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Human Development - BehaviourPro-social behaviour
• Cooperation• Working together• Helping and caring behaviours• In children this includes sharing, taking turns, responding to the needs of others
Anti-social Behaviour
•Difficulty in getting on with others•Aggressive & disruptive•In children this includes hitting,bullying, teasing, verbal abuse.• hostile• non-cooperative
Human Development – Gender What differencesare there betweengirls and boys behaviour?
What makes boys and girlsbehave differently?
What stereotypes are there ofFemale/male behaviour & appearance?
Gender Differences• More risk taking• More aggressive• More physical• Rough & tumble play• Better mathematical
Skills & spatial ability (map reading!)
• Higher verbal ability• Higher spelling
conversational ability.• Less Physical• ‘Caring’ less
aggressive.
Gender differences
• Clear Biological differences• Occupational choice differs• Playtime differs in children• To what extent do media stereotypes affect the
development of gender?• To what extent do parenting styles affect the
development of gender?
Human Development - Personality
• A unique set of characteristics• Relatively stable over time• What factors affect how our personality is shaped?
Genetics
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/genes/41.asp
Genotype
•The genetic pattern anindividual inherits.• Every human has 23 pairs ofchromosomes, half inheritedfrom the mother and half from the Father. These combine to forma UNIQUE gene pattern known asyour GENOTYPE.
Genes alone do not predict development….
Mental illness & Environment
Cognitive Development &Deprivation
Obesity & Envirnoment
PHENOTYPE
The outcome of the interaction between GENES and the ENVIRONMENTExperienced is known as our PHENOTYPE
Genetic patterned behaviour…..
Attachment in humans, Imprinting in animals – both behaviours promote survival
Konrad Lorenz (1952)• Demonstrated that animal’s don’t hatch with an
image of their parents. • He took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them
into 2 groups. • Group1 stayed with their mother.• Group 2 were placed in a incubator, and the first
moving thing they say was Lorenz. • The followed him around as if he was their mother.• They had imprinted on him. • He tested this idea by using various objects
including a rubber glove.• Imprinting is important for survival as the parents
offers protection and food for the infant initially.
How does this apply to humans?• Humans do not imprint… we become attached.“ Attachment is an emotional bond between two
people. It is a two way process and endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant”
MATURATION – a timetable of development built into a person’s genotype
• Walking
• Language
• PubertyThese are all UNIVERSAL and happen
at roughly the same time. Variation in
timings may be due to environmental
influences e.g. nutrition.
Human Development - LanguageNon verbal stage (babbling)
Single word stage
2/3 word sentences
Using grammar (adding ‘s’ for plural)
More complex speech
Ability to read and write
Environmental Factors
• Income• Housing• Nutrition• Education • Access to health facilities
• TASK: Using the text book/internet resources, put together a presentation/report/leaflet, describing the environmental affect the
above factors have on human development.
Parenting Styles (Sears 1957 p.34)
Sears aimed to investigate if there was a relationship between parenting style and aggressive behaviour in children.
YOUR TASK: Write a report with the title ‘Parenting Styles’, address each of the following areas in your report:
1. What 3 styles were identified, describe each of them.
2. What were their findings for each style?
3. What limitations were there in this research?
4. Summarise the follow up study by Baumrind.
Democratic
Style
Emotionally Warm Encourages Self-reliance
Frequent guidance Explains rules
Punishes serious wrong-doings
Shares decision making
PERMISSIVE STYLE
Little guidance Emotionally warm
Does not apply rules or allows the child to do what he/she wants Inconsistent
Factors affecting Human Development Summary
Access to Health Services Genetics
Education Sense of ‘self’
Income Interaction withothers
Nutrition(pre & post-natal) Parenting Styles
Housing
Summary
• Because someone is born into a low income environment, does NOT mean they will grow up to be poor & disadvantaged.
• It is important to understand that a person’s sense of ‘SELF’ influences their development and the CHOICES they make gives them more CONTROL over their environment.
• A person’s ability is strongly influenced by their GENOTYPE and the ENVIRONMENT.