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8/2/2019 HPP301 Week Thirteen Slides
1/20
Contemporary Issues in Health
and Exercise
HPP301
Week Thirteen
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Learning Outcomes
Application of psychological theory within a
contemporary issue
Analysis of a contemporary issue through SDT
Essay assignments
Tuesday 8th May Deadline
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Childhood Obesity
Discuss this issue in a pair
Perform a brief A-B-C analysis of the issue
What is your opinion on the: Antecedents
Behaviours
Consequences
What do you think is the answer?
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Facts and Figures
12.3 12.9
13.514.4
15.116.4 16.7
17.4 17.9 17.3 16.9 16.4 16.3
1 996 1 99 7 1 998 1 99 9 2 00 0 2 00 1 2 002 2 00 3 2 004 2 00 5 2 00 6 2 00 7 2 00 8
Child Obesity Prevalence 2-15 Years: Health Survey for England
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Facts and Figures
National Child Measurement Programme 2010/2011 (BMI)
Underweight
0.9%
Healthy weight
76.0%
Overweight
13.3%
Obese
9.8%
Reception(aged 4-5 years)
Underweight
1.3%
Healthy weight
65.4%
Overweight
14.6%
Obese
18.7%
Year 6(aged 10-11 years)
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Key Findings
Obesity among 210 year olds rose from 10.1% in 1995to 14.4% in 2009 in the UK
Indications that the previous upwards trend in childobesity may now be flattening out
Too early to be certain of long-term change Obesity prevalence shows strong links with deprivation
Boys from all minority groups are more likely to beobese than white British boys, as are girls from some
groups (e.g. Mixed, Pakistani, Black and Bangladeshi) Potential interaction between deprivation and
ethnicity, and between ethnicity and height (BMI)
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Proximal Causes
Diet
Physical Activity
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Diet
Much data concerns fruit and vegetable intake
Useful trend data but is not necessarily indicative of wider
dietary patterns
One in five children aged 515 met the five a day target in 2009
Average child ate 3 portions per day
Rose from 11% to 22% between 2001 and 2009
Highest income bracket most likely to meet target
Intake of saturated fat lower than previous years but remains higher
than recommended (35%)
Around two in three boys and three in four girls accurately report
that five portions of fruit and vegetables should be consumed each
day. However only 22% of boys and 21% of girls can correctly
identify what a portion is
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Measuring Diet
Many of the figures presented in this briefing
are self reported figures
Use with caution as people may over or under
report consumption of certain foods
Desire to show socially desirable behaviour
Inaccuracies in childrens recall
Confusion or misunderstanding about portion sizeand content of foods
Parents respond to questions if a child is under 12
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Physical Activity
More boys (32%) than girls (24%) aged 215years achieved an hour of moderate activityevery day
PA declines with age, accelerometer data show asubstantial decrease in PA between ages 410and 1115 years, with very low levels for girls
PA related to household income Lowest income bracket more likely to be active
Proportion of 516 y/o participating in 2 hours ofPE at school p/w increased from 44% in 2003/04to 86% in 2009/10
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Measuring Physical Activity
What options do we have for measurement?
Self-report
Questionnaire
Diary
Objective
Pedometer
Accelerometer
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Measurement Issues
What are the advantages and disadvantages
of these methods?
Self-report
Subjective
Social desirability
Objective
Specificity
Influence
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Distal Causes
Diet and physical activity
Is that a sufficient explanation of rising global
levels of obesity and overweight?
What might this not explain?
Discuss in pairs and feedback to the group
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Problem Context
Human context
100 variables directly or indirectly influenceenergy balance, which can be broadly categorised
into biology, food consumption and environment,physical activity and activity environment,individual psychology and societal influences
complex web of societal and biological factors
that have, in recent decades, exposed ourinherent human vulnerability to weight gain
Foresight Report (2007)
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Intervention Approaches
Theoretical Options
Attitudinal
TOPB
Motivational
SDT
Stage-Based
TTM
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Relevance of SDT Sub-Theories
Primary relevance is with the consideration of
CET
BPNT
OIT
This is typical with most issues
Other sub-theories are typically there to
account for individual differences in findings,rather than accounting for variances inaverages
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Motivational Approaches
Cognitive Evaluation Theory (Deci, 1975; Deci & Ryan,1985) involves the processing of informationconcerning reward structures and teases apart intrinsicand extrinsic motivation to physical activity. Thus, it
remains a viable theory for the study of motivationalprocess in physical activity behaviour. Extending thisperspective, and including the psychological needs ofcompetence, autonomy and relatedness, Deci and Ryan(1985; 1991) propose Self-determination Theory, which
is an important perspective for the study of motivationin physical activity.
BPS (2011)
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Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Consideration of the meaning of intrinsic and
extrinsic split
Obesity
Intrinsically motivate to eat?
Extrinsically motivated to exercise (if at all)
How can we influence this?
CET allows a consideration of the framework
of the problem
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Organismic Integration Theory
Divides the extrinsic consideration into
specific regulations
Permits the identification of the motivation-
nessof the average client
This then permits the nature of the
intervention to be determined
It helps us locate and improve our target
group
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Basic Psychological Needs Theory
This permits a consideration of the environment
or climate considerations for intervention
These are our tools by which to effect our
intervention
They permit the delivery of a holistic intervention
Continued development of these aspects permit
the maintenance of the target behaviour