Human Body Systems-an overview of Anatomy and Physiology-Notes

The Nervous System• General info----• Controls and coordinates functions and

______________________________________________• The messages carried by the nervous systems are

electrical SIGNALS called_______________________.• These impulse carrying cells are

called______________________.

Responds to internal and external stimuli

impulses neurons

• 3 types according to direction:• ____________________from sense organs to spinal cord and

brain• Motors neurons carry from brain and spinal cord to muscles

and glands.• ______connect sensory and motor neurons and carry

impulses between them

Sensory neurons

interneurons

Typical nerve cell

• Cell body-nucleus and cytoplasm• _______________-extensions that carry impulse from

environment or other neurons to cell body• _________-long fiber carrying away from cell body• _____ contain neurotransmitter chemicals to transfer

impulse• The myelin sheath is an insulating membrane

dendrites axons Axon terminals

• Nerves are made of a few to thousands of neurons• An impulse begins when the nerve is stimulated by the

environment or other neurons• An _________results from a temporary influx of positive

ions(Na+ ions in)-as impulse follows K+ ions flow out to restore to resting potential

• ____________-location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell.

Action potential synapse

Divisions of Nervous System-

• Central nervous System relays messages,processes them and analyzes info-brain and spinal cord

• CNS has 3 layers of connective tissue called ________________________

meninges

• Fluid within meninges is called_________________________________________________CSF

Cerebral spinal fluid

BRAIN

• ___________________________-largest and most prominent part of human brain-voluntary,conscious activities,intelligence,judgement,learning

• Connecting hemisphere-_________________________________________,one side controls opposite side of body,outer layer cerebral cortex-gray matter-packed nerve cell bodies ,CEREBRAL CORTEX-processes info from sense organs and control body movements/and inner layer-white matter (axons w/myelin sheaths)and controls connects cortex and brain stem

cerebrum Corpus collasum

• _________________-2nd largest region at back –coordinates and balances actions of muscles

• ___________-connects brain and spinal cord-pons and medulla oblongata-neural “switch-boards’-controls blood pressure,heart rate,______________________

• The thalamus and hypothalamus---between brain stem and cerebrum-Thalamus receives receives info from sensory receptors and directs to cerebrum for processing/hypothalamus recognizes and analyzes hunger,thirst,fatigue,anger and body temperature and coordinates nervous and endocrine systems

cerebellumBrain stem

Breathing and swallowing

• Spinal Cord-31 pairs of spinal nerves branching out• PNS-Peripheral Nervous System-outside CNS-sensory

division takes impulses from sense organs to CNS and ______________________________-takes impulses from CNS to muscles or glands

• _______________________Nervous System-activities under conscious control

• Autonomic NS regulates automatic or involuntary response…..Sympathetic system increase ,for example ,heart rate while parasympathetic decreases heart rate

Motor division sympathetic

SKELETAL SYSTEM-

• General info-• Functions in protection,movement and mineral

reserves,blood cell formation• ______________adult bones• Axial and _____________________ skeleton

206 appendicular

• Bones are solid network of living cells and protein fibers surrounded by calcium salts

• ____________________-tough connective tissuesurrounding bone• Haversion canals contain blood vessels and nerves• _________________-mature bone cells• ________________-break done bone• _____________________produce bone

periosteum

osteocytesosteoclasts

osteoblasts

• 3 types of joints-immovable,slightly movable and freely movable

• _________________________--hold bones together in a joint

ligaments

MUSCULAR SYSTEM_

• Skeletal,smooth and cardiac• Proteins myosin and _________________control

contractions• Fueled by ATP• Neurotransmitter _____________________controls

muscle innervations• __________________-attach muscle to bones

actinacetylcholine tendons

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM-

• General info-skin,hair nails,some glands and body coverings• ______________--barrier against infection and injury,helps

regulate body temp,remove waste and some protection from UV rays

• Skin has 2 layers:_______________ which has an outer dead layer,living cells below with keratin-,melanin producing cells and _______________which contains collagen,blood vessels,nerve endings,glands(sweat and sebaceous glands),sensory receptors,smooth muscles and hair

• Follicles-below dermis is subcutaneous fatty tissue and loose connective tissue

skin epidermis dermis

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-

• Heart and blood vessels• Heart is a muscle called ______________________________• Surrounded by protective tissue called

____________________________________• Average contractions 72 beats /min• 4 chambered 2 upper atria and 2 lower ventricles/septum to

prevent mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood

myocardium pericardium

• Right side pumps from heart to lungs-_______________________ and left side to rest of body-_____________

• Circulation through heart-blood enters heart through left and right atria,contracts,then out ventricles to body or lungs

• ____________________-flaps preventing backflow

Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

valves

• ________________________carry O2 rich blood from heart to tissues(with exception of pulmonary artery)

• ________________________________-smallest vessels responsible for gas diffusion and transport of nutrients

• ___________________-returns O2 poor blood to heart• Blood pressure- :Systolic-force felt in arteries when

ventricles contract =120/80• Diastolic-force of

blood felt in arteries when ventricles relax

arteries capillaries veins

• BLOOD_• RBC’s (5 mill/1 milliter)transport O2 w/ hemoglobin,old red

blood cells disposed in liver and spleen• WBC’s much lesser in #-guard against infection,lymphocytes

produce antibodies• ______________-enable blood clotting

platelets

http://www.mdconsult.com/das/patient/body/0/0/10041/9123_en.jpg

• Lymphatic System-network of vessels,nodes and organs that collect fluid lost by blood-________________________-and return it to circulatory system-filtering out bacteria ,etc. and absorb nutrients-includes thymus and spleen

lymph

• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM• Process of gas exchange• Bring exchange of O2 and CO2 between

blood,air and tissues

• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM-• Mouth-mastication-chewing and chemical break down with

________________________• Esophagus-with muscular action food passes from mouth down to stomach• Stomach-Chemically HCl activates ___________________-digestive enzyme• Mechanically stomach churns and mixes fluids and foods into

____________________ and then empties into small intestine• Small intestine-1st-_______________________ where almost all digestive

enzymes enter-mix w/fluids from pancreas(an accessory digestive gland) and liver-bile disperses fat/then jejunum and illium-all main function absorption of nutrients

• Next large intestine-minus chyme-functions in removing water from what is left

• Next rectum

Salivary amylase

pepsin chyme

duodenum

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM-• Remove waste from blood,maintain pH in blood,regulate water

and blood volume• Kidney-functional units are___________________________-

each with its own blood supply-impurities are filtered out and enter collecting duct,purified blood exits

• _________________capillaries encased by bowman’s capsule-their filtrate enters-water,urea,glucose,salts,amino acids and vitamins-much renters blood

• Remaining material is _________________(inc. urea,salts and water)-collects in loop of Henle,where water is conserved and urine goes into bladder and out _______________-

•

nephrons glomerulus urine

urethra