Human Capital Development in South Asia

7/23/2019 Human Capital Development in South Asia

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Human Capital Development in

South and South East Asia Achievements, Prospects, and Policy

Challenges

Prof. Jong-Wha Lee Asian Development Bank and

Korea University ADB, Manila, 1-2 Dec 2015





3

Higher Education and TechnologicalReadiness

Global Competitiveness Index

Scores are normalized into a 1-to-7 scale.BAN = Banlades!" IN# = India" IN$ = Indonesia" %$& = %orea' &ep o(" )A* = )ala+sia'N, = Nepal" I = !ilippines" &C = eople/s &ep. o( C!ina" SIN = Sinapore" S&I = Sri*an0a" A = !ailand" 2I, = 2ietnam.Sorce4 Sc!5ab and Sala-i-)art6n 891:;.

1 2 3 4 5 !1

2

3

4

5

!

2"2"!5

3"5#

5"42

3"24

4"1#

2"1

3"!#

3"12

3"53

"0$

3"$4

%i&'er ed(cation and trainin&, 1)! *+est

ec'nolo&ical readiness, 1)! *+est



Human Capital Developmentfor South and SE Asia’s Catch

Up. <pradin alit+ o( 5or0er/s edcation and

s0ills alon 5it! p!+sical capital andtec!nolo+; important in increasin

emplo+ment' prodctivit+ and income ro5t!. S0ills and prodctivit+ o( t!e labor (orce

important in promotin tec!noloicalproress and innovation as it moves p t!evale c!ain

. ,dcation and s0ills remain t!e bindinconstraint

:



Education Achievementsand Challenges in South

and SE Asia. Stron edcational proress bt

neven across contries and

provinces. Sini>cant sc!ool disparities in

access' participation and

completion across ender' income'and social rops remain

. *o5 alit+ o( edcation and !i!

disparit+ in learnin otcomes







Education 3uality .ssues

. oor learnin otcomes@edcationalit+ poor adlt s0ills

. ide eorap!ic disparities in

learnin otcomes. rained teac!ers lac0in" absenteeism

pervasive

. *imited incentives to teac!ers andstdents to per(orm better

. *o5 private investment on edcation



Trained $rimary School Teachers and Class Si4e

Sorce4 <IS #atabase 891D;.

ercent o( Grade D and Grade Stdents;

Ban&lades' B'(tan ndia Maldives epal /ri 6anka0

20

40

0

#07(pil-to-teac'er ratio

7(pil-to-teac'er *trained ratio

8ast Asia and t'e 7aciic



$u5lic .nvestments on Education

19

Sorce4 #I $nline.

E o( overnment expenditre;

BA D 87 /9 79 K9 MA6 7% / -%A :80

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1#"4

1"4

24"2

11" 11"4 11"2

21" 21"4

15"2 14"#

2!"5

13"#

11"3

22"!

#"#

1#"1

25"0

20"$

13"2

21"0

31"5

20"$

2000 6atest year



Technical and 2ocationalEducation and Training

. Asian economies need to 0eep p 5it! evolvins0ills reirement o( t!e economic strctraltrans(ormation process' as 5ell as t!e rapidl+ro5in +ot! 5or0(orce

. blic and private sectors in t!e reion need to Fointl+ address bot! capacit+ and alit+constraints in preparin ne5 entrants to t!e5or0(orce

. Address s+stemic problems to enable s0illsdevelopment instittions to eectivel+ pradet!e alit+ o( s0ills t!e+ prodce



Challenges to T2ET Systems

. Access is limited" alit+ is lo5

) Gradates lac0 emplo+able s0ills e..' anal+tical andcommnication s0ills' so(t s0ills;

. Inealit+ in access across ender' incomelevel' and social class

. Inadeate >nancin ) Banlades!4 8.3E o( edcation spendin

) Nepal4 1.8E o( edcation bdet

. *ac0 o( ali>ed instrctors

. ea0 accreditation proram

. ea0 involvement o( emplo+ers

. i!l+ centralized administration

. *ac0 o( vertical and !orizontal mobilit+

18

$ ti f C i $ idi



ndonesia *200$

ndia *200

/ri 6anka*2011

Ban&lades' *2013

7'ilippines *200$

epal *2013

Korea, 9ep" o *2005

:ietnam *200$

Malaysia *200!

79 *2012

0 20 40 0 #0

4"!

15"$

1#"4

21"$

31"1

31"$

3$"5

43"5

50"1

!$"2

$roportion of Companies $roviding6ormal

.n7service Training

13

Sorce4 orld Ban0 891D;.

i i5 i f l d 1 5



Distri5ution of Employed 8or1ers 5yS1ill "evel

1:

Note4 i! s0illed 5or0ers inclde pro(essionals' tec!nicians and associatepro(essionals' cler0s. )edim s0illed 5or0ers inclde cra(t and related trade5or0ers' plant and mac!ine operators and assemblers. *o5 s0illed 5or0ers incldet!ose in aricltre and elementar+ occpations and ot!ers.Sorce4 I*$ 8911;.

Korea, 9ep" o *2000

Malaysia *2000

7'ilippines *2000

ndonesia *200!

/ri 6anka *200!

Ban&lades' *2000

'ina, 7eople;s 9ep" o *2005

:ietnam *2004

epal *2001

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 !0 #0 $0 100

35"#

25"2

13"1

$"3

23"$

5"#

10"5

#"4

"#

22"0

23"

2"2

23"!

!"

15"!

$"2

#"5

!"$

42"2

51"2

0"!

!"1

#"5

!#"5

#0"4

#3"1

#5"3

6o< Medi(m %i&'



olic+ Implications

. Hocs on improvin alit+ o( edcation andbroadenin access to it to address poor and!i! disparit+ in learnin otcomes

. )ore eorts reired to5ard improvin t!ereadiness o( radates to satis(+ c!anindemands

. )ainstream edcation and s0ills development

in national development policies to ensret!at edcation and s0ills development coldspport economic development priorities

1D



$olicy Actions 9(:1. Implement relevant !man capital development

strateies co!erent 5it! national developmentpolicies

8. Invest on pradin and monitorin edcationalalit+ to5ards ac!ievin better learninotcomes

3. Broaden access to alit+ edcation and s0illsdevelopment across ender' reions and socialrops

:. Improve secondar+ and tertiar+ edcation tomatc! c!anin s0ills demand

D. Boost alit+ o( trainin and s0ills development

s+stems to meet indstr+ standards and !astenob-s0ill matc!in

1?



$olicy Actions 9&:

?. Hacilitate a (avorable environment (ors0ills development and trainin andimprove

7. arness trainin and alit+ emplo+mentopportnities (or all

. rse sstainable mec!anisms (or>nancin inclsive alit+ improvements

in edcation and s0ills development

. Hore closer reional cooperation (or!man development

17



Than1 ou

;ong78ha "ee,-mail4 Fon5!a0orea.ac.0r

el.4 J8-8-389-1?99

Documents

Human Capital Development in South Asia