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Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
CHAPTER 5Motivation
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Motivation
Three reasons to learn motivation:1. To motivate others.
2. To understand how others are trying to motivate you.
3. To enable you to better participate in your own motivation.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Motivation and Needs * Need — Some
internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive. Remain unchanged over lifetime. * Unsatisfied needs
create tensions.
* Motivation — willingness of a person to exert high levels of effort to satisfy some individual need or want.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Motivation
Why do managers need to know about motivation?
Why do workers need to know about motivation?
Can people learn to need needs?
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
*** Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
(* Organizational factor of PAY for work)
Begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence needs — the need to fulfill physical and material human wants, like food, water, pay, decent working conditions, and safety-security factors.
Existence
Relatedness
Growth
All needs are operative at one time
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Relatedness needs — the need to maintain relationships with others.
Growth needs — a combination of the desire for self-esteem and the desire for self-realization.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Herzberg and Motivation
* Hygiene, or maintenance, factors — facets of the work environment that need to be present in order to make the job at least minimally acceptable.
* Motivators — facets of the work that actually give people a reason to perform in their work and grow.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Herzberg and Motivation
Hygiene factors range from causing dissatisfaction to no dissatisfaction.
Motivators range from causing satisfaction to no satisfaction.
In Herzberg’s theory, no satisfaction (an absence of satisfaction) is not the same as dissatisfaction.
cont.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Herzberg and Motivation
*** Hygiene Factors: ***(Job Dissatisfaction)
Quality of supervision. Company rules and
politics. Interpersonal relations
with superiors, subordinates, and peers
Salary and certain benefits.
Working conditions.
Motivators:(Job Satisfaction)
Achievement. Recognition. The job itself. Growth and advancement. Responsibility. Feedback.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
McGregor’s Theory X & Y Theory X
Managers are pessimistic about workers’ capabilities.
Managers believe people dislike work, seek to avoid responsibility, and are not ambitious.
Employees must be closely supervised.
Theory Y Managers are more
optimistic about workers’ capabilities.
Managers believe people enjoy work, willingly accept responsibility, exercise self-control, have the capacity to innovate, and work is as natural as play.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Need for Approval – receiving official consent or confirmation
* Need for Achievement – feeling that you’ve accomplished a goal
Need for Competence – the state of being adequate or will qualified: possessing sufficient ability for a task
* Need for Power – the ability or capacity to perform or act effectively; strength or force exerted or capable of being exerted
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Goal Setting Theory A goal is what a person tries to attain,
accomplish, or achieve. Goals tell an employee what needs to be done and how
much effort will need to be expended. A specific hard goal that is understood and accepted by
the individual acts as an internal stimulus. Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output
than does the generalized goal of “do your best.” The specificity of the goal itself acts as an internal
stimulus. Feedback is critical and acts to guide behavior.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Equity Theory
People seek equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of a job.
If they put more in than they get out, they will start to work less or try to get more out.
If they get more out than they put in, they will start to work harder.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Equity Theory of Motivation
If an imbalance is perceived, what could be done? Change the inputs. Change the outcomes. Look at another measurement. Change one’s self-perception. Choose a different reference point. Choose to leave.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Behavior Modification * Behavior modification — the
influencing of behavior through the use of positive or negative reinforcement techniques.
* Positive reinforcement — encouraging the repetition of behavior.
Negative Reinforcement – rewarding by taking away uncomfortable consequences.
cont.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Behavior Modification
Escape and avoidance — to elude or avoid something.
Extinction — the elimination of behavior.
* Punishment — a penalty imposed for wrongdoing.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Hunter’s Theory
Level of concern — holding people accountable for their actions.
Success — people are motivated to perform acts they are successful at. People will perform acts they are not
successful at if they are learning and seeing progress.
cont.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Expectancy Theory
The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. The theory focuses on three relationships: effort-performance relationship. performance-reward relationship. reward-personal goals relationship.
Effort Performance Reward Need Satisfaction1 32
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Money and Motivation
Does money motivate? What can money do
to motivate? What can money not
do in motivation?
cont.
Human Behavior in Organizations, 2nd EditionRodney Vandeveer and Michael Menefee
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.Revised by Jackie Kroening
Money and Motivation
Money is traditional. Money is tangible. Money is objective.
Alternatives to money are often subjective.
Money is symbolic.