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HUMAN DISEASE
Dr Milan Gaihre
Institute of Medicine
Teaching hospital
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• Mode of transmission;
• Incubation period:
• Host;
• Agent
Malaria kis cause by plasmodium parasite
Three types of malaria parasite
Plasmodium vivasx plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
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• Communicable disease:
Tuberculosis,Giardiasis,Ascariasis,
AIDS,Typhoid
• Non communicable diseases: cancer,DM,coronary heart disease
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
• Causative organism;
a)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b)Mycobacterium bovis(abdominal TB)
c)mycobacterium avium
• Incubation period:3 week to 3 month
Clinical features;
Diagnosis
• Zeihl neel(ZN) staining
• Sputum test-3 consecutive morning samples
• Chest x ray
• Mantoux test or tuberculin test
• PCR(polymerase chain rxn)
8/30/2020add footer here (go to view menu and
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Ghon focus
• Mantaux test
Ghon focus and Ghon complex
Treatment
• Multi drug regimen;@PRISE
• Pyrazinamide ;jaundice
• Rifampicin :Red color secretion (saliva and sweat)
• Isoniazide:peripheral neuritis
• Streptomycin: ototoxicity,nephrotoxicity
• Ethambutol;Eye toxicity(bacteriostatic
Giardia lifecycle
Giardiasis
• Giardia lamblia
• Duodenum,upper part of jejunum
• Faecooral transmission
• Incubation period;3 week@3G
• Two stages:
a)cyst;infective
b)trophozoite:feeding stage
Giardia lamblia
clinical features
Abdominal pain
Foul smelling stool
Fatty stool
Diarrhoea
Treatment
• @TIMES
• Tinidazole
• Metronidazole
• Secnidazole
Ascaris life cycle
Ascariasis
• Most common helminthic or worm infestations
• Most common infection in school children in kathmandu.
• Causative agent:Ascaris lumbricoides
• MOT:faecooral(embryonated egg ingestion)
• Incubation period:1-2 months
• Habitat ;lumen of small intestine(jejunum)
Clinical features
Vomiting • Abdominal pain• Gi Ulcer• Cough• Bile obstruction cause Obstructive
jaundice• Fever
Treatment
• Mebendazole
• Albendazole
• Piperazine
Typhoid
• Causative agent:salmonella typhi
• MOT:faecooral route (contaminated food and water)
• Incubation period:1o-14
Symptoms
• High grade fever
• GIdiscomfort(diarrhoea,nausea,vomiting)
• Bradycardia and neutropenia
• Rose spot(2nd week)
Diagnosis
• @BASU
• B-Blood culture 1st week
• A-Antibody-antigen reaction 2nd
week(WIDAL TEST)
• S-Stool culture 3rd week
• U –Urine culture 4th week
Treatment
• Chloramphenicol
• Ciprofloxacin
• Ceftriaxone
• Amoxicillin
AIDS(SLIM DISEASE)
• Agent ;human immuno dificiencyvirus(HIV)
reverse transcriptases enzymeretro virus
ssRNA
MOTSexual contact Blood contact Vertical
transmission
Homosexual More then 30% More then 90 %
Heterosexual Blood transfusion
Mother to child
Common mode of transmission
Vaginal fluid, breast,pus
During delivery and breast feeding
• Incubation period:few month to many years(5-10 years)
• Tumor present in AIDS patient;
a)kaposi’s sarcoma
b)non hodgkin lymphoma
Acute viral stage
Windowperiod
Asymptomatic stage
Aids related complex
Endstage(AIDS)
Nosymptom or flu like symptom
Antibody test is negativebut person can still transmit HIV
Antibody test is positive but patient has no symptom except generalisedlymphadenopathy
Chronicdiarrhea,persistantfever more than a month,Significant weight loss
Oppertunisticinfection (M avium)
Diagnosis
• Screening test-ELISA(enzyme linked immuno sorbant assay)
• Diagnostic test-western blot test
Highly active anti-retroviral treatment(HAART)
• ZIDOVUDINE
• LAMIVUDINE
• NEVIRAPINE
• SAQUINAVIR
Non communicable disease
• Tumor/Neoplasm
• Oncology
• Oncogene
• Carcinogen
Typhoid
• Causative organism; Salmonella typhi
• Resides in small intestine:Ileum(payers patch) in infected person but Gall bladder in chronic carrier
• MOT: contaminated food and water
• Incubation period:10-14
Clinical features
• Step ladder pattern fever
• GI symptoms
• Splenomegaly ,Hepatomegaly
• Bradycardia(decrease heart rate)
• Neutropenia(decrese in neutrophil level)
• Rose Spot
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Diagnosis:@ BASU
Diagnosis
• B=Blood culture
• A=Antibody antigen reaction
• S=Stool test
• U=Urine test
TypesBenign Malignant
Slow growing Fast growing
Well organised and capsulated
Disorganised and non capsulated
Metastasis absent Metastatsis present
Usually take suffix oma Usually takes suffix sarcoma and carcinoma
• Carcinoma:
• Sarcoma:
Diagnosis
• Histopathological test:Biopsy
• Imaging: MRI , CT scan, Xray, USG
Treatment
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy:cisplatin and vincristin
• Radiotherapy
Gender world nepal
male
female
children
Smoking
Smoking
• Most commonly abuse substance in nepal
• Tobacco contains:
i.Carbon monoxide
ii.Ammonia
iii.Nicotine
iv.Tar
Harmful effect of smoking:
• Respiratory:COPD,Lung cancer
• Oral cancer,Peptic ulcer,gastric cancer
Alcoholism
• Alcohol is most commonly abusedsubstance in world.
• It acts as:
Hypnotics
Anesthetic
Tranquilizer
Stimulats
• Absorption: Stomach
• Metabolism: Liver, Lungs, skin, kidney
Metabolism:
alcohol
acetaldehyde
acetic acid
Carbondioxide +water
Effect of alcohol
• Loss of balance (Cerebellum)
• Cirrhosis of liver
• Korsakoff Psychosis
• Wernickes encephalopathy
• Pericarditis
• Hampers Thiamine metabolism
Psychotropic Drugs
class effect examples
Narcotic/opiates
Action onCNS(drowsiness,anesthesia and analgesia)
Heroine,Codeine,Morphine, Ephedrine@Hero CoME
Stimulant Stimulate CNS(mood elevator)
Amphetamine,Cocaine,Caffines
Tranquilizer Reduce anxiety and tension
PhenathiazineCholoropromazineBenzodiazepines@PCB
Sedatives Makes drowsy Bartiturates,Alcohol@BASe
Hypnotics Induce sleep Hasis,Marijuana,Chares
Hallucinogens Psychedelic drug
LSDMescalinePsilolybinBhang,Chares,Ganja