Hubert de Chefdebien, 17/12/2014 05:28 FEAD seminar at Entsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY 1 INCINERATION a CRUCIAL

Hubert de Chefdebien, 04/11/23 05:17

FEAD seminar at Entsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

1

INCINERATION

a CRUCIAL STEPa CRUCIAL STEPin in WASTEWASTERECOVERYRECOVERY



2

Waste = problem

Waste = NUISANCENUISANCE + resourcesresources NUISANCES

• Bulky• Disagreeable (visual, olfactory, …)

• Health risks (epidemic)Health risks (epidemic)• Environmental RiskEnvironmental Risk

Resources• Energy• Materials

Waste Policy : share out the money available as well as possible in order to REDUCE PRODUCTION MINIMISE POLLUTION potential OPTIMISE RECOVERY



3

Incineration Nuisance abatement

Volume REDUCTION

from 10 to 1 :

and even from 100 to 1 : 11

FlueFlue Gas Gas Cleaning Cleaning ResiduesResidues

100waste

10Bottom ashesBottom ashes

Historical

Historical

goalgoal



4


Put an end to unpleasantness Abatement of

• olfactory & Nuisances

• visual

Historical

Historical

goalgoal



5


Hygiene Destruction of

biological pollutants • Viruses• Microbes• Bacteria• Prions• …

MAJORBENEFIT

Historical

Historical

goalgoal



6


Health and Environment Concentration and capturing of

chemical pollutants • Fine particles• Heavy Metals• Dioxins• …

No accumulation of pollution for No accumulation of pollution for future generations future generations

ModernModern

goal (80’s)

goal (80’s)



7


Protection of the Planet Reduction of the

greenhouse effect IncinerationIncinerationIncinerationIncineration

ModernModern

goal (90’s)

goal (90’s)



8

COCO22 from biomass from biomass

= 0 = 0

COCO22 from biomass from biomass

= 0 = 0

Fossil C remainsFossil C remainssequesteredsequestered

Fossil C remainsFossil C remainssequesteredsequestered

CHCH44 avoided : avoided :

Greenhouse effect < 0Greenhouse effect < 0


Greenhouse effect < 0Greenhouse effect < 0 W I NW I N

W I NW I N

W I NW I N

Greenhouse effect : win on all sides

5 to 10 Mt5 to 10 MteqCOeqCO22/yr in France/yr in France



9

Waste = Pollutants Maximum surveillance

stricter and stricter legislationstricter and stricter legislation

one of theone of thecleanest cleanest activities activities

Emissions : caloriesof such low toxicity

National Legislation

EC Directives 8-1989

National Legislation

EC Directive 12-2000



10

10 MW Boiler

10 MW - Waste is cleaner than fossil fuels

Waste Coal Oil Gas

Dust 2nd 4th 3rd 1st

CO 2nd 4th 3rd 1st

Acids 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st

Metals 3rd 2nd 4th 1st

Dioxins 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

33

OilOil 44CoalCoal

22

WasteWaste

11

GasGas



11

Dioxins : public subject



12

Dioxins : Recognised as solvedby the European Commission

0,1 ng/Nm3 « Negligible risk »“… providing that this legislation is enforced by Member States, a high

level of protection will be ensured.”

0,1 ng/Nm3 : can easily be achieved continuously in incineration

plants“From a purely technical point of view, dioxin emissions from some

processes, such as waste incineration, can be better controlled than emissions from other processes.”

Quotations taken from the Answer given byMrs. Wallström on behalf of the Commission (12 July 2002)

to a WRITTEN QUESTION (E-1585/02, 04.06.2002)to the Commission by Caroline Jackson (PPE-DE)

Technically

Technically

solvedsolved

Health Impact Studies

Incineration : ELV

Other industrialsectors : BAT



13

“According to the ‘European Dioxin Emission Inventory, Stage II’ (Landesumweltamt

Nordrhein-Westfalen, December 2000), funded by the Commission, incineration of municipal solid wastes has experienced a rapid decrease of dioxin and furan emissions to air during the last decade

due to efficient abatement measures :

Dioxins : rapid decrease, efficient abatement

dioxin emission levels in 2000 have decreased by 58 % compared to the levels in 1995

and they foresee a decrease of 81% comparing the levels of

1995 to 2005”

Mrs. Wallström

2006 2006 1999199919971997 19981998

500500g/ang/an

300300g/ang/an

5 g/an5 g/an

200200

160160

20002000

FranceFrance



14

Main concern : Uncontrolled burning

“For the industrial sourcesindustrial sources a considerable emission reduction has been achieved (based on current trends and activities it is foreseen that the target set in the 5th Environment Action Programme of a 90% reduction90% reduction will be nearly realised in 2005 compared to the levels in 1985).

But, for the non-industrial sourcesnon-industrial sources (domestic solid fuel burning, domestic waste burning, fires, etc.) the rate of emission reduction is much lowermuch lower.

The relation between industrial and non-industrial sources is shifting towards growing importance of non-industrial sources”

Mrs. Wallström on behalf of the Commission



Dioxins - miscellaneous sources

Combustion when Cl is present

Existed at all times(ice North Pole 8.000 years)

Domestic Backyard burning Ditch fires, …

Unauthorized Tyres, … Animal carcasses Pyres!

• Incomplete combustion !

• Low temperatures ! In the de novo synthesis windows, 250 to 400 °C !



16

All Types of Impact Studies



17

BAT (Best Available Techniques)

In-te-gra-ted ! It is a wrong approach

to focus on atmospheric emissions !

Every environmental parameters must be taken into consideration

“ achieving a high general levelof protection of the environment as a whole ”



18

Incineration Recovery

Recovery of Materials Ferrous (incineration : greatest source of scrap iron from waste)

Non ferrous (Al, Cu) Inert materials

Today : road construction

Tomorrow : concrete …

ModernModern

goal (70-90’s)

goal (70-90’s)



19

Incineration Mat. recovery

Protires

Bottom ashes size-sorted Ferrous and non-ferrous

separation



20

Incineration Material recovery

Valorisation acier (complémentaire)

La plus grosse source de ferrailles à partir de déchets

Recyclable à l’infini « Propre » au sortir de l’incinérateur

Toulouse Bessières

Fos

t Plu

s



21

Incineration Material & Energy

recovery

Valorisation aluminium (complémentaire)

Économie d’énergie : 95% (par rapport à aluminium depuis bauxite)

Recyclable à l’infini « Propre » au sortir de l’incinérateur

Fost P

lus

Intexalu



22

Incineration Energy Recovery

Generation of energy

+ Economy of financial resources

+ Economy of the planet’s resources

+ Pollution avoided(greenhouse effect, SOx, …)

ModernModern

goal (70-90’s)

goal (70-90’s)



23

Energy : consume in moderation

Finite reserves :Finite reserves :

maxi : 3.000 Gbl mini : 1.700 Gbl

Of whichOf which 800 Gbl800 Gbl already consumedalready consumed

[1 Gbl = 1 Giga baril = 109 baril (of oil)]



Energy : until when can we deplete resources?

2050 - 2150 :Drying up

of the

planet’s energy



Energy : “The parents drink … … the children pay”

The generations which will suffer the results of our actions will still have

Our portraitsOur portraits

Hanging above the fireplace



26

Self sustaining combustion

What quantity of energy is needed to burn 1 ton of household waste ?

Most people think a lot

What about you ?



27

A final (?) renewable energy

1 tonne of Waste

Gas oil : 220 l

Gas oil : 200 l

If :If :

1 tonne of sorting residue



28

Energy-from-Waste :a significant source

Petrol consumption of France : 90 Mtoe (M tonne of oil

equivalent)

Energy recovery

Today 1 Mtoe1 Mtoe : 1 % Tomorrow 5 Mtoe5 Mtoe : 6 %

6 %6 %of the planet’sof the planet’s

resources saved resources saved

6 %6 %of the planet’sof the planet’s

resources saved resources saved

6 %6 %of the petrol of the petrol

billbill

6 %6 %of the petrol of the petrol

billbill

€



29

What importance amongst renewable energies ?

Mtoe Hydroelectricity 11 Wood 8 WasteWaste 1 1 5 ? 5 ? Heat pumps 1 Geothermal 0,4 Solar, wind, waves 0,05 TOTALTOTAL 21,5 21,5

Summer / winter (daylight saving)

0,3



30

So, should we burn everything ?

Burn everything ? Certainly NOT !

BURN WHAT THEN ?

Give priority to a better use of waste when possible:

• Reuse• Material and organic recycling• Landfill

The rest to Energy recovery : 60 % à 75 %

}} 25 % à 40 %25 % à 40 %



31

Thermal Treatment :a 2nd opportunity to recover

Thermal treatmentis best suited to that which remains after other treatments(the part which contains the majority of the pollutants)

It recoversthe RESIDUES and NON-RECYCLABLE part from sorting

2nd service2nd service



32

The WAR between treatment OPTIONS has

no reason to exist Today all are convinced that :

the OPTIONS are COMPLEMENTARY

and not competitive => FLEXIBILITY (MULTIPLE OPTIONS)

Distributed according to

ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMISATION



33

This is THE question of the moment

Optimal ‘environmental et economic’

depends on

COMPLETE ECO-ASSESSMENTS

These indispensable tools

for use in decision-makingare conspicuous in their absence

Public authorities musturgently develop them

How to optimise ?

todaytoday

when ?when ?

To Optimise

To Maxim

ise



34

Current affairs :

When the EU meddles !

EU since 1996 : RECOVERY DISPOSAL !

Court Decision EU 2/2003 based on the Primary Objective ! Cement Kiln for cement Recovery

Municipal Waste Incinerator NORecovery ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Diverges from Incineration Directive which requires recovery if incineration takes places

Looking for an ON/OFF border ‘test’ for trans-frontier transfers of waste : this system does not offer env. protection

!IGNORANCE of the TECHNIQUE IGNORANCE of the TECHNIQUE

and PRECONCEIVED IDEAS !and PRECONCEIVED IDEAS !

! !! ! !



35

Clarify the notion of RECOVERY

RECOVERY DISPOSAL

3 levels in the EU texts INTENTION to Recover (collected for sending to a sorting centre) EFFECTIVE RECOVERY (OUT / IN ratio) ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY (integrated, multiple parameters)

RECOVERY based on the RESULT and not on the intention

RECOVERY not on an ON/OFF basis, but in %age

RECOVERY should be judged on the whole chain and not on only one link (e.g.: sorting alone)



36

Further explanations ?



37

Questions ?



38

Déchets en France

MUNICIPAUX 50 Mt/an O.M. et assimilés (O.M. et assimilés (en 2000en 2000) ) 27 27 Autres déchets municipaux 23

• des ménages : dangereux, verts, inertes• de voirie et assainissement

DIB, DASRI, Automobile 113 DIS 7 Agricoles, Industriels dits inertes 480

TOTAL 650 Mt/an



39

OM en Europe

France : OM et assimilés France : OM et assimilés (en 2000)(en 2000) 27 Mt/an 27 Mt/an i.e. 440 kg/an.habi.e. 440 kg/an.hab

UE : 165 Mt/an Allemagne 41 Mt/an, GB 27 Mt/an,

Italie 25 Mt/an, …

Mais évaluation approx. déf. des catégories différentes selon pays

et Même à l’intérieur du même pays



40

Filières de traitementdes OM et assimilés

France O.M. strictes O.M. & traités avec

(22,6 Mt/an) (45,3 Mt/an)

Décharge 47 % 56 % Incinération Incinération 44 % 44 % 27 %27 %

• avec ValEneavec ValEne 24 % 24 %

• sans ValEnesans ValEne 3 % 3 %

Recyclage mat. … 11 % Trait. Bio. 8 % 9 %



41

Incinérateurs

Nombre

FranceFrance 123 123 ( en 1/2003)( en 1/2003)

Allemagne 61 Danemark 34 Italie 32 Suède 22 Pays-bas 11



42

Capacités France (2003)

> 6 t/h 80

< 6 t/h, conformes Arrêté 91 43

< 6 t/h, non conformes 0

Évolution du parc français Capacité totale stableCapacité totale stable300 usines en 1996

250 en 1998

123 123 en 1/2003en 1/2003

Tendance : PETITSPETITS fours « artisanaux » et fours « artisanaux » et polluantspolluants FERMÉSFERMÉS DAVANTAGE DAVANTAGE de de GRANDSGRANDS fours « industriels » à fours « industriels » à IMPACT NEGLIGEABLEIMPACT NEGLIGEABLE

! AMALGAME !AMALGAME !



43

Plages de capacité

Tonnage Grandes : 12 à 30 t/h

Maxi 50 t/h (Ivry 2 x 50 t/h)

Moyennes : 6 à 12 t/h env. Petites : 2,5 à 6

< 2,5 t/h : plus industriel

PCI 1.400 à 3000 kcal/kg Typiquement : 1800 – 2000 (O.M. brutes),

2200 – 2400 (O.M. triées)



44

Très nombreux acteurs

MO (Maîtres d’Ouvrage) Communes, Syndicats, C. Gal, C. Ral

Elus et Fonctionnaires

mo (Maîtres d’Œuvre) et AMO (Assistants MO) BE (Bureaux d’études)

Services de l’Etat Législateurs (Nal, UE) Exploitants (parfois DSP, i.e. délégataires) Constructeurs Public, vecteurs d’opinion, associatifs

COMPLEXE :Processus

décisionnairetrès long

!



45

Entreprises

FNADE (Fédération Nationale des Activités de Dépollution et de l’Environnement) 7 Syndicats

• Constructeurs• Exploitants• Services

280 entreprises privées 37.000 salariés CA : 6 milliards € Membre de FEAD (UE)

Hubert de Chefdebien , SNIDE (Constr.), SVDU (Expl.), FNADE, FEAD



46

Diagramme de Grille

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

5 6 7 8 9 10 12

DEBIT DE DECHETS, t/h

CH

AL

EU

R B

RU

TE

, G

cal

/h

10 t/h

23 Gcal/h

3.000 kcal/kg

12.560 kJ/kg

POINT NOMINAL

1.400 kcal/kg

5.861 kJ/kg

2.200 kcal/kg

9.211 kJ/kg

(1 kcal = 4,1868 kJ 1 Gcal = 109 cal)



47

Evolution de la réglementation



48

Greenhouse effect : and one !

75% of the Carbon in waste 75% of the Carbon in waste = biomass= biomass

75% of the Carbon in waste 75% of the Carbon in waste = biomass= biomass

Combustion of biomass :Combustion of biomass :No increase of the greenhouse effectNo increase of the greenhouse effect

Combustion of biomass :Combustion of biomass :No increase of the greenhouse effectNo increase of the greenhouse effect

SHORT SHORT CYCLECYCLE

of C :of C :~ 1 to 100~ 1 to 100

yearsyears

DecompositionDecompositionororcombustioncombustion



49

Greenhouse effect : and two !

CombustionCombustion of wasteof waste

C C COCO22

CombustionCombustion of wasteof waste

C C COCO22

FermentationFermentation of waste of waste

C C CHCH44

FermentationFermentation of waste of waste

C C CHCH44

Greenhouse effectGreenhouse effect(mass, 50 yrs)(mass, 50 yrs)

1 CH1 CH44 ~ 60 CO ~ 60 CO22

Greenhouse effectGreenhouse effect(mass, 50 yrs)(mass, 50 yrs)

1 CH1 CH44 ~ 60 CO ~ 60 CO22


negative contributionnegative contributionTo greenhouse effectTo greenhouse effect


negative contributionnegative contributionTo greenhouse effectTo greenhouse effect

CombustionCombustion : : 1 C 1 C 11 eq. COeq. CO22

FermentationFermentation

avecavec récup. biogaz :récup. biogaz : 1 C 1 C 2,82,8 eq. COeq. CO22

sanssans récup. biogaz : récup. biogaz : 1 C 1 C 5,25,2 eq. COeq. CO22

CombustionCombustion : : 1 C 1 C 11 eq. COeq. CO22

FermentationFermentation

avecavec récup. biogaz :récup. biogaz : 1 C 1 C 2,82,8 eq. COeq. CO22

sanssans récup. biogaz : récup. biogaz : 1 C 1 C 5,25,2 eq. COeq. CO22



50

Greenhouse effect : and three !

Fossil carbon remains sequestered :Fossil carbon remains sequestered :No growth of the greenhouse effectNo growth of the greenhouse effect

Fossil carbon remains sequestered :Fossil carbon remains sequestered :No growth of the greenhouse effectNo growth of the greenhouse effect

Recovery of energy-from-waste Recovery of energy-from-waste = economy in fossil fuels= economy in fossil fuels

Recovery of energy-from-waste Recovery of energy-from-waste = economy in fossil fuels= economy in fossil fuels

VeryVery LONG LONG CYCLECYCLEfrom C :from C :

> 1.000.000> 1.000.000yrsyrsC.C.

FossilFossil30 1030 1066 yrs yrs



51

Inventaire par secteur : qq. métaux et POP caractéristiques

Corinair 1990, France (avant traitement des fumées)

As Cr Hg Pb Zn HAP Cd Cu Ni Se Diox

100 %

émissionsFrance

1,8%1,8% 0,5% 0,5% 49%49% 1,4%1,4% 11,8% 11,8% 0,14%0,14% 23%23% 5,8% 5,8% 0,6%0,6% 0,4%0,4% 30% 30%

Trait. thermique des déchetsTrait. thermique des déchets

Poussières (1994)

Tr. therm. déchets :3,5 %3,5 %

des poussièresdes poussières

Métaux POP



52

Inventaire par secteur : contribution modeste

Corinair 1990, France (avant traitement des fumées)

Tr. therm. déchets :40 % du HCl 1990,

i.e. 3,5 % des acides3,5 % des acides

Aujourd'hui : TF

20 à 100 fois moins20 à 100 fois moinsde HCl

Gaz acides SO2 COV CO N2O

NOx CH4 CO2 NH3

1,5%1,5% 0,3%0,3% 2,1% 2,1% 0,04%0,04%1,5%1,5% 0,4%0,4% 2,1% 2,1% 0,0%0,0%

Trait. thermique des déchetsTrait. thermique des déchets

100 %émissions

France



53

Example of NOx

catalytic converterwith withou

t2,5 g NOx/km

0,4 g NOx/km

1 ton / yr1 ton / yr2200 g NO2200 g NOxx / yr / yr

2200 g NO2200 g NOxx / 900 km / 900 km

2200 g NO2200 g NOxx / 5500 km / 5500 km

burnt

q = 1

q = 22q = 3,6

20.000 km / yr

Documents

Hubert de Chefdebien, 17/12/2014 05:28 FEAD seminar at Entsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY 1 INCINERATION a CRUCIAL