A

Abnormal EventAn unplanned or unusual event or occurrence.

AbsoluteA non negotiable duty imposed by a regulation when it uses the term 'shall' or 'must' without the qualification of 'reasonably practicable'.

AbsorptionThe entry of a substance into the body through broken or unbroken skin

AccidentAn undesired event or series of events causing (or with the potential to cause) injury, ill-health or damage.

Accident InvestigationA systematic investigation of an accident to find out what happened and determine immediate and underlying causes as well as reviewing existing risk assessments, safety procedures and control measures with a view to introducing measures to prevent recurrence.

Accident PreventionMeasures taken to prevent accidents from happening. Can be either pro-active, i.e. implemented before an accident happens, or re-active, i.e. taken in response to an accident that has already happened.

Accident RateA normalisation of the number of accidents taking into account the number of workers employed and the hours worked. Generally accepted as No. of Accidents x 100,000/No. of Hours Worked.

AcidAn organic or inorganic compound, usually a liquid with a pH of less than 7. Acidic materials are corrosive to human tissue.

ACOPApproved Code of Practice

Action LevelThe level above which action should be taken. For example the Noise at Work Regulations 1989 define two actions levels. The lower level 80dB(A) at which the employer must provide information and training and make hearing protection available. The upper exposure action level of 85dB(A) above which the employer should take reasonably practicable steps to reduce noise and the wearing of hearing protection becomes mandatory. In the US the action level commonly refers to the exposure level at which the OSHA regulations take effect.

Acute EffectAn effect arising from exposure to a hazardous substance which happens immediately on exposure.

Acute ExposureSingle exposure to a hazardous substance over a short period of time. The seriousness of this exposure will depend on the toxicity of the substance.

AdaptationThe ability of people to cope with situations that are less than perfect.

AerosolsAerosols are tiny liquid and solid particles suspended in the air.

AIBAsbestos Insulation Board

AIDSAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Air Exchange RateThe rate at which outdoor air replaces indoor air. Often stated as the number of changes per hour.

ALARAAs Low As Reasonably Achievable. An approach initially developed in the nuclear industry to ensure that facilities and practices were designed to keep risks As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

ALARPAs Low As Reasonably Practicable. An approach initially developed in the nuclear industry to ensure that facilities and practices were designed to keep risks As Low As Reasonably Practicable.

AlkaliChemical compounds that have a pH value of more than 7. Alkali's are also known as Base or Caustic materials. These materials can be corrosive to human tissue.

AllergenAny material which produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

ALUAsbestos Licensing Unit

Anti-glare ScreenA monitor screen that is treated to reduce glare from light sources. This can be achieved as part of the manufacturing process or by fitting a separate screen filter. LCD screens may completely eliminate glare.

Apparent LoudnessApparent loudness is how loud the noise is perceived by the individual. This is where the logarithmic nature of the dB scale has greatest impact, in that an increase of 10dB results in a doubling of the apparent loudness.

Appointed PersonThis is a defined role from the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. If the workplace is a low risk workplace (office, shop, library,etc.) and employs less than 50 employees there is only a requirement for one Appointed Person. This person will have undergone a one day training course covering CPR and very basic first aid. They will also be responsible for maintaining the first aid box for the organisation.

Approved Code of PracticeApproved Codes of Practice are published by the HSE to cover many regulations. Approved Codes of Practice although not law themselves do give guidance on how to comply with the law and as such have a special legal status, similar to the Highway Code. If you comply with an Approved Code of Practice it is likely that you will be doing enough to comply with the law.

As far as reasonably practicableThe degree of risk in a particular situation can be balanced against the cost, in terms of time, trouble, money and physical difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk. If this cost is disproportionate to the risk it would be unreasonable to expect any employer to incur those costs to avoid the risk.

AsbestosAsbestos is the name used for a group of natural minerals, which comprises three main types. Crocidolite (Blue Asbestos), Amosite (Brown Asbestos) and Chrysotile (White Asbestos). The type of asbestos cannot be identified just by its colour. Although these fibres have many good properties such as being fire retardant, the fibres are very very small and once airborne are easily breathed in and can become stuck in the lungs, causing debilitating and fatal diseases such as Asbestosis and Lung Cancer.

AsbestosisAsbestosis is the scarring of the lung tissue by asbestos fibres which stops the lungs from working properly causing a shortness of breath.

AsphyxiantA material capable of displacing the level of oxygen in the body. This happens most commonly when the substance displaces air in an enclosed environment. Some asphyxiants can act directly on the oxygen carrying capability of the blood, such as Carbon Monoxide, which will be taken up by the body in preference to oxygen and can lead to unconsciousness and even death. This is a particular hazard from incomplete combustion in a faulty appliance.

ATEXExplosion Protection Directive. Derives its name from the original working title"ATmosphre EXplosible".

Audible RangeAudible range is the range of frequencies which can be detected by the human ear. For a normal adult this is between 20 & 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound is a sound whose frequency is too high for hearing. Infrasound is a sound whose frequency is too low for hearing.

AudiometryAudiometry is a screening technique used to detect early damage to hearing as a result of exposure to noise.

Audiometric TestingSee Audiometry.

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B

Background LevelThe normal or typical level existing in the environment. Can be used in terms of radiation or chemicals.

Balance of ProbabilitiesThe standard of proof required by by the courts in a civil law claim. Also known as the 'preponderance of evidence' in the US. The standard is met if there is a greater than 50% chance of the proposition being true. Described by Lord Denning (Miller Vs Minister of Pensions) as 'more probable than not'.

Barrier CreamA cream which can be applied to the hands to help protect them from oils, greases, and other mild irritants. Some creams can also be absorbed by the skin to help safeguard against contact dermatitis. These should not be considered as a substitute for proper PPE.

BaseChemical compounds that have a pH value of more than 7. Bases are also known as Alkalis or caustic materials. These materials can be corrosive to human tissue.

Best PracticeA management concept that there is a way that is more effective at delivering results than others. This is often considered alongside benchmarking, which is about making comparisons with others and learning the lessons that those comparisons throw up.

Beyond Reasonable DoubtThe standard of proof required by a criminal law case.

Biological AgentA biological agent is an infectious disease or toxin, which has the ability to adversely affect human health. This may be relatively mild allergic reactions or serious medical conditions and even death.

Biological MonitoringBiological monitoring is the process of monitoring how much of a chemical has entered a persons body. This can be done by testing breath, urine or blood.

BLEVEBoiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion. A very powerful explosion which occurs when a vapour, stored as a liquid under pressure within a pressure vessel is allowed to boil (often as the result of of a failure of the pressure vessel) and then ignite.

BMABritish Medical Association

Boiling PointThe temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas (usually measured at atmospheric pressure).

BSEBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

BSIBritish Standards Institute

Business Continuity PlanAn all encompasing term covering both disaster recovery planning and business resumption planning.

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C

CACompetent Authority - A defined term in some regulations such as the Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations and The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations. The competent authority for COMAH is jointly between the HSE and the Environment Agency in England and Wales and the HSE and the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) in Scotland. The competent authority for The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations is the HSE on their own.

CCACentre for Corporate Accountability. A charity concerned with the promotion of worker and public safety.

Competent AuthorityA defined term in some regulations such as the Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations and The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations. The competent authority for COMAH is jointly between the HSE and the Environment Agency in England and Wales and the HSE and the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) in Scotland. The competent authority for The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations is the HSE on their own.

Contributory NegligenceA common law defence to a claim or action. It applies to a situation where the plaintiff or claimant has, through their own negligence, caused or contributed to the injury they suffered.

CADChemical Agents Directive

CarcinogenChemicals that are known or suspected to cause cancer.

Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCarpal Tunnel Syndrome is the result of the median nerve, running from the forearm to the hand, being squeezed at the wrist. This can result in burning, tingling or itching numbness in the palm of the hand and fingers. This may or may not be caused by the repeated use of vibrating hand tools. See also RSI.

CatalystUsually a chemical compound that accelerates a chemical reaction, without being consumed itself in the chemical reaction.

CausticA strongly alkaline material that is either corrosive or irritant to human tissue.

CBIConfedration of British Industry

CCFCommon Cause Failure

CDConsultative Document

CDMThe Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994

CENComite European de Normalisation

Central Nervous SystemEssentially the Brain and Spinal Cord.

CFC'sChloroFluoroCarbons. Any organic compound composed of Chlorine, Flourine, Carbon. These are typically refrigerants and aerosol propellants such as Freon. CFC's have been found to pose a serious environmental threat.

CHIPChemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002. CHIP is the law that applies to suppliers of dangerous chemicals. It is these regulations that give rise to Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

Chronic EffectAn effect arising from exposure to a hazardous substance which takes a long time to take effect. This may take months or even years for the effects to become evident.

Chronic ExposureMultiple exposures to a hazardous substance over a long period of time. The seriousness of this exposure will depend on the toxicity of the substance.

CHSWThe Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996

CITBConstruction Industry Training Board

CMFCommon Mode Failure

CMIOSHChartered Member of the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health

Code of PracticeRules established by regulatory bodies or trade associations, which are intended as a guide. Beyond evidence of best practice they do not have any legal standing. See also Approved Code of Practice.

COMAHThe Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) Regulations 1999

Combustible LiquidMainly a US term (see Flammable Liquid for UK). Defined as any liquid having a flash point at or above 100F. See also Flash Point.

Common LawUnwritten law, originally based on the merging of various local customs and laws as a result of various royal judges who toured the country. Cannot be in conflict with Statute Law.

Common Mode FailureA common mode failure results from a single fault (or set of faults). Computer systems are vulnerable to common mode failures if they rely on a single source of power, cooling or I/O.

Competent PersonA Competent Person is defined by the HSE as somebody with the skill, knowledge, practical experience and training to enable them to assess the risks arising from the work activity.

ComplianceCompliance normally means ensuring that activities undertaken agree with both the letter and the spirit of the law.

Confined SpaceA Confined Space is a place which is substantially enclosed (though not always entirely), and where serious injury can occur from hazardous substances or conditions within the space or nearby (e.g. lack of oxygen).

CONIACConstruction Industry Advisory Committee

ControlsActions taken or measures put in place to reduce risks arising from work activity.

CorrosiveA material that will cause destruction or irreversible damage to living tissue on contact.

COSHHThe Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 1988

COSLAConvention of Scottish Local Authorities

CRTCathode Ray Tube

Cryogenic LiquidA liquefied gas at a very low temperature, such as liquid oxygen, nitrogen or argon.

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D

dBA logarithmic measurement commonly used to measure sound.

dB(A)Sound measured using the "A weighting". Commonly used as the measurement of environmental or industrial noise.

DDADisability Discrimination Act 1995

DeefieA Glasgow term for having received your compensation for noise induced hearing loss, as in "Have you had your deefie yet?"

DermatitisAn inflammation of the skin, also called Eczema. It causes red, itchy skin which may also blister. Often caused by direct contact with a substance which irritates the skin.

DETRDepartment for Environment, Transport and the Regions. Now replaced by the Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions.

DfEEDepartment for Education and Employment. Now replaced by the Department for Education and Skills.

DfESDepartment for Education and Skills

Dilution VentilationDilution Ventilation involves bringing in clean air to dilute the contaminated air and then exhausting the diluted air to the outside via exhaust fans.

DOHDepartment of Health

Domino TheoryA theory on accident causation proposed by Heinrich in the 1920's. Heinrich's Domino Theory suggests that an accident leading to injury or damage is the result of a five stage sequence and each stage (domino) represents a linked cause. Remove any one and the sequence cannot run its course and the accident will be prevented. The five stages are; 1. Work Situation, 2. Fault of Person, 3. Unsafe Act, 4. Accident, 5. Injury or Damage.

DSDDangerous Substances Directive

DSEDisplay Screen Equipment

DSEARDangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002

DSERDisplay Screen Equipment Regulations

DTIDepartment of Trade and Industry

DTLTDepartment for Transport, Local Government and the Regions

Due DiligenceSome health and safety regulations allow a defence of "due diligence". This allows a person who may be subject to legal proceedings to establish a defence if they can show that they have taken "all reasonable precautions and exercised due diligence" to avoid committing an offence. Interestingly this defence is not available under The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974.

DustSolid airborne particles.

Duty of CareA legal precedent which states that "You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you could reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour". Established by Donoghue Vs Stevenson (1932). - It's what put Paisley on the map!

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E

EAEnvironment Agency

EAWElectricity at Work Regulations

ECEuropean Community

EECEuropean Economic Community

EH40An HSE publication defining Occupational Exposure Limits in support of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations.

EHOEnvironmental Health Officer. A local authority position responsible for enforcing health and safety legislation at a local level.

EMASEmployment Medical Advisory Service

EmbryotoxinAlso known as fetotoxin. A substance which can harm or kill an unborn baby.

Emergency PlanA legal requirement for Upper Tier COMAH sites. A written plan detailing the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency or serious incident.

EncapsulationA technique used in the manufacture of equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, where the equipment is encapsulated either in oil or resin to prevent any potential ignition source from coming in contact with the explosive atmosphere.

EnvironmentThe natural environment comprises all living and non-living things that occur naturally on earth. The environment may also include the built environment. Essentially the environment in which we work and which may affected by our work activities.

Environment AgencyThe Uk's public body for protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. Joint Competent Authority for the enforcement of COMAH regulations in England and Wales.

EPAEnvironment Protection Agency. The US equivalent of the Environment Agency. Federally regulates and enforces federal environment protection standards.

Epidemiologythe scientific study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations.

Ergonomic HazardsWorkplace conditions that pose a risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Ergonomic hazards include repetitive and forceful movements, vibration, temperature extremes and awkward postures that arise from improper work methods and improperly designed workstations, tools and equipment.

ErgonomicsThe study and knowledge of human abilities and limitations to help design and build for comfort, efficiency, productivity and safety.

EUEuropean Union

EvaporationThe process of a material changing state from liquid to gas.

Event TreeA tree like diagram used to determine alternative potential scenarios arising from a particular hazardous event. Can also be used quantitively to determine the probability or frequency of different consequences arising from the hazardous event.

ExplosiveSudden expansion of a material, usually accompanied by the production of heat and large changes in pressure.

Explosion Proof ProtectionA range of techniques applied to the manufacture of equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.

Ex RatedAn item of equipment which has been manufactured for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere.

Exposure RecordsRecords of an individual's personal exposure to a harmful substance such as a hazardous substance or radiation.

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F

FatalityDeath

Fault Tree AnalysisAn analysis technique that visually models how logical relationships between failures, human errors and external events can combine to cause specific accidents.

FIATAcronym standing for Fixed, Interlocked, Automatic & Trip. This represents the type of guarding that can be applied to a machine and the order in which it should preferably be applied.

First AidThe immediate aid provided to a sick or injured person to 1. Preserve Life, 2. Prevent Further Injury and 3. Promote Recovery. Covered in the workplace by the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981.

FlammabilityThe ease with which a substance will ignite.

Flammable Gas

Flammable Liquid

Flammable Solid

Flash PointThe lowest temperature at which the vapour of a substance, mixed with air will 'flash' when a flame is applied to the mixture.

FLTForklift Truck

FMEAFailure Mode and Effects Analysis. A methodology designed to identify potential failure modes for a product or process, to assess the risk associated with those failure modes, to rank the issues in terms of importance and to identify and carry out corrective actions to address the most serious concerns.

FMECAFailure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis. As FMEA but also applying a Criticality Analysis to the process.

FODField Operations Directorate. The division of the HSE responsible for most industrial workplaces.

FOIFreedom of Information Act

Foot RestA support on which to rest the feet. Often provided as part of a workstation assessment to ensure comfort and safety while using Display Screen Equipment.

FPAThe Fire Protection Association.

Freezing PointThe temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid (usually measured at atmospheric pressure).

FumeVapours, dusts or gases given of by a substance.

Fume CupboardA type of Local Exhaust Ventilation. Typically a cabinet with a moveable front sash window, made from safety glass. Air is drawn into the cupboard under and through the opened sash and is exhausted through openings in the rear and top of the cabinet to a remote point, such as an exhaust stack on the roof of the building.

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G

GlareBright light that interferes with with a person's ability to see. Glare can cause discomfort and can lead to eyestrain and headaches.

GMCGeneral Medical Council. The UK's body for regulating doctors and ensuring good medical practice

GMPGood Manufacturing Practices. The standard of controls required for the production of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals in the US, UK, Europe and Japan.

Good PracticeA management concept that some ways are more effective at delivering results than others. This is often considered alongside benchmarking, which is about making comparisons with others and learning the lessons that those comparisons throw up.

GuardingUse of any device or combination of devices which prevents any person gaining access to a dangerous part of a machine.

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H

H&S RepHealth & safety Representatives. Safety Reps are appointed by trade unions to represent their members on health and safety matters.

Hand Arm Vibration SyndromeHand-arm vibration affects the nerves, blood vessels, muscles and joints and is the result of too much vibration associated with the use of hand held vibrating power tools. Hand-arm Vibration Syndrome includes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Vibration White Finger.

HASAWAThe Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974. This is the primary health and safety legislation in the UK. It is considered an "umbrella" act under which more specific regulations exist to cover specific areas of health and safety.

HAVHand Arm Vibration

Hazardous ChemicalA chemical or substance which can put peoples health at risk. Controlled by the Control od Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations

HAZCHEMAbbreviation for Hazardous Chemicals.

HAZOPHazard and Operability Study. Often referred to as HAZOPS, Hazard and Operability Studies. A technique pioneered in the chemical and process industries to examine potential hazards and operability problems caused by deviations from the design intent.

HCFC'sHydroChloroFlouroCarbons. Any organic compound composed of Hydrogen, Chlorine, Flourine, Carbon. These are typically refrigerants such as R22. Like CFC's, HCFC's have been found to pose a serious environmental threat.

HazardAn object, situation, or behaviour, that has the potential to cause harm in terms of injury, ill health, or damage to property or the environment. (See also Risk).

Health and Safety CommissionThe Health and Safety Commission is responsible for health and safety regulation in the UK. They are supported by the Health and Safety Executive and Local Authorities who act as the enforcing authorities in support of the Health and Safety Commission.

Health and Safety ExecutiveThe Health and Safety Executive are the enforcing authority for health and safety legislation in the UK.

Health MonitoringHealth Monitoring is about collecting and using information about workers' health, related to the substances they use.

Health SurveillanceHealth Surveillance is about systematically watching out for early signs of work-related ill health in employees exposed to certain health risks, such as hazardous substances or excessive noise.

Heat ExhaustionA serious illness caused by too much heat. It is often brought on by overexertion or profuse sweating in a hot, humid, poorly ventilated environment.

Heat StrokeA life threatening condition. The persons cooling system, which is controlled by the brain has stopped working and the internal temperature has risen to the point where brain damage or damage to other internal organs may occur.

Heinrich's Domino TheoryA theory on accident causation proposed by Heinrich in the 1920's. Heinrich's Domino Theory suggests that an accident leading to injury or damage is the result of a five stage sequence and each stage (domino) represents a linked cause. Remove any one and the sequence cannot run its course and the accident will be prevented. The five stages are; 1. Work Situation, 2. Fault of Person, 3. Unsafe Act, 4. Accident, 5. Injury or Damage.

HIDHazardous Installations Directorate

HRHuman Resources. The new name for Personnel.

HSACHealth Services Advisory Committee

HSCThe Health and Safety Commission

HSCERThe Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996

HSEThe Health and Safety Executive

HSWAThe Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974. This is the primary health and safety legislation in the UK. It is considered an "umbrella" act under which more specific regulations exist to cover specific areas of health and safety.

Human FactorsThe environmental, organisational and job factors and human and individual characteristics which influence behavior at work. Careful consideration of human factors can improve health and safety by reducing accidents and cases of ill-health at work. See also Ergonomics.

HygieneThe assessment and control of chemical, physical or biological hazards in the workplace that could cause disease, ill health or discomfort.

HypersensitiveAn immune response that damages the body's own tissues.

HypothermiaA life threatening condition in which the body temperature drops below the level required for normal metabolism and body function.

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I

Ignition SourceA flame, spark or hot surface capable of igniting flammable vapours or fumes.

IIRSMThe International Institute of Risk and Safety Management. A professional body for health and safety pacticioners, created to advance professional standards in accident prevention and occupational health throughout the world.

IlluminanceThe total amount of visible light illuminating (incident upon) a point on a surface from all directions. Formerly called brightness. Measured in Lumens/square metre or Lux.

Improvement NoticeA notice issued by the Health and Safety Executive that requires steps to be taken to improve health and safety by a specified date. Improvement notices are commonly issued following an accident but may be issued following a routine HSE inspection.

IncidentAn unplanned event, which in different circumstances, could have resulted in an accident, including injury to persons or damage to property.

Incident InvestigationA systematic process of gathering and analysing information about an incident for the purpose of identifying causes and making recommendations to prevent recurrence.

IngestionThe swallowing of a substance. See also Routes of Entry.

InhalationThe breathing of a substance in the form of gas, vapour, fume, mist or dust. See also Routes of Entry.

Inhibitor

InjectionThe entry of a substance through a puncture wound.

Injury Frequency RateThe number of injuries per 100,000 hours worked. The following formula can be applied. No. of Injuries x 100,000 Hours/Total No. of Hours Worked.

Injury Severity RateA measure of the days lost to injuries during a specific period. The following formula can be applied. No. of days Lost x 100,000 Hours/Total No. of Hours Worked.

IoDInstitute of Directors

IOSHInstitute of Occupational Safety and Health.

IrritantA non corrosive substance which can cause inflammation through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact.

IRRsIonising Radiations Regulations

ISOInternational Standards Organisation. Responsible for international standards, such as the quality standards ISO 9001 and the environmental standard ISO 14001.

ITInformation Technology

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J

Job DesignJob Design defines the way people do their job and behave in the work environment. It also influences the culture of the organisation.

Job Hazard AnalysisA technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools and the work environment. Ideally once uncontrolled hazards have been identified control measures will be applied to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable level. The US equivalent of a Risk Assessment.

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K

Key ElementA constuction industry term to describe a structural member whose removal would cause more than limited collapse ofthe building.

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L

LALocal Authority

LAALocal Authority Associations

LELLower Explosive Limit. The level of concentration of an explosive gas below which an explosion will not occur due to insufficient explosive gas. See also UEL.

LEVLocal Exhaust Ventilation

Local Exhaust VentilationLocal Exhaust Ventilation is a form of ventilation which encloses the material, equipment or process as much as possible and ensures air flow into the enclosure and away from the worker and workspace.

Lock OutA specific set of procedures for ensuring that a machine, once shutdown for maintenance or repair is secured against accidental start-up or movement of any of its parts for the length of the shut-down. See also Lock Out/Tag Out.

Lock Out/Tag OutSpecific practices and procedures to safeguard employees from the unexpected energisation or start-up of machinery and equipment or the release of hazardous energy during service or maintenance activities. See also Lock Out.

LOLERLifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998

LOPALayer of Protection Analysis. A risk analysis technique which lies somewhere between a quantitative risk assessment and a fully blown HAZOP study. It founded on the basis that plants are protected by several "layers" of protection.

Loss ControlMeasures taken to prevent or reduce loss. Loss is considered and any loss arising from injury, illness property damage, fines etc.

Loss PreventionA term used in risk management to describe a number of methods used to reduce the amount of all losses.

Lost Time AccidentAny accident that prevents a worker from performing their normal duties. See also Reportable Accident.

Lower TierDefined in the Control of Major Accident Hazard (COMAH) Regulations 1999 as any site with storage of flammable liquid in excess of 5,000 tonnes and less than 50,000 tonnes. Lower tier COMAH sites are required to produce a Major Accident Prevention Policy (MAPP).

LPGLiquefied Petroleum Gas

LTASee Lost Time Accident

LumbarThe lower region of the back. Between the diaphragm and the pelvis.

LuminanceMeasure of luminous intensity. Measured in Candela.

LuxUnit of measurement for illuminance.

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M

MAFFMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Manual HandlingTransporting or supporting a load, including lighting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving by hand or bodily force.

MAPPMajor Accident Prevention Policy. A requirement for lower tier COMAH sites.

Material Safety Data SheetA Material Safety Data Sheet is a document that contains information on the potential hazards (composition, first aid, fire precautions, spillage precautions, environmental hazards) and how to work safely with a chemical product.

MELMaximum Exposure Limit. Defined in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations and updated in EH40. The MEL sets the maximum exposure to which an employee can be exposed to a specified hazardous substance.

MesotheliomaMesothelioma is the name given to a cancer of the lining of the lung, which is often caused by breathing in asbestos fibres.

Method StatementA document detailing how a particular process will be carried out. Such a statement is commonly used to describe how construction/installation works can be carried out safely.

MIOSHMember of The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health.

MODMinistry of Defence

MSDMusculoskeletal Disorder

MSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheet

MutagenA substance which may cause changes in human cells and may be handed down from generation to generation.

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N

NarcoticSubstances that result in drowsiness or dulling of the senses.

NAWNational Assembly for Wales

Near MissA near miss describes an incident which given a slight shift in time or distance might have resulted in injury, ill-heath or damage. By reporting, investigating and acting on lessons learned from near misses, accidents should be prevented.

NEBOSHNational Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health. An independent awards body who are responsible for two well known and well respected qualifications. The NEBOSH General Certificate. An examined qualification, usually following the equivalent of two weeks of study. Considered the 'de facto' standard for managers and supervisors and as preparation for the Diploma. The Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety is approximately equivalent to 3rd year degree level and is the recognised standard for Health and Safety Professionals in the UK.

Negligence"Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or do something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do." Blyth Vs Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856)

NHSNational Health Service

NIINuclear Installations Inspectorate. The division of the Health and Safety Executive responsible for ensuring safety in the civilian nuclear industry.

Noise Induced Hearing LossNoise induced hearing loss can be caused by a one-time exposure to a loud sound as well as by repeated exposure to sounds at various loudness levels over an extended period of time. Noise induced hearing loss is the result of damage to the tiny hairs in the inner ear which detect and transmit sound to the brain. Because these tiny hairs are broken or damaged noise induced hearing loss cannot be cured.

NuSACNuclear Safety Advisory Committee

NVQNational Vocational Qualification. Work related, competence based qualifications.

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O

Occupational HealthOccupational health is about the effect your work has on your health and about making sure that you are fit for the work you do.

Occupational IllnessAny illness an employee suffers because of the hazards they have been exposed to at work.

OECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OH&SOccupational Health and Safety

OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Specification. Not yet adopted and an International Standard. OHSAS 18001 is an assessment specification for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, following the same format and structure as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. It is expected that OHSAS 18001 will be adopted as an international standard at some time in the future.

OHSASA private company providing occupational health and safety advice. Formerly the Occupational Health and Safety Services for the NHS in Fife and Tayside.

OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration. The US Department of Labor department responsible for workplace safety in the US.

Oxidising AgentStrong oxidising agents are often very reactive chemicals and in contact with combustible materials, such as paper, sawdust of fabric, may for unstable mixtures which may constitute a risk of fire or explosion.

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P

PAT TestingPortable Appliance Testing.

Permit to WorkA permit to Work is a formal, written procedure used to control work activities which are identified as particularly hazardous and where special precautions are required to control the hazards. Primarily used for non-routine work activities.

Personal MonitoringA technique used to determine an individual's personal exposure to a hazard, such as a hazardous substance or noise. This is usually achieved by using a personal sampling device worn on the person. The monitoring of hazardous chemicals is done at the mouth. The monitoring of noise is done at the ears.

PHAProcess Hazard Analysis. An approach to hazard analysis which focuses on the hazards associated with a process. This approach may comprise HAZOP studies and "what-if" scenarios. A mainly US term, see OSHA.

Planning SupervisorA defined role within the The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994.

PoisonA substance that can cause injury, illness or death.

PolicyA statement of intent. See also Health and Safety Policy.

Portable ApplianceAn item of electrical equipment fitted with a plug.

ppbParts per billion

PPEPersonal Protective Equipment

ppmParts per million

PracticableIn health and safety law this term is usually taken as meaning 'that which is physically possible, in light of current knowledge and invention.'

Preventative MaintenanceAn approach to maintenance for preventing machinery and equipment failure through scheduled regular maintenance, knowledge of the reliability of the parts, maintenance service records, and maintaining a spares holding of the least reliable parts and the parts scheduled for replacement.

ProcedureA step by step description of how to do a task, job or activity properly and safely.

Prohibition NoticeA notice issued by the Health and Safety Executive that requires specified activities to cease, usually forthwith. Commonly issued following a serious accident if the inspector considers there is a likelihood of repetition.

Protective Hand CreamSee Barrier Cream.

PUWERThe Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998

PyrophoricA substance that ignites spontaneously.

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Q

QAQuality Assurance

QCQuality Control

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R

RadioactiveA substance which emits radioactivity

RCDResidual Current Device

ReactivityThe capability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction with the release of energy. This could include an increase in pressure or temperature or the formation of hazardous substances.

Reasonably PracticableThe degree of risk in a particular situation can be balanced against the cost, in terms of time, trouble, money and physical difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk. If this cost is disproportionate to the risk it would be unreasonable to expect any employer to incur those costs to avoid the risk.

RegulationMandated by the government. Also a legal requirement (below the Health and Safety at Work etc Act) covering a specific area of health and safety legislation.

Relative HumidityA measure of the amount of water vapour in the air, relative to what the air can 'hold' at that temperature. Can have a big impact on the comfort level of a working environment.

Reproductive ToxinsToxins which may affect male or female reproductive organs and may affect the ability to have children.

Residual Current DeviceAn electrical device that senses a leakage of current to earth and breaks the electrical supply.

Residual RiskThe remaining risk after treatment or control measures have been put in place.

res ipsa loquiturLatin for 'The thing speaks for itself'. Legal term meaning to succeed in an action for negligence, the claimant must show on the balance of probabilities that the defendant's breach of a duty of care was causative of his (the claimant's) loss or injury.

RIDDORThe Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995

RiskThe chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by a hazard in the workplace, together with an indication of how serious the harm could be.

Risk AssessmentA Risk Assessment is simply a careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm.

Risk ManagementThe practical steps taken to protect people from real harm.

Risk PhraseThe standard phrases defined in EH40 and used in the classification, packaging, labeling and provision of information on hazardous substances.

Root CauseThe real or underlying cause of an event, as distinguished from the immediate cause or causes which are usually fairly obvious.

Root Cause AnalysisA systematic analysis of the causes of an accident to try and identify the root causes.

RoSPARoyal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

Routes of EntryThe method by which a hazardous substance can enter the body. There are 4 main routes of entry, 1. Inhalation, 2. Injection, 3. Ingestion, 4. Absorption.

RPERespiratory Protective Equipment

RSIRepetitive Strain Injury. The name given to a group of injuries affecting the muscles, tendons and nerves, primarily in the neck and upper limbs. RSI is often caused by a combination of overuse and repetition, awkward or static posture and insufficient recovery time.

RSPRegistered Safety Practitioner

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S

Safe System of WorkA method of work designed to eliminate hazards, where possible and to ensure that the work is performed in a safe manner.

Safety AuditAn audit, as opposed to an inspection, is an independent, objective and systematic review of safety management arrangements. This should ensure that policies and procedures are in place to cover the risks present as well as confirming that these policies and procedures are being implemented and complied with.

Safety CaseA formal requirement for Upper Tier COMAH sites. A documented set of evidence that provides a convincing and valid argument that a system or approach is adequately safe for a given application in a given environment.

Safety CommitteeA committee comprising management and worker safety representatives that reviews health and safety performance and promotes good health and safety practices with a view to improving health and safety performance.

Safety CultureThe degree to which good working practices and positive attitudes towards health and safety are embedded within the culture of an organisation.

Safety InspectionA Safety Inspection, as opposed to a Safety Audit, is an examination of the actual conditions and working practices within a workplace.

Safety PassportA scheme used in various industries, but most notably construction, to provide a framework for safety training to ensure that workers are aware of the risks of their workplace before being allowed to work in that environment.

Safety PhraseThe standard phrases defined in EH40 and used in the classification, packaging, labeling and provision of information on hazardous substances.

SamplingThe process of taking small representative samples of a gas, liquid or solid for the purpose of analysis. Used to confirm Asbestos Containing Materials and in Environmental Monitoring.

SBSSick Building Syndrome. A term used to describe the situation where building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to the time spent in the building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified.

Scaff TagA proprietary brand of safety equipment for the inspection and management of safety on scaffolding systems.

Self AssessmentAssessments that are performed by the individual. Usually performed following some form of training

SensitisationThe development, over time, of an allergic reaction to a hazardous substance. See Sensitisation Dermatitis.

SensitiserA substance which may cause a person to develop an allergic reaction following repeated exposure.

SEPAScottish Environment Protection Agency

Seveso DirectiveThe Chemical Accidents directive, named after the Seveso accident which happened in 1976 at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy and prompted the first Seveso Directive, which has since been replaced by the Seveso II directive.

SFARPSo Far As Reasonably Practicable.

Short Term ExposureThe exposure to a hazardous substance continuously over a short period of time.

Sick Building SyndromeA term used to describe the situation where building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to the time spent in the building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified.

SILSafety Integrity Level. Originally defined in IEC61508, the European standard for safety in programmable electronic systems, as a measure of the dependability of of a safety related function. There are usually 4 defined levels of SIL, SIL 4 being the most dependable and SIL 1 being the least.

Six PackThe'Six Pack' was the UK Government's response to the EU Framework Directive and comprised;The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992The Display Screen Equipment Regulations 1992The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992

SMESmall and Medium Sized Enterprise

So Far As Reasonably PracticableThe degree of risk in a particular situation can be balanced against the cost, in terms of time, trouble, money and physical difficulty of taking measures to avoid the risk. If this cost is disproportionate to the risk it would be unreasonable to expect any employer to incur those costs to avoid the risk.

SolubilityThe ability of a given substance to dissolve in a liquid.

SolventA fluid which is capable of dissolving a material.

SRSCRThe Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977

Statute LawThe formal, written law of a country or state.

StressStress is defined by the HSE as "The adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand placed on them."

SubstitutionAn approach promoted in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations that promotes substituting a less harmful substance for a harmful substance.

SVQScottish Vocational Qualification.

Synergistic EffectAny effect of two chemicals acting together which is greater than the simple sum of their effects when acting alone.

SynonymWords with similar or identical meanings.

SystemicAffecting the whole body.

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T

Task AnalysisTask Analysis is the analysis or breakdown of exactly how a task is performed. This analysis can then be used to improve the design of tools or processes to improve the safety of the task.

TeratogenA harmful substance which may adversely affect an unborn child. See also Embryotoxin and Fetotoxin.

TGWUTransport and General Workers Union

Time Weighted AverageUsually calculated as an 8 hour TWA. An average value of exposure over the course of an 8 hour shift.

TinnitusTinnitus is the name given to the condition of noises 'in the ears' and/or 'in the head' with no external source. Tinnitus noises are described variously as ringing, whistling, buzzing and humming.

Toolbox TalksToolbox talks are short, focused sessions that address one topic such as how to do a specialised job. They are not a substitute for formal training sessions but are meant as a reminder or refresher on the safety aspects of one particular area. They should be performed on a regular basis and should seek to involve shop floor workers.

Total Loss ApproachA spin out from Total Quality Management (TQM). The traditional approach to health and safety management focuses specifically on technical and management factors associated with hazards. A Total Loss Approach concentrates on developing and implementing control systems and processes to eliminate the underlying causes of accidents and therefore reduce accidents.

ToxicA substance that is capable of causing injury or damage to a living organism.

ToxicityA measure of the degree to which a substance is toxic or poisonous, also defined as the potential of a substance to cause harm to living things.

ToxinA substance that is known to be harmful to biological systems

Trem CardsTransport Emergency Cards. Must be carried, displayed and made accessible in the vehicle cab when transporting a hazardous substance.

TUCTrades Union Congress

TWATime Weighted Average

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U

UELUpper Explosive Limit. The The level of concentration of an explosive gas above which an explosion will not occur due to insufficient oxygen. See also LEL.

Ultra Violet LightElectromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between that of visible light and X-Rays.

Ultra SoundSound whose frequency is above the Audible Range.

Upper TierDefined in the Control of Major Accident Hazard (COMAH) Regulations 1999 as any site with storage of flammable liquid in excess of 50,000 tonnes. Upper tier COMAH sites are required to produce a Major Accident Prevention Policy (MAPP) as well as a full Safety Report and on-site and off-site Emergency Plans.

UWEDUse of Work Equipment Directive

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V

VapourGaseous form of a material normally encountered in a solid or liquid state.

VDUVisual Display Unit. Defined in and covered by the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992.

VentilationDefined as the movement of air. In health and safety terms it is usually considered either as Dilution Ventilation or Local Exhaust Ventilation, both of which are used to reduce the harmful effects of hazardous substances.

VibrationVibration experienced by the body as a result of using vibrating power tools. Usually classified either as whole body or hand-arm vibration. See also Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome.

Vibration White FingerA condition caused by exposure to hand held and other vibrating equipment. Excessive vibration can cause the blood vessels in the hand to constrict, which reduces the blood supply to the fingers causing tingling, numbness and whiteness. See also White Finger.

Vicarious LiabilityAn employer can be found to be vicariously liable for negligent acts or omissions by their employee in the course of their employment whether or not such act or omission was specifically authorised by the employer. To avoid vicarious liability an employer must demonstrate that the employee was not negligent in that the employee was reasonably careful or that the employee was acting in his own right, rather than on the employer's business.

volenti non fit injuriaLatin for 'to a willing person, no injury is done.' This doctrine holds that a person who knowingly and willingly puts himself in a dangerous situation cannot sue for any resulting injuries.

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W

WEEEThe Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive. A European directive intended to prevent the production of waste electrical and electronic equipment and encourage its reuse, recycling and recovery.

WhistleblowerAn employee or former employee who reports misconduct to people or authorities who have the power to take corective action. Generally the misconduct is a breach of law, regulation or public interest.

White FingerA condition caused by exposure to hand held and other vibrating equipment. Excessive vibration can cause the blood vessels in the hand to constrict, which reduces the blood supply to the fingers causing tingling, numbness and whiteness. See also Vibration White Finger.

WHOWorld Health Organisation

Workplace Exposure LimitA limit on the exposure to hazardous substances, established by the HSE in EH40. Defined as a Long-term exposure limit (over an 8 hour reference period) and a Short-term exposure limit (over a 15 minute reference period). generally measured in ppm or mg/m3.

Workplace InspectionAn inspection of the workplace, conducted in an organised and structured manner, to identify and report existing and potential hazards.

WorkstationA term used in the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 to refer not only to the Display Screen Equipment but also all associated equipment, such as desk, chair, lighting etc.

WRMSDWork Related Musculoskeletal Disorder

WRULDWork Related Upper Limb Disorder

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X

X-RayElectromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the 10 to 0.01nm. A form of ionising radiation, which can be dangerous. Usually used for diagnostic radiography, either in medicine or non destructive testing.

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Y

Young PersonDefined by the The Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations as someone between 16 & 18 years of age. Special provision is made to recognise their physical and psychological capacity and to protect them from harmful exposure to toxic and carcinogenic agents, radiation, risks from extreme heat or cold, excessive noise and vibration.

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Z

Zone 0Areas in which an explosive mixture is continuously present or is present for long periods.

Zone 1Areas in which the explosive mixture is likely to occur under normal working conditions.

Zone 2Areas in which an explosive mixture is not likely to occur during normal working, but if it does, will only exist for a short time.

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AcknowledgementseHandS would like to thank the following people for their assistance in the compliation of this glossary;

Graham Lambie, Duncan Macintosh, M. Arif, Shafi, Rob Horton