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The Human Axial Skeleton
Dr. Christopher J. Knsel,
Associate Professor in Bioarchaeology,
Department of Archaeology,
University of Exeter,
Laver Building,
North Park Road,
Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QE
United Kingdom
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Human Anatomy
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The Adult Human
Skeleton
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Cranium, Crania
Mandible, Mandibulae
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Intra-cranial views
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Superior, Inferior, and Posterior
views
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The Jaws
Maxilla, Maxillae Mandible, Mandibulae
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Fontanelles in the Newborn
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Fusion of the Infant Cranium
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Dentition: Two Sets of Teeth
Deciduous
Infant Dental Formula
212
212
Incisors(2), Canine(1), Molars(2)
Developing Permanent Teeth
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Adult Dentition
Adult Dental Formula
2123
2123
Incisors(2), Canine(1), Molars (3)
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The Vertebral Column
vertebra= singular
vertebrae= plural
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Mid-line Structures
Hyoid
sternum
manubrium
corpus sterni
xiphoid process
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Rib (costa) (12 pairs)
rib 1rib 7thoracic cage
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Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas Axis
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Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
thoracic vertebra 12
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Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
lumbar vertebra 5
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Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) &
Coccyx (3-4 vertebrae, often fused)
anterior and posterior
superior
lateral
female male
female
male
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The Human Appendicular Skeleton
Dr. Christopher J. Knsel,
Associate Professor in Bioarchaeology,
Department of Archaeology,
University of Exeter,
Laver Building,
North Park Road,
Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QE
United Kingdom
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Pectoral Girdle: The Clavicle
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Scapula: Glenoid Cavity
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Evidence for Laterality
FCS No. 7 the Mary Rose
FCS No. 7 the Mary Rose
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Baldock
1203
80%
65 %
50%
35%
20%
% Bilateral Distribution
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A Medial Epicondylar Epiphysis
in the Process of Fusing
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The Appearance and Fusion Times
of the Humeral Epiphyses
Figure 9.9 from Scheuer, L. and Black, S. (2000). Developmental
Juvenile Osteology.
San Diego, Academic Press
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80% slice
(shoulder)
20% slice
(elbow)
Ability: Cross-sectional Analysis of Humeri
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The Forearm: Radius and Ulna
posterior & anterior posterior & anterioranterior &
posterior
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The Hand (Manus)
The Wrist:
Carpal Bones
Phalanges (14)
(phalanx = singular)
Metacarpals (5)
Carpals (8)
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Epiphyses of the Upper Limb
Metacarpals and
Phalanges
(phalanx= singular
pectoral girdle
Humerus
proximal and
distal ends
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The Pelvic Girdle: The Os Coxae
Os coxae = singular
Ossa coxae = plural
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The Bone of the Thigh: The Femur
posterior anterior anterior
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The Articulations of the Femur
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The Patella (patellae)
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The Bones of the Leg: The Tibia (tibiae)
anterior posterior retroversion of the tibialateral medial
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The Leg: Tibia (tibiae) & Fibula (fibulae)
superior view
anterior view
posterior view
Calcaneus and Talus:
talo-calcaneal
articulation/sub-talar joint
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The Foot (Pes, Pedal)
Plantar view Dorsal view
Tarsals
(7)
Meta-
tarsals
(5)
Phalanges
(phalanx)
(14)
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The Lateral Bone of
the Leg: The Fibula
anterior posterior mediallateral
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Epiphyses of the Lower Limb
proximal
and distal
femur
calcaneus
Metatarsals
and phalanges
(phalanx=
singular)
proximal and
distal tibia and
fibula
