Human Body Systems Final Project 03-04 Draft 5

8/7/2019 Human Body Systems Final Project 03-04 Draft 5

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Human Body Systemsby: somayeh khaleghi barretto (sofia)

y Digestive

y Respiratory

y I ntegumentary

y I mmune

y Lymphatic

y M uscular

y C irculatory

y S keletal

y

N ervousy E ndocrine

y E xcretory

y Reproductive

And Levels of Organization



Human Body SystemsThis slide presentation is meant to help youThis slide presentation is meant to help youstudy the major systems of the human body.study the major systems of the human body.

Use it as an introduction or as a review.Use it as an introduction or as a review.Follow the instructions as you move along toFollow the instructions as you move along toexplore and learn. You can go through theexplore and learn. You can go through the

entire program slide by slide, or you skip toentire program slide by slide, or you skip tofocus on any one system.focus on any one system.



Levels of OrganizationThe Human Body has several layers of organization beginning with the simplest and becoming

more complex.

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0522/5b0342f3a706f/5b0342f605f1

Answers to previous slide: cell, tissue, organ (small intestine).



Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif



http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm

And Your Body Systems (Part 2)



Your Digestive System



What major tasks does your digestive

system help you accomplish?



Your Digestive System««breaks down foodinto molecules thebody can absorb.

«passes thesemolecules into theblood to be carriedthroughout the body.

«works to eliminatesolid wastes from thebody.



Parts of Your Digestive System



Now for

theDigestive

Journey



The Digestive Journey

Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth andtongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary glands

(chemical digestion).

The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed withthe food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is themuscular action that moves the food through theesophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.



Your Stomach

The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals

such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks proteins,and other enzymes break down fat. Your stomach graduallyreleases these materials into the upper small intestine(duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach alsohas a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and tokeep it from digesting itself!



By the way, your stomach reallydoes look like a muscular bag!



Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

Located in the upper portion of your

abdomen, your liver is the largest

and heaviest organ of your body. It

is like a busy chemical factory that

plays many roles. For example, your

liver breaks down many substances

and toxins, and produces bile- a

substance that helps break down

fat. The bile flows from the liver into

the gall bladder, where it is stored

until needed. The pancreas lies

between the stomach and the

duodenum and produces enzymesthat flow into the small intestines,

helping to break up complex

starches, proteins, and fats.



Your Small & Large Intestines

After the solid food has beendigested the fluid remaining is

called chymeWhen it is

thoroughly digested it passes

through an opening (called the

pylorus sphincter) into the small

intestines. In the small intestines

all the nutrients are absorbed

leaving undigestible wastes.

These wastes pass into the large

intestines, where water is

removed. Then the wastes arestored in the rectum until they are

released by the anus.



Cross Section of Your Intestines

The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food andnutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small

intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.



Your Respiratory System



The Functions of Your Respiratory System

Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outsideenvironment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide andwater from your body (this image shows all the tiny bronchiolesthat carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).



How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm



How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli



The Respiratory and CirculatorySystems: Working Together.

W orking togetherthe respiratory and circulatory

systems form thecario-pulmonary system, which isan integralconnectionbetween theheart and lungs.



Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of thelungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus.Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit orother foreign substances.

Web Sources and Resources

www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html



Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer

The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage

smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.



X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery andradiation are some treatments for the disease.

Web Sources and Resources

www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm



Web Sources and Resources:

Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images

Please Take Care of Your Lungs

and Don¶t Smoke ,emil & alexis!



Your Integumentary System

(It¶s Your Skin!)



Your skin covers your body and

prevents the loss of water. It

protects the body from injury and

infection. The skin also helps to

regulate body temperature,

eliminate wastes, gather

information about the

environment, and produce vitamin

D. The skin is organized into two

main layers, the epidermis and the

dermis.



Skin Anatomy



Your Immune System



Your Immune System

Your Immune system

protects you fromforeign invaders.Special cells react toeach kind of pathogen

with a defensetargeted specifically atthat pathogen.

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html





Your Lymphatic System



The Functions of Your

Lymphatic SystemYour lymphatic system and thecardiovascular system are closely related structures that are joinedby a capillary system. The

lymphatic system is important tothe body's defense mechanisms. Itfilters out organisms that causedisease, produces certain whiteblood cells and generatesantibodies. It is also important for

the distribution of fluids andnutrients in the body, because itdrains excess fluids and protein sothat tissues do not swell up.

http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/node_p2.gif



Your Muscular System



Types of Muscles

Your body has three types of muscletissue²skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,and cardiac muscle.



Skeletal MuscleSkeletal muscles areattached to the bones of your skeleton. Because youhave conscious control of skeletal muscles, they areclassified as voluntary

muscles. These musclesprovide the force thatmoves your bones. Skeletalmuscles react quickly andtire quickly. At the end of askeletal muscle is a tendon.A tendon is a strongconnective tissue that

attaches muscle to bone.Note- ligaments connectbones together.



Smooth Muscle

Smooth musclesare called

involuntarymuscles becausethey work withyour conscious

effort.



Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac cl ar in l ntar clf nd nl in t art. Cardiac cld n t t tir d.

A Cardiac M cl Cell



Voluntary MusclesThe muscles thatare under yourdirect control are

called voluntarymuscles. Smilingand turning thepages in a book

are actions of voluntarymuscles



Involuntary Muscle Action

e uscles t at are not un er yourconscious control are calle involuntary

uscles. our colon left is line its oot uscle, an your eart ri t isco rise of car iac uscle ic or sauto atically u in bloo aroun yourbo y.



How Do Muscles Work?

Muscl s by cont cting, or becoming shorter nd thicker. ecause muscle cells can only contract, not extend,skeletal muscles must ork in airs. While one muscle

contracts, the other muscle in the air returns to its originallength. or example, in order to move the lower arm, the biceps muscle on the f ront of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbow. his lifts the f orearm and hand. s the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of the upper arm returns to its original length. o straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps returns to its original length.



Anatomy Of A Muscle



Some Major Voluntary Muscles



Some Really Big Muscles!And on to the Circulatory System.



BloodBlood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen fromthe lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide frombody tissue to the lungs.

Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible fornourishing, cleansing, and protecting the body.Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood

healthy.The bloo

dcells have a

defi

nite life cycle,just as all living organisms do.

Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, astraw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carriesthe solid cells and the platelets which help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed todeath.

When the human body loses a little bit of blood through a minor wound, the platelets cause theblood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Becausenew blood is always being made inside of yourbones, the body can replace the lost blood. When the human body loses a lot of blood through amajor wound, that blood has to be replaced througha blood transfusion from other people.



Heart Dissections

Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!



Artificial Hearts

The action of the artificial heart is entirely similar to the action of the

natural heart. There is, however, one huge difference: the natural heartis living muscle, while the artificial heart is plastic, aluminum, andDacron polyester. As a result, the artificial heart needs some externalsource of "life." An external power system energizes and regulates thepump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heartthrough the chest. Since the system is cumbersome and open toinfection, the use of an artificial heart is meant to be temporary.yhttp://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/fake.html



Your Skeletal System



Your Skeleton¶s Functions

Your skeleton has fivemajor functions. Itprovides shape andsupport, enables you to

move, protects yourinternal organs, producesblood cells, and storescertain materials until your

body needs them



The Structure of Bone

Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin,tough membrane covers all of a bone except theends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave thebone through the membrane. Beneath themembrane is a layer of compact bone, which is

hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals runthrough the compact bone, carrying blood vesselsand nerves from the bone¶s surface to the livingcells within the bone. Just inside the compact boneis a layer of spongy bone, which has many smallspaces within it.



Bone Anatomy



CartilageCartilage provides asmooth surface betweenbones or sometimes amore flexible extension

of bone, as in the tip of your nose. As an infant,much of your skeletonwas cartilage. By thetime you stop growing,

most of the cartilage willhave been replaced withhard bone tissue.



Joints

A joint is a place in the bodywhere two bones cometogether. Joints allow bones tomove in different ways.Immovable joints connect

bones in a way that allows littleor no movement. Movable jointsallow the body to make a widerange of movements. Movablejoints include ball-and- socketjoints, pivot joints, hinge joints,

and gliding joints. The bones inmovable joints are heldtogether by a strong connectivetissue called a ligament.



Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is adisease in whichbones become fragile

and more likely tobreak. If notprevented or if leftuntreated,

osteoporosis canprogress painlessly until a bone breaks.



Your Nervous System

Your r ous s st r c i s i f or tion out tis ning ot insi nd outside our ody . It

lso directs t e y in ic your ody res onds to t is inf or tion. In ddition, t e ner ous sy stem el s maintain omeostasis. stimulus is any c ange

or signal in t e env ironment t at can make an organism react



Your Nervous SystemYour nervoussystem consists of the central andperipheral systems.The central nervous

system (CNS),includes the brainand spinal cord; theperipheral systemincludes the nerves

to the rest of thebody.



Neurons

The cells that carry information through your nervous system arecalled neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron carriesis called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body thatcontains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike extensions.One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward thecell body. An axon carries impulses away from the cell body.Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. A bundleof nerve fibers is called a nerve.



The Anatomy of a Neuron



Your Central Nervous System-

The Brain and Spinal Cord



Central & Peripheral Nervous

Systems Working Together

The yellow partsare CNS parts and

the purple areparts of yourperipheralnervous system.



Reflexes: Some nerve signals go onlyto the spinal cord and back.

The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called amonosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in

the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takesabout 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of theleg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thighmuscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After onesynapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information issent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.



Your Brain- The Command CenterThe human brain is a complex organthat allows us to think, move, feel, see,hear, taste, and smell. It controls ourbody, receives information, analyzesinformation, and stores information(our memories).

The brain produces electrical signals,which, together with chemicalreactions, let the parts of the bodycommunicate. Nerves send thesesignals throughout the body.

The average human brain weighs about3 pounds. At birth, the human brain

weighs less than a pound. As a childgrows, the number of cell remainsrelatively stable, but the cells grow insize and the number of connectionsincreases. The human brain reaches itsfull size at about years of age.



Most nerve signals are interpreted byyour brain and motor nerves then carry

out your instructions.



Major Brain Sections cerebrum

cerebellum

brain stem

Your Bra n Has Very



Your Bra n Has VeryComplicated Anatomy All ItsOwn!



Alzheimer¶s DiseaseAlzheimer's disease attacksthe brain; it is not a normalpart of aging. People with ADhave a gradual memory lossand difficulties with languageand emotions.

The progressive loss of intellectual abilities is termeddementia. As the diseaseadvances, the person mayneed help in all aspects of life:bathing, eating, and using therestroom.

Because of this round-the-clock care, families and friendsof people with AD are greatlyaffected. The disease isirreversible and there iscurrently no cure.



Your Senses Are Your Nervous System¶sBridge to the Outside World

Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images

S ight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, S mell



Your Endocrine System

The endocrine system is acollection of special organs inthe body that producehormones. These organs areusually called the "glands."They are located in differentparts of the body. For

example, the pituitary is in thebrain, the thyroid is in theneck, the adrenal glands arejust alone the kidneys and thesexual glands (ovaries andtestes) are located in thesexual organs. Each gland

produces a hormone into theblood, which travels allthrough the body. Hormonesregulate our body activities,for example growth, sleep,sudden actions, feelings andblood sugar for energy.



Your Excretory System

Your excretory system collects wastes produced bycells and removes these wastes from your body. heremoval process is known as excretion. he two

kidneys are the major organs of the excretorysystem. he kidneys filter your blood and removeurea, excess water, and some other waste materialsfrom your blood. Urea is a chemical that comes fromthe breakdown of proteins. he filtering processproduces a watery fluid called urine. Each kidneycontains about a million nephrons.



Your Excretory System

Web Sources and Resources:

Usborne Science Encyclopedia pg. 362 and Quicklink Images



Kidney Tubules (Nephrons)Urine Production

The kidneys regulate the body fluids, maintaining desirablelevels of acids and bases, salts, nutrients and wastes. Eachkidney is made up of over a million tiny tubes known asnephrons, or kidney tubules. The tubules act in parallel tofilter the blood and produce the urine. As the blood filtratepasses along the tubule, the composition of the fluid ischanged in complex ways. In some ways the tubuleresembles an industrial processing plant, and the cellslining the walls of the tubule can be thought of as

technicians who modify the filtrate as it passes by. The firststep in urine production is called filtration. This occurs at

the glomerulus, which is really a ball of capillaries thatmakes close contact with the end of the nephron. Driven

by the beating of the heart, blood plasma (the fluidcomponent of blood) is forced out of the capillaries andinto the nephron. Because this transfer occurs throughnarrow spaces (represented by a sieve in the cartoon), the

larger molecules (mainly proteins) are left behind in theblood. Blood cells (not shown in the cartoon) are manytimes larger still, and are also left behind.

Finally, the tubule empties its contents into one of the many

collecting ducts. The urine now contains a concentratedsolution of whatever the body currently considers to be"wastes." Water continues to be reabsorbed in the

collecting duct, so that little water is wasted in the processof excretion (elimination of wastes). Finally, all the urinecollects together in the kidney and is passed out throughthe ureter, and from there to the bladder.

Web Sources and Resources:http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html



Kidney StonesKidney stones are createdwhen certain substances inurine -- including calcium anduric acid -- crystallize and thecrystals clump together.

sually, they form in thecenter of the kidney, whereurine collects before flowinginto the ureter, the tube that

leads to the bladder. Smallstones are able to pass out of the body in the urine and oftengo completely unnoticed. Butlarger stones irritate andstretch the ureter as theymove toward the bladder,causing excruciating pain andblocking the flow of urine.Rarely, a stone can be as largeas a golf ball, in which case itremains lodged in the kidney,creating a more seriouscondition



Your Reproductive System

Th F l R d i



The Female ReproductiveSystem

The role of thefemalereproductivesystem is to

produce eggs,and if an egg isfertilized, tonourish adeveloping baby

until birth.



The Menstrual CycleDuring the menstrual cycle,an egg develops in anovary. At the same time,the uterus prepares for thearrival of the fertilized egg.Once the egg is released, itcan be fertilized for the

next few days if sperm arepresent in the oviduct. If the egg is not fertilized, itbegins to break down, andit passes out of the vaginaalong with some tissuefrom the lining of the

uterus in a process calledmenstruation.



The Male Reproductive System

Produces sperm- tiny packages of chromosomes thatcan swim to fertilize the egg, and the hormonetestosterone, which controls the development of themale¶s physical characteristics.



Fertilization

Takes place when sperm & egg merge.



Human Development

he fertili ed egg, or ygote, is about thesi e of a period in your textbook. he ygote

develops into an embryo, and then into adeveloping fetus, which results in....



You!www.ajwrb.org/images/ fetus.jpg



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Human Body Systems Final Project 03-04 Draft 5