Hürlimann Kap7

8/3/2019 Hrlimann Kap7

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8,?=4.0>

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O:KB:;E>L @:BG LM:KMBG@ PBMA A:K=ER :GR BG?HKF:MBHG :G= ;>A:OBHK H? : LRLM>F BG MA> H? MBF> BMBL BFIHKM:GM MH M:D> MA> MBF> BGMH K:MBHG 0ABL BL =BL= E:M>K BG MABLK

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2/37

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Price Turnover Earnings Investment

S S S

"B@NK> :NL:E BFI: >E>F>GM 'F=79 MAKHN@A MH +IFBCJ9F :G=BJ9GHA9BH >O>G MAHN@A MA>K> BL GH =BK>E:MBHG ;>MP>>G 'F=79 :G= BJ9GHA9BH 0A>R F:R O:KR MA> LMK>G@MA H? MA> BFI: L>GL> MA:M MA> >\>K MA:G MA:M HG BJ9GHA9BH %G MABL L> L>GLBMBOBMR H?MABL BFI: KHE> H? :G >E>F>GM PBMABG : LRLM>F BL =BL=

'09>4?4A4?D :1 ?30 .=:>>48;,.?8,?=4C

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1 Population

7 Population

relative tocarryingcapacity

B

R

B

R

4 Fractionalbirth rate 5 Fractional

death rateS

O

S

6 Carryingcapacity

O10 Maximum

degradationof carryingcapacity

S

B

Degradation

2 Birth

SS

S

3 Death

S S

O

9 Degradationof carryingcapacity

SS

O

8 Regeneration ofcarrying capacity

S

B

"B@NK> ,HINE:MBHG @KHPMA BG


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4/37

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0 1 2 3 4

1

2

3

4

PS

AS

0

1

C

AB8

Variables atthe same spot:

= 2, 3, 9= 4, 5, 10= 6, 7

A

B

C

12

8

4

2

0.5

1

2

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BG MABL LRLM>F :L MA>K> :K> GH >E>F>GML MA:M BGUN>G BM0A> >\>K>GM L ?HK MA> :QBL BL @BO>G BG T@NK> >

MA> L H? MA> :QBL A:L ;>>G BG:L>= BM BL EH@BL FHO>MHP:K=L MA> IHBGM H? HKB@BG %? LHF>HG> KHE> H? >: BL:;LHENM> HG> PHNE= A:O> MH :K@N> MA:M :EE >E>F>GML :K> FHK> HK E>LL ;N\>KBG@ BGT@NK> = MH MA> KHE> MA>R A:= BG MA> IK>OBHNL T@NK>

0 2 4 8 10

2

4

6

10

PS

AS

0

C

AB8


= 2, 3, 9= 4, 5, 10= 6, 7

A

B

C

75

50

25

12.5

0.5

1

2

6

8

1

"B@NK> .HE>L :G=>= :QBL


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6/37

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0 2 4 51

2

3

4

6

PS

AS

0

A

B

8


= 1, 6= 4, 5, 10

A

B

27

18

9

4.5 0.5

1

2

6

5

3

1 29

3

7

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,HINE:MBHG BKMA

>:MA "K: "K::MA K:M> :KKRBG@ @>G>K:MBHG H? < >@K:=:MBHG H? <

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0:;E> %) BG BG?HKF:MBHG LMK>G@MAL

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=B\>K>GMB:M>= >O>G ?NKMA>K

0 2 4 51

2

3

4

6

PS

AS

0

A

8


= 2, 3, 9= 5, 10

A

B

27

18

9

4.5 0.5

1

2

6

5

3

1

6

4

1

B

7

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0A>K> BL : P:R MH P:M>K =HPG MABL :K@NF>GM +G> A:L MH :K@N> MA:M MA> E>O>EH? F>:LNK>F>GM NL>= BL :M E>:LM HG> E>O>E AB@A>K %? RHN NL> :G BGM>KO:E F>:LNK>F>GM MA> :IIEB>= HI>K:MBHGL PHNE= F:D> L>GL> 0H :O> LH MA> BGM>KIK>M:MBHGH? MA> T@NK>L A:L MH ;> FHK> H? MA> ?HEEHPBG@ DBG=


9: [email protected] B? O:KB:;E> =H>L GHM K>:KRIHHKER HK PBMA : AN@> MBF> E:@ HG L BG O:KB:;E>

B0,6 [email protected] B? O:KB:;E> K>::DER HG : BG O:KB:;E>

84//70 [email protected] B? O:KB:;E> K>:

>?=:92 [email protected] B? O:KB:;E> K>:

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6A,7@0

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9/37

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( GNF;>K H? O:KB:;E>L

# BG=BL

0A> B=>: BL MH :OHB= MA> =BL IK>OBHNL I:@>L %M @BO>L MA> PAHE>%) :G BFIK>LLBHG MA:M MA> KHE>L :K> :;LHENM> :G= GHM K>E:MBO> :L =BL=IKBHK 0ABL L> %M P:L L:B= MA:M MA>L BL G LH MA:M : O:KB:;E> PBMA :G / HK ,/ MA:M A:L MA> L:F> :FHNGM :LMA> GNF;>K H? O:KB:;E>L FNLM ;> BG MA> G>NMK:E :K>: 0A>K>?HK> MA> LI>G=L HG MA> GNF;>K H? >E>F>GML BG : LRLM>F 2>LM>K NL>L MA> GNF;>KL MH MH =>TG> MA> BFI: O:KB:;E> MH :GHMA>K 0ABL F>:GL MA:M : O:KB:;E>MA:M A:L : P>:D BGUN>G HG >O>KR HMA>K O:KB:;E> BG MA> LRLM>F :G= K>BO>L :P>:D BGUN>G ?KHF >O>KR HMA>K O:KB:;E> :M MA> L:F> MBF> BL : G>NMK:E O:KB:;E>:L BM PBEE ;> LBMN:M>= BG MA> GM>K H? MA> T@NK> HGL>JN>GMER : O:KB:;E> MA:M A:LLBFBE:K BGUN>G O:EN>= PHNE= ;> LBMN:M>= :MMA> O>KR MHI KB@AM K BG MA> K B? MA> DO:EN> BL : LRLM>F BL ;N\>KBG@ :G= TG:EER

B? MA> DO:EN> BL MA> LRLM>F BL *>NMK:E %)

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% /&.

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10/37

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PBMAHNM >QIMBHGL %M BL MH MA> K>:=>K MH => B? MABL F:D>L L>GL> 0ABL BL :LMKHG@ :K@NF>GM ?HK MA> IKHIHL:E MA:M MA> KHE> H? >:E>F>GM BL HGER MH ;> L>>GK>E:MBO>ER = MH MA> HMA>KL K:MA>K MA:G :;LHENM>ER :L MA> DO:EN> LN@@>LML1LBG@ MA> ?HKFNE: ?HK QBMR :L BGMKH=N= HG I:@> MA> :G:ERLBL ?HK ;HMA

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11/37

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8;,.? :1 , A,=4,-70 49 ?30 .:@=>0 :1 ?480

%G MA> IK>OBHNL L> =BL BGM>K:MP>>G

: O:KB:;E> :G= MA> LRLM>F K>@:K=BG@ BML BFI: =BLL MA> BFI: O:KB:;E> MH MA> G>QM ;>A:O> HO>K MA> H? MBF> 0H BEENLMK:M> MA> IKH;E>F HG> BF:@BG>L MA:M MA> F:G:@>F>GM P:GML MHK:BL> IKH=N LM:\WL FHMBO:MBHG

motivation program productivityS

0H =H LH MA> >Q> IE:GL : FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:F :G= MA>G BFIE>F>GML BM0ABL =HG> BGLM:GMER ;NM K:MA>K M:D>L MBF> 0A>K>?HK> MA> BFI: FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:F O:KB>L HO>K MA> H? MBF> K:MA>K MA:G ;>BG@ : BFI: H? MBF> F:R EHHDLBFBE:K MH MA> HG> =K:PG BG T@ %G LM:@> MA> F:G:@>F>GM F:R :GGHNGMA> IKH@K:F HK A:O> : KH:= LAHP %G MABL LM:@> MA>R :K> @:BGBG@ BG=BOB=N:EL PAHEBD> MH CHBG MA> IKHC>:F HK ;> D>R IE:R>KL BG MA> FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:FNKBG@ MABL LM:@> MA> BFI: IKH@K:F BL LM:KMBG@ MH BG:L> %M F:R>O>G EHHL> BFI: F>:GMBF> K>:LHG F:R ;> MA:M MA> PHKD?HK MABGDLBM BL CNLM :GHMA>K B=>: ;R MA> F:G:@>F>GM MH D>>I I>HIE> ;NLR *>O>KMA>E>LL

MA> FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:F LM:KML IBG :G= A>G BFI:MK:GLBMBHG BGMH LM:@> BL UN>GM %G MABL LM:@> MA> IKH@K:F =BLIE:RL BML IHM>GMB:E:G= LH K>:L BML F:QBFNF BFI: MA> BGGMBO>L FHO> BGMH MA>MABK= LM:@> $>K> MA> FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:F A:L ;>>G KNGGBG@ ?HK JNBM> : PABE> "HKMA> PHKD>KL MA> BGGMBO>L A:O> ;> ;:LB< :G= MA>K>?HK> :K> GHM FHMBO:MBG@:GRFHK> 0A> BFI:


12/37

! ! %!& $! !

A:L : G>:KER B=>:E LBMN:MBHG .>?>KKBG@ MH MA> >Q:FIE> BG T@ HG I MA> : FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:F HG IKH=NLHO>K MA> H? MBF> :G= >G=L HG : AB@A>K E>O>E 0ABL G>P >JNBEB;KBNF BLMA> F:G:@>F>GML BGM>GMBHG %G MA> L> :@BGGBG@ ;NM :L MA> BFI:@:MBO>MA> : M MA> >G= H? MA> MK:HO>K:EE BFI: ;>EHP MA> I>:D S>KH HK >O>G PHKL> G>@:MBO>

short-term middle-term long-termtime

acc.

influence

strong

middle

weak

"B@NK> M>KFBGHEH@R H? LMH BGUN>G =K:PG BG T@NK> BL MA>UHP :M : KM:BG IHBGM BG MBF> PA>K>:L MA> : LMHO>E 1LN:EER MH LAHP MABL QM HG> NL>L LBFNE:MBHG MHHEL

9?0=;=0?,?4:9 :1 48;,.? 49 ?30 .:@=>0 :1 ?480

?NKMA>K IKH;E>F :KBL>L MA:M MA> BFI:KBH= ;NMMA> BGUN>G BG:L>L MAKHN@A : 0ABL F:R ;> MKN> ?HKLHF> L $HP>O>K MA>K> :K> F:GR L PA>K> MABL =H>L GHM :IIER %? : TKF>@ LM:KML :G BGM>KG:E FHMBO:MBHG >FIEHR>>LMABGD BG MA> ;>@BGGBG@ MA:M MA> IKH@K:F BL GH @HH= :L MA>R A:O> :EK>:=R KNGMAKHN@A LHF> NGLNKG:E IKH@K:FL :G= MA>K>?HK> =H GHM ;>EB>O> BG MA>LNP IKH@K:F 3A>G MBF> I:LL>L MA> >FIEHR>>L LM:KM MH LNIIHKM

MABL FHMBO:MBHG IKH@K:F :G= LH MA> BFI: LA:KIERL PBMA F:GR FHMBO:MBHG BGGMBO>L MA>BK BGUN>G ?:=>L HO>K MBF>

/H :?M>K LHF> MBF> A:L I:LL>= MA> BFI:G=L MH S>KH 0A> IKH@K:FMA>K>?HK> IKH=NL GHP HGER MNKG /N GHMK>IK>L>GM>= BG MA> %) %M PHNE= MA>K>?HK> ;> IK:F>GM BG @:MA>KBG@ BG?HKF:MBHG :;HNM MA> ;>A:OBHK HO>K MA> H? MBF>

+G> P:R P:L IK>L>GM>= ;R MA> F>MAH= #)) BG K LM:KMBG@HG I:@> PA>K> MA> %FI:GM LM:@>L L> P:R BL MH %) 0ABL =HG>

;R %) ?HK LAHKMM>KF >\>M>KF >\>KF >\> IKH;E>F PBMA MABL :IIKH:KR=B[ NL>K MH => B? :G= AHP LMKHG@ :G >\> LHNK MH


13/37

! !$ ! ! &!

MA> K>IMHK BG MA> MAK>> MBF> LI:GL BL K>= %M F:R ?NGEE B? :GBGUN>G BL EBG>:K BG MA> H? MBF> NM H?M>G MA> ?NMNK> =>O>EHIF>GM BL GHMEBG>:K 0A>K>?HK> MABL MHHE PHNE= IKH=N K:G=HF LHENMBHGL

IHLLB;E> LHENMBHG MH @:BG BG?HKF:MBHG :;HNM MA> ;>A:OBHK BG MA> H?

MBF> MA> ?4808,?=4C

!0,9492 :1 .=:>>?4808,?=4C

%G MA> TKLM L> ?H =BL :G= =>E:R :G= BML BGUN>G HG BFI:>G LAHPG MA:MMBF> BL :G BFIHKM:GM ?: K>= PA>G LHEOBG@ Q

IKH;E>FL $>G MA> B=>: H? : F:MKBQ 0) KHL> /H :L MA> %)@BO>L :GLP>KL MH MA> JN>LMBHG K>@:K=BG@ MA> KHE> H? : O:KB:;E> BG : LRLM>F MA>B=>: H? : 0) BL MH @BO> BG?HKF:MBHG :;HNM AHP ?:LM BFI::= MAKHN@A :LRLM>F 0A> :BF BL MH @BO> NL>KL : MHHE MH :LL>LL MA> KHE> H? :G >E>F>GM K>E:MBO>MH MA> HMA>KL BG : LRLM>F K>@:K=BG@ MBF> L BM BL MRI> H? BG?HKF:MBHG K>@:K=BG@ MA> GM MBF> 0A> G>QMI:K:@K:IA :==K>LL>L MA> L H? MA> >E>F>GML

:9>?=@.?4:9 ,9/ 49?0=;=0?,?4:9 :1 , .=:>>?4808,?=4C

0A> TKLM 0) BL :@:BG ;:L>= HG A:K=ER :GR BG?HKF:MBHG >QIM ?HK MA> DGHPGG MA> 0) L:F> O:EN>L :L MA> ;:LB< %) 0A>=B\>K>G EB>L BG MA> LNF H? MA> KHPL :G= L> :K> GHM G:F>= :L/ :G= ,/ ;NM K:MA>K :L 89@5M DFC8I7H=CB , :G= F979=J98 89@5M . 0A>, BL :G BG=B K>= >E>F>GMNM MA>K> BL : =B\>K>G BG \> LRLM>F MH MA>/ G >E>F>GM MA:M K>BO>L :G BFINEL> :G= A>G A:L :G BFINEL> MHP:K=L MA>LN=BG@ >E>F>GML MHM:E :FHNGM H? LMK>G@MA %M MA>K>?HK> F:D>LL>GL> MH :== MA>F NI :L PBMA MA> / %G =>E:R ;>A:O>L =B\>K>GMER

0A> =>E:R = ;R :G >E>F>GM HGER =>I>G=L HG MA> MBF> BG MA> L>GL> MA:M :=>E:R BL : LAHKM MBF> E:@ HK : EHG@ MBF> @:I %M =H>L GHM IKH=N :GR G>P UHPL$>G BM F:D>L L>GL> GHM MH :== MA> O:EN>L ;NM K:MA>K MH :O>K:@> H?MA> = =>E:RL :L BG MA> ?HEEHPBG@ ?HKFNE: PA>K> ( K>IK>L>GML MA> GNF;>KH? O:KB:;E>L BG MA> LRLM>F

-'# $

(

$>G MA> O:EN>L :K> :EP:RL ;>MP>>G MA> EHP>LM :G= MA> AB@A>LM K:M> NL>=PA>G >O:EN:MBG@ /BFBE:K MA> .O:EN> H? >:E>F>GM BL ?HEEHPBG@ ?HKFNE:


14/37

! ! %!& $! !

-'# $

(

0A> ;:LB< 0) A:L MA> GNF;>KL BG MA> F:MKBQ :L A:L MA> ;:LB< %) BGM:;E> HG I:@> 0A> =B\>K>G HGER EB>L BG MA> E:LM KHP :G= K>MA> . K>LI , A:O> O:EN>L H? /NL GHM @>G>K:M> :GR:==BMBHG:E DGHPE>=@>

0A> G>QM LM>I BG :==BG@ BG?HKF:MBHG BL MH O:EN> MA> =>E:RL ;>MP>>G MA> >E>F>GML L @K:IABIK>L>GM:MBHGL :K> F:=> MH LAHP MA> =>E:R BG : LRLM>F MABLBG?HKF:MBHG LAHNE= :ELH ;> MK:GL?>KK>= BGMH : 0) IHLLB;E> P:R BL :FIMR 9: [email protected] MA>K> BL GH =BK>MP>>G O:KB:;E> :G=

4880/4,?07D B? O:KB:;E> K>:=B:M>ER HGL BG O:KB:;E>

>3:=??0=8 B? O:KB:;E> K>: =>E:RHG L BG O:KB:;E>

84//70?0=8 B? O:KB:;E> K>: MBF>=>E:R HG : BG O:KB:;E>

7:92?0=8 B? O:KB:;E> K>: =>E:RHG : BG O:KB:;E>

IIERBG@ MABL EBLM MH MA> >Q:FIE> K>LNEML BG MA> ?HEEHPBG@ 0) M:;E>

?480 ?:

1=:8 $

,HINE:MBHG BKMA >:MA ";K

"=K < ,KM< .H< H<

):QH<

&

0:;E> KHLLMBF>F:MKBQ

0ABL BG?HKF:MBHG MK:GL?>KK>= BGMH MA> T@NK> H? KHE> H? >:BG : LRLM>F G HG =>E:R "B@NK> LAHPL MA> IHLBMBHG H?>:E>F>GM :G= BML KHE> 0A>K> :K> ;:LBL :G >E>F>GM


15/37

! !$ ! ! &!

0 21 2.50.5

1

1.5

2

3

RD

DP

0

A

4

8


= 6, 9A

1.5

2.5

3

0.5

2 3

7

1

5

sluggish

accelerative

braking

lively

"B@NK> .HE> H? :G >E>F>GM BG MA> QM H? MBF>

4A07D G >E>F>GM MA:M BL LBMN:M>= BG MABL K IKH=NL :EFHLM GH MBF>=>E:R %M K>:=B:M>ER PA>G O:EN>L NI MA> K %M :ELH @BO>LL LMK:B@AM :P:R =HPG MA> L> O:KB:;E>L A:O> MA> :=O:GM:@>MA:M MA>BK ;>A:OBHK :=CNLML ?:LM MH L BG MA> >GOBKHGF>GM +G MA>HMA>K A:G= B? MA>R :K> BGOHEO>= BG : K>BG?HK>=;:R LI>>=NI MA> =>O>EHIF>GM 0A>R A:O> : LF:EE , :G= .

=,6492 !E>F>GML MA:M :K> LBMN:M>= MHP:K=L MABL K LEHP =HPG MA> =B??NLBHG 0A>R :GL MA:M MA>R:=CNLM K:MA>K ?:LM PA>G :G >E>F>GM NI MA> L ;NM MA> ?HEEHPBG@>E>F>GML :EB@G O>KR LEHP 0A>L> >E>F>GML PHKD :L : ;K:D> MA:M LEHPL =HPGMA> =B\NLBHG BG : LRLM>F

'7@224>3 0A>L> :K> MA> =NEE >E>F>GML 0A>R A:O> : AB@A , :G= . 0ABLF>:GL MA:M MA>L> >E>F>GML HI>K:M> O>KR LEHP %M M:D>L LHF> MBF> NGMBEMA>R K>LIHG= M MA> L:F> MBF> BM M:D>L BML MBF> NGMBE MA> L A:II>G=HPG MA> F :L I:KM H? MA>LRLM>F "NKMA>K :L MA>R LEHP =HPG MA> L BG MA> LRLM>F BM M:D>LI:MB>G NGMBE : LRLM>F TG=L BML G>P ;:E:G :?M>K :G BGM>KO>GMBHG 0A>R:K> MA> F:BG ?HK HO>KLM>>KBG@

..070=,?4A0 0A> E:LM @HKR BL F:=> NI H? >E>F>GML PBMA : AB@A . :G= :EHP , 0A>R ;>A:O> MA> HIIHLBM> P:R H? MA> ;K:DBG@ >E>F>GML %M M:D>LLHF> MBF> NGMBE BFINEL>L :KKBO> :M MA>L> >E>F>GML ;NM MA>R L>G= MA>F ?:LM?HKP:K=

0A> KHE>L H? MA> >E>F>GML A>EI MH F BG MA> L>GL> H? BL MA>LRLM>F :L : PAHE> K:MA>K U>QB;E> HK K:MA>K KB@B= :G : LRLM>F :=CNLM LPB?MERMH L BG MA> >GOBKHGF>GM HK BL BM K:MA>K LMB\ 0A> O:KB:;E>L MA:M :


16/37

! ! %!& $! !

K>:=B:M>ER :K> MA> IK>?>K:;E> HG>L :L MA>R :K> >:LB>K MH A:G=E> +G MA>L>:K ;>LM >E>F>GML MH NL> :L BGM>KO>GMBHG IHBGML HK BG=BL H? BG?HKF:MBHG :K> G>>=>= BFI: 0A> G>QM L>%) :G= 0) MH@>MA>K

:8-49492 ?30 491:=8,?4:9 :1 ! ,9/ (!

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

3 12 0.52.5

2

3

5

DP

AS

0

A Variables atthe same spot:

= 2, 3= 4, 5= 6, 9= 8, 10

A

B

C

D

1.5 0

1

1

4

B

C

7

D

braking-active

lively-

active

lively-buffering

braking-buffering

"B@NK> %=>:E O:KB:;E> :K>: H? T@NK> LIEBM BGMH MA> ?HEEHPBG@ ?HNK LJN:K>L :G=MA>K>?HK> ;:LB< KHE>L

=,6492,.?4A0 A,=4,-70 0A>L> O:KB:;E>L A:O> : AB@A / :G= ,O:EN> :G=

:K> LBMN:M>= BG MA> MHI E>?M K 0A>L> O:KB:;E>L A:O> : AB@A BFI:K EHG@ I:MAL HK LEHP LIK>:=L PBMABG MA> LRLM>F 0A>R :K> ;>LM B? MA>LRLM>F LAHNE= NG=>K@H : LEHP ;NM K:MA>K LN;LM:GMB:E


17/37

! !$ ! ! &!

4A07D,.?4A0 A,=4,-70 $:OBG@ : AB@A / :G= : EHP ,O:EN> F:D>L MA>F MA>B=>:E BGM>KO>GMBHG IHBGML PBMABG : LRLM>F :L L BFIE>F>GM>=K:MA>K ?:LM 0A>R :K> LBMN:M>= MHP:K=L MA> MHI KB@AM K %? MA>K>BL BFF>=B:M> G>>= ?HK :L> :K> MA> IHBGML H? BGM>KO>GMBHG %G :

PA>G MA>K> :K> EBJNB=BMR IKH;E>FL

4A07D-@J0=492 A,=4,-70 0A>L> >E>F>GML A:O> : EHP / :G= ,O:EN> :G=:K> IHLBMBHG>= G>:K MA> ;HMMHF KB@AM :K>: ,NMMBG@ MA> >G>K@R BGMH MA>L>O:KB:;E>L =H>L GHM FN LRLM>F :L MA>BK BFI: E:LM @HKR H? >E>F>GML :K> BG MA> =BK> ;HMMHF E>?M LIHM 0A>L> O:KB:;E>L A:O> K:MA>K EHP BFI: LAHKM :G= EHG@ M>KF :G= :K> MA>K>?HK> :ELH GHM O>KR BGM>K>LMBG@ :LBGM>KO>GMBHG IHBGML

0ABL :G:ERLBL BL : MHHE MH O:EN> MA> KHE> H? >E>F>GML BG ?HKF H? BFI: MHP:K=L : LRLM>F >E>F>GML :M LIHM =FH FHLM :IIKHIKB:M> BGM>KO>GMBHG IHBGML MH MA> LRLM>F

/BFBE:K MA> :G:ERL>L H? MA> KHE> H? O:KB:;E>L :L BG=B LRLM>F L %=>:E :MMKB;NM>L ?HKBG=B : AB@A ,/O:EN> :G= : EHP .O:EN> AB@A ,/O:EN> F>:GLMA:M :G >E>F>GM BL :\>= FHK> BGM>GL>ER B? L HF EHP .O:EN> F>:GL MA:M :G >E>F>GM K>:=B:M>ER B? L A:II>G

0A> O:EN>L :K> :@:BG M:D>G ?KHF M:;E> I K>LI M:;E> I 0A>K>LNEMBG@ KHE>L H? MA> >E>F>GML :K> @BO>G BG MA> LN;L>JN>GM T@NK> %G HK=>KMA:M MA> T@NK> K>:= :L MA> IK>OBHNL BG MA> L>GL> MA:M MA> FHLM BGM>K>LMBG@?: LBMN:M>= BG MA> MHI KB@AM K MA> :QBL H? . A:L ;>>G MNKG>=

3 12 0.52.5

2

3

5

RD

PS

0

A


= 5, 10A

1.5 0

1

9

4 7

6 1

23

4

6

8

accelerative-reactive

lively-reactive

lively-buffering

accelerative-buffering

"B@NK> %=>:E BG=BL G:F>= :L ?HEEHPL


18/37

! ! %!& $! !

..070=,?4A0=0,.?4A0 A,=4,-70 0A>L> >E>F>GML :K> EH= G>:K MA> MHI E>?MK :G= A:O> : AB@A ,/ :G= .O:EN> !O>G MAHN@A MA>R BG=B MA>FHH= H? MA> LRLM>F K:MA>K LMKHG@ER MA>R :K> LEHP BG K>:L> ?: IHLBMBHG>= MH MA> MHI KB@AM LIHML MA>R A:O> : AB@A ,/ :G= EHP .O:EN> MA>R A:O> MA> I>K?>:K BGM>GL>ER PBMA : LAHKM K>: HGL BG MA> LRLM>F

4A07D-@J0=492 & A,=4,-70 0A>L> O:KB:;E>L A:O> EHP ,/ :L P>EE :L EHP.O:EN>L :G= :K> LBMN:M>= BG MA> ;HMMHF KB@AM :K>: !O>G MAHN@A MA>RK>:R A:O> : FH=>K:M> >\> LRLM>F

..070=,?4A0-@J0=492 A,=4,-70 L MA>R A:O> : EHP ,/ :G= : AB@A .

O:EN> MA>R ;:K>ER K>:K:MBHG BG MA> LRLM>F :G= =H BM O>KR LEHPER0A>R :K> EH= MHP:K=L MA> ;HMMHF E>?M K :G= :K> GHM O>KR @HH= MH LRLM>F

0ABL L>LMB@:MBHG H? KHE> BL : MHHE MH >O:EN:M> MA> OB:;BEBMR H? :G>E>F>GM :L BG=B:LNK> MA> FHH= H? MA> LRLM>F >E>F>GM :M LIHM 'CDI@5H=CB F9@5H=J9 HC 7 BL MA> FHLM :IIKHIKB:M>BG=B:LNK>L L BG MA> LRLM>F %M K>BO>L LMKHG@ BFI:= MH ;:=ER

%G MABL L> ?H BGM>K:MP>>G :G >E>F>GM :G= MA>

LRLM>F BM BL I:KM H? 0A> K>LNEML H? :G >E>F>GM A:O> MH ;> BGM>KIK>M>= :EP:RL :LK>E:MBO> MH MA> HMA>K ?: LM:KMBG@ IHBGM P:L : LRLM>F PA>K> HGER MA>K> DGHPG NKBG@ MABL I:KM FHK> BG?HKF:MBHG P:L @:BG>= ;RP>B@AMBG@ MA> K>E:MBHGLABI ;>MP>>G MA> ?:>GBFI: >\>G=>= ;R @:BG>= BG?HKF:MBHG BGMH= KHE> T@NK>L %G MA> G>QM L> ?H K>E:MBHG ;>MP>>GMA> O:KB:;E>L

&07,?4:9 -0?B009 ?B: 070809?> 49 , >D>?08

0H :IIHBGM MA> KHE> H? >:E>F>GM BG : LRLM>F P:L MA> K>LNEM H? MA> IK>OBHNLL> H? :G:ERLBL BL GHM >GHN@A MA> G>QM LM>I BL MH :G:ERS> MA>K>E:MBHGL ;>MP>>G :EE >E>F>GML PBMABG : LRLM>F 0ABL L>L JN:EBM:MBO>:GLP>KL MH JN>LMBHGL H? MA> ?HKF AHP EHG@ =H>L BM M:D> NGMBE :G BFINEL> :M>E>F>GM :KKBO>L :M >E>F>GM HK AHP ;B@ BL MA> BFI:K> MA> K>E:MBHG P:L ;>MP>>G :G >E>F>GM:G= BML LRLM>F A>K> MA> ?H K>E:MBHG ;>MP>>G MA> >E>F>GML 0A>BGBMB:E IHLBMBHG MA:M : =>K P:GML MH : E>O>E H? : KM:BGO:KB:;E> 0A> JN>LMBHG BL GHP PA>K> LAHNE= MA> BGM>KO>GMBHG M:D> IE: :G= AHP

EHG@ PBEE BM @H NGMBE MA> PBLA>= E>O>E H? : KM:BG O:KB:;E> LM:KML HMA>K P:R KHNG= MA> LM:KMBG@ IHLBMBHG BL MA:M : F:G:@>K P:GML MH BGM>KO>G> :M :KM:BG IHBGM BG MA> LRLM>F 0A> JN>LMBHG GHP BL PA>K> LAHNE= MA>


19/37

! !$ !$ ! &!

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