending in f or fe that change their plurals to ves:calf – calveshalf – halvesknife – knivesleaf – leavesloaf – loaveslife – liveswife – wivesshelf – shelvesthief – thievesyourself – yourselvesthemselves 3. Some words can have both endings ves or s:scarf – scarfs/scarvesdwarf – dwarfs/dwarveswharf – wharfs/wharveshandkerchief – handkerchiefs/handkerchieves


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Exercise

Add -s or change to -ves

1. knife

2. thief

3. roof

5. life

6. scarf

7. wife

8. shelf

9. chief

10.half

11.yourself

12.oaf

13. leaf

14. cliff


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Exercise Answers

Add -s or change to -ves

1. knife - knives

2. thief - thieves

3. roof - roofs

5. life - lives

6. scarf - scarfs or scarves

7. wife - wives

8. shelf - shelves

9. chief - chiefs

10.half - halves

11.yourself - yourselves

12.oaf - oafs

13. leaf - leaves

14. cliff - cliffs


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about changing -f to -ves

What I’ve learnt:



82


Adding -s or -es to words ending in O.You can either add -s or -es to words ending in O, or sometimes they’re spelled either way.

a. If a word ends in a vowel(a,e,i,o,u) + O then we sometimes add -s:audio/audios, radio/radios, ratio/ratios, stereo/stereos, video/videos zoo/zoos, tattoo/tattoos, taboo/taboos, loo/loos, poo/poos. b. If a words ends in consonant + O then we sometimes add -s or -es.No rules for this – you just have to learn them or use a dictionary:kilo/kilos, piano/pianos, photo/photos, memo/memos, pro/pros, solo/solos, stiletto/stilettos, zero/zeros (some dictionaries allow zeroes)but echo/echoes, hero/heroes, potato/potatoes, volcano/volcanoes, tomato/tomatoes, mosquito/mosquitoes, domino/dominoes. Some dictionaries allow both endings for:banjo – banjos or banjoescargo – cargos or cargoesflamingo – flamingos or flamingoesfresco – frescos or frescoesghetto – ghettos or ghettoeshalo – halos or haloesmango – mangos or mangoesmemento – mementos or mementoesmotto -mottos or mottoestornado – tornados or tornadoesvolcano – volcanos or volcanoeszero - zeros - zeroes


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Exercise

Add -s or -oes

1. video

2. stereo

3. photo

4. memo

5. potato

6. stiletto

7. zero

8. mango

9. echo

10. tomato

11. radio

12. hero

13. tattoo

14. piano


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Exercise Answers

Add -s or -oes

1. videos

2. stereos

3. photos

4. memos

5. potatoes

6. stilettos

7. zeroes or zeros

8. mangoes or mangos

9. echoes

10. tomatoes

11. radios

12. heroes

13. tattoos

14. pianos


85


Notes/ other words

My thoughts about adding -s or -es to words ending in o

What I’ve learnt:



86


-y to -iesThe general rule is if the word ends in a consonant + y then y changes to -ies. Check out these common words.

country-/countriesmemory – memoriescry – criesdry- driesfry – friestry triesfactory – factorieslorry- lorriespastry - pastriescurry – curriescherry – cherriesberry – berriesbattery – batteriesferry – ferriesstory - storiescarry – carrieshurry – hurriesmarry – marries

body/bodiesremedy – remediesstudy – studieslady – ladiesteddy - teddiestragedy – tragediesbaddy – baddiesdaddy – daddies

nappy – nappiesbaby babiesruby rubiestendency – tendenciessky – skies

If a word ends in a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) + y then we just add s to nouns and verbs: day – days, key – keys, surveys, journeys, subways…

party/partiestwenty – twentiesthirty – thirtiesforty – fortiesfifty – fiftiessixty – sixtiesseventy – seventieseighty – eightiesninety – ninetiescalamity – calamitiespasty- pastiescity – citiespity – pitiesempty – emptiesbeauty – beautiesopportunity – opportunitiesresponsibility – responsibilities

reply – repliessupply – suppliesapply – appliesfamily – familiesfly – fliesbully – bullieslolly – lollies

company – companiespony – poniesdeny – denies


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Exercise

Make the following plurals/verbs by adding -s or changing to -ies

1. city

2. body

3. journey

4. factory

5. story

6. key

7. baby

8. reply

9. delay

10. dictionary

11. essay

12. similarity

13. Sunday

14. empty


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Exercise Answers

Make the following plurals/verbs by adding -s or changing to -ies

1. city = cities

2. body = bodies

3. journey = journeys

4. factory = factories

5. story = stories

6. key = keys

7. baby = babies

8. reply = replies

9. delay = delays

10. dictionary = dictionaries

11. essay = essays

12. similarity = similarities

13. Sunday = Sundays

14. empty = empties


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about changing y to ies

What I’ve learnt:



90


irregular plurals-ena woman – womena man - mena child – childrenan ox – oxen

-ee-a tooth – teetha foot - feetgoose – geese

a person – people

-cea mouse - mice,a penny - pencelouse – licedie or dice?

Historically, dice is the plural of die, but in modern standard English dice is both the singular and the plural: throw the dice could mean a reference to either one or more than one dice.

The -ce endings come from the French, and a lot of Modern English spelling take this ending. (It’s a harder ‘voiced’ sound than the -se ending).once (Old English ones) twice (Old English twies) = two timesthrice = three timesmicelice

No change between plural and singular.

There are some words that are the same in the plural as in the singular: sheep, series, fish*, cod, salmon, aircraft, cattle, scissors, deer, trousers

*fish or fishes? The plural form fish is more common. Fishes is used when talking about different types of fish. (Oxford Dictionary)


91


Exercise

Write the plurals of these

1. woman

2. sheep

3. child

4. foot

5. man

6. person

7. tooth

8. mouse

9. goose

10. salmon

11. one time =

12. two times =

13. three times =


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Exercise Answers

Write the plurals of these

1. woman = women

2. sheep = sheep

3. child = children

4. foot = feet

5. man = men

6. person = people

7. tooth = teeth

8. mouse = mice

9. goose = geese

10. salmon = salmon

11. one time = once

12. two times = twice

13. three times = thrice


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Notes/ other words

My thoughts about irregular plurals

What I’ve learnt:



94


-ful spelling rule - only use full when fullThere is always a single L when adding -ful to words – care+ful= careful, helpful, peaceful.

There’s only a double L when we add the -ly ending to -ful = -ful + -ly = -fully care + ful + ly = carefully useful + ly = usefully playful – playfully

*Notice the y becomes i beauty + ful = beautiful, plenty + ful = plentiful, fancy + ful = fanciful

Only use full when full. The only word to end in full is ‘full‘ itself – full up, full marks, a full train.

adjectives -fulbeautifulcarefulcolourfuldreadfuldutifulfaithfulfrightfulfruitfulgratefulhelpfulhopefuljoyfulpainfulpeacefulplayfulplentifulspitefulsuccessfultearfulthoughtfulusefulwonderfulstressful

-ful + -ly (adverb) = -fullybeautifullycarefullycolourfully/ colorfully (American)dreadfullydutifullyfaithfullyfrightfullyfruitfullygratefullyhelpfullyhopefullyjoyfullypainfullypeacefullyplayfullyplentifullyspitefullysuccessfullytearfullythoughtfullyusefullywonderfullystressfully


95


nounsbagfulcupfulfistfulhandfulmouthfulplatefulpocketfulsackfulspoonfulthimbleful

(*Please, please take note of this simple rule and use it properly. I get so many emails saying, “Thank you, this lesson was usefull and helpfull.” Argghh!)


96


Exercise

1. faithful or faithfull?2. faithfuly or faithfully?3. sackful or sackfull?4. beautyful or beautiful?5. useful or usful?6. Full time or ful time

Correct these mistakes1. I’m very greatful for your help.2. Hopefuly I’ll see you soon.3. He had a platefull of food.4. Take two spoonfulls twice daily.5. I’ve eaten so much, I’m ful up.6. Yours faithfuly, Joanne Rudling


97


Exercise Answers

1. faithful or faithfull?2. faithfuly or faithfully?3. sackful or sackfull?4. beautyful or beautiful?5. useful or usful?6. Full time or ful time?

Correct these mistakes1. I’m very greatful/ grateful for your help.2. Hopefuly/ Hopefully I’ll see you soon.3. He had a platefull / plateful of food.4. Take two spoonfulls/ spoonfuls twice daily.5. I’ve eaten so much, I’m ful /full up.6. Yours faithfuly/ faithfully, Joanne Rudling


98


Notes/ other words

My thoughts about -ful and only use full when full

What I’ve learnt:



99


Dropping the second L in a prefix

If a prefix ends in double L and added to another word we drop one L

all + most = almostall + ready = alreadyall + right = alright (but all right is also correct and more formal)all + ways = alwaysall + though = althoughfull + some = fulsomewell + come = welcomewill + full = wiful

*full + fill = fulfil (but American = fulfill)*skill + full = skilful (but American skillful)

also un + till = until


100


Glossary of terms:

vowels – a e i o u (y can sometimes be a vowel too)

short vowels / short vowel sound- pen, pin, pun, pan, ant, engine, igloo, octopus, upset, apple…

long vowels/long vowel sound – they usually have the sound of the first vowel but exceptions: bean, cheese, table, equal, ice, old, use, seize, height (long i sound).

diphthongs are two vowel sounds made by the tongue to make one long vowel sound (they can look like short vowels): table, ice, ear, oil, appear

consonants – bcdfghjklm… letters other than a,e,i,o,u. The letter ‘y’ can be a consonant as in word ‘yes’ or a vowel as in happy.

homophones - same sound words but have different meaning and different spelling – there,their,they’re / to,too,two/ by, buy, bye / aisle, I’ll/ wear, where, were…

compound words - two words together that make one word – time + table = timetable/ hair+dresser = hairdresser/ toothbrush/football/armchair

noun – a word which names something or somebody – table, chair, London, Joanne…

singular noun- one of anything – a party, one computer, an egg, man, woman…plural noun – a word (noun) that means there is more than one – parties, computers, girls, men, women…

adjective - a word describing a noun – blue bag, happy, boring, healthy…

verb - a word showing action or being – work, watched, are, be, listen, read, learn, ran…

adverb – a word describing a verb – speak slowly, drive fast, listen carefully, work hard on your spelling…


101


lower case - small letters- letters that are not capitals.

Capitals/upper case – big letters at start of a proper noun, abbreviations, or start of a sentence – Joanne, London, India, I, I’m, August, Wednesday, BBC, UN, CV

BLOCK CAPITALS - ALL CAPITALS – usually needed when you write on forms.


102


root word/base word – a word which a prefix and suffix can be added to make another word.

prefixes are little words that go before a root word to change its meaning:

un + certain = uncertain, mis + understanding = misunderstanding, il + legal = illegal, ir + regular = irregular.

suffixes are little words that are added to the end of a word to change the way that a word is used:

want + ed = wanted/ start – starting / incredible/ happiness

syllables / syllable breakdown means breaking the word down into chunks of sound with a vowel in each chunk. This is a good strategy to help spell long words:

ex/pe/ri/ence, un-for-tu-nat-ly, in/te/res/ting, Wed/nes/day.


103


http://howtospell-letterpatterns.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/skitched-20111128-205717.png

Exercise

Can you remember what the following are?

1. blue, sad, happy, exciting, slim… are all _______________

2. cars, London, college, pen… are all ______________

3. un, dis, im, in, mis, re…are all ________________

4. bye, buy, by/ there, they’re their/ to, too, two…are ___________

5. ing, ed, s, able, ly, tion… are all ___________

7. b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s… – are _________________

8. have, write, read, went, watched are all _______________

9. parties, children, women, pens are all _________________

10. L G Q M T A B D E H are all ___________________

11. a b d i l p q h are all in ____________ ______________


104


Exercise Answers

1. adjectives2. nouns3. prefixes4. homophones5. suffixes6. vowels7. consonants8. verbs9. plurals10. capitals11. lower case


105


Notes about Module 1

My thoughts about Module 1

What I’ve learnt:



106


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