CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Chapter 3 is concerned with the ways in which our

biological heritage, or nature, interacts with our indi

vidual experiences, or nurture, to shape who we are.

After a brief explanation of basic terminology, the

chapter explores the fields of behavior genetics,

which studies twins and adopted children to weigh

genetic and environmental influences on behaviors,

and molecular genetics, which focuses on the specific

genes that influence behavior. The next section dis

cusses psychology’s use of evolutionary principles to

answer universal questions about human behavior.

The next two sections of the chapter shift the

spotlight to focus on environmental influences on

behavior. The impact of parents, the prenatal environ

ment, early experience, peers, and culture on the

development of the brain and behavior are each dis

cussed in depth. The final section of the chapter

explores how genes and environment interact to

shape both the biological and social aspects of our

gender. In the end, the message is clear: our genes

and our experience together form who we are.

NOTE: Answer guidelines for all Chapter 3 questions

begin on page 87.

CHAPTER REVIEW

First, skim each section, noting headings and boldface

items. After you have read the section, review each

objective by answering the fill-in and essay-type

questions that follow it. As you proceed, evaluate

your performance by consulting the answers begin

ning on page 87. Do not continue with the next Sec

tion until you understand each answer. If you need

to, review or reread the section in the textbook before

continuing.

Introduction (pp. 9—96)

Objective 1: Give examples of differences and of sim

ilaritie, within the human famiti.

1. Our differences as humans include our

, ,and

and

backgrounds.

2. Our similarities as human beings include our

common

our shared —— - architecture. our

ability to use —, and our

behaviors.

3. A fundamental question in psychology deals with

the extent to which we are shaped hx our heredi

ty, called our

life history, called our

Behavior Genetics: Predicting IndividualDifferences (pp. 96—107)

David Myers at times uses idioms that are un

familiar to some readers. if von do not know

the meaning of the following words, phrases,

or expressions in the context in which theyappear in the text, refer to pages 93—94 for an

explanation: To disentangle the threads of neredity

and environment, behavior ceneticists often use two

sets of tweezers; blue-collar families; stories of star

t’ 1 0 1 1j a Tn ; It’] ci

house while Dad has a straight flush “; yen; i/ic area

of fu Id i moie the e’dt fiti leiigt or width

sleuth; Blueprints: Iwo—edc4ed smoG.

Nature, Nurture, andHuman Diversity

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76 ChapterS \atur Nurtu e, and Human Diversity

and ik cc astitutc

clrarac tCftstiL C ohJect to

aIR1

ferent patterns or sexuality

judge men xx ho appear

higher1 lower;

Parents and Peers pp li4R1lN)

ObjectIve 15: Describe son e of the conditions thatcan affect dcx eiopment before birth.

1. Environmental influences begin during thc penod f des elopment.

2. Lx en identical txx ins mar differ in this respect,

because thea man or mar not share the same

3. Compared with same placenta identkal twins,

hi ins xx ho des elop xx ‘th diftcrent placentas areless similar in their traits.

nd s oreattrac xc

Objective 14: numnanac the criricisrn of exolutlr’raix e’ pai at:oos of horn an behaviors and desr ihothe cx in xi irs y sa ci- ‘onist’ rmpc ases tt thcec ii

11. C rtr s o th5 -‘x oiutnmarx axplanaton of the gender se’ oalita difference argue that it otten xx erG

tori’ d .‘ backxx aid) to pro

r sc ‘xplxntion.

12. 4n’thei ritcur’ i’ that neader dtferences in ccx‘fl 4,,-

Objective 16’ Des nbc h xxv expc icnce ca i rnoddvtoe nan.

4. Ra-enzwrag 1od Krecia discox ered that rab raiseu

tr ma a young age in e rirhcd ens irt nments had

ta kc tr e cortt an ann xals n cnd ir rsoiatr n.

Describe the effects of st nsorx stimulation on neuraldcx elopment.

13. Gender oil feicnces ir mate prefercnces arelargest in cultures characterized by greater gemncr (eqaahtv rnerjuatita i.

14 t c lotr ar sycholog sts coantcr thc criticismshr notr rn that the sexes, has mg faced sinrilaradaptix e prohiems, are more

tahke dittert’r U than they arealike lmfterc . i hcy alsc xote ti at cx olutionarx

mncip es ottcr testa h

Objective 12: ldcntifr sc inc gcnder drffercnces lix sexuattv.

6. Ihe charactc istics by xx h ch per ptme dchr e ama

thcse

mnliuences.

7. Corny ared fen les, ma e’ are

eqna’lx c / ik v to engage in casual

mrnpulmve sex, and thca are

iequallx more; less) liked to initiate’ sexualactix ty. fh is an amy Ic of a

ditfcrer cc

8. \len oax e a

thre—hold for ercers hag a wonaan’s triendlitressas a sexrral c ne-on This helps cxplain men’srcate ‘exo 1

Objective 13: Decrihe cx oiutionarv explanattons torgender differences mn sexoalitx

9, 1 hc exptamratron of genderditfercnces in attitudes ton ard sex is based ondifferences in the optimal strategy by xx hihxx’onren and men pass on their&ccordmg tc t xis mcxx, males and fernalcs

(are; are not) selected for dif

It i-on do not k xow the r xc aning of ana of thefoiloxx ing xvords, phrases, or expressions in thecontext in xvhich they appear in tile text, reterro page 05 for an explanation: 41 ‘stc tIme excessconnect aims a still am call’ pathways4maetmgh mJr n’sf s ufflc f mm Gt nsa pelt ‘m molds,iame mars ala fOXc r llmimtmf( ama 59m’ ammç into achiid’c iiti’,

10, Grosscrrltnral research rex mIs that nxen jxmdgewor ren as nor’ a tt actix e if tlrey have a

appearance whereas women

iou d c I 410 nih truc cc.

Cultural Intluences 77

3. F’pt’rwnce hapes the brain by pre.berving ati- em gener it’vn to the ned dettnn the group’!..

‘o -%1 COflneCtiofl% arid 4110W-

in.. uflust d to’1nttiOfls U. 2. One .an%.:nark c.f Ii inua culture 1% the presen a—

1 lV proct%%. called , re%ults ‘ion ot t hich b derived

ii w % LnUS dconnec.tknsby t soautis e can J%s d on to fulure generations.

Obectvc 17.1 ç inwh, ‘cs1ouldbecarc1u1

about attributing chikiren’s succes’..es and failure’, toObjc.cth e ...0 I rsr to on c ii n s mat culturtsdith.”.

‘1 TF’ j iflacuct.

3. All ‘iltt.ral gro....p% titl 40 their on n rules br6. [he idea that parent’.. %hape their thildrens

to res me imcwtttcc’ bthanol, cai’cd

and 4. Ont SLit ra1c in.. ‘CS ht butler i inc that peo

7 P ‘n .1 influer e sonic area’ c f th ....hilpie maintain around thcij l?odk, called

drea”. Iii £ 5, such as theilIdentity ceveial cuitural ditlcrencv’. in personal ‘.pace.

exprs ‘r s ii p cc life

8 r ta su h thc enii

ronment c’bling’. shate at home account’, tor Inc

th i percent ot their differ

Ci’. C”.

o at e 18’ LvaI mat th importance of peer ir fluentc ..i • dci ekpnit mit.

9 F L i ic s sil- havca Objecfvezl I rd i hy hmrqc intht uiran

pe..sedul effect on how children dci elop. partly sne p0,’ anm t at nu it I in. ulture chane oi ci

a a it ult ,f cifect’ by time.

iii I. kitis i. k out o hers with similar attitude, 5. CuLh:rec ch ingcand interest. slowl iap i’,

10 \lro p.. parcItseanmnfucncc thc 6. Mar4 ..‘ancs l’4 a.t •n ulturn iai be ndnthat shapes the peei group ien hi the ‘Ji’x’i et ‘t ts trrn.. of

U ii tatJidithllar stallseffect”.

‘. lb.. rc°d ? ‘-ni Ii utitur.. thansz.-s is much

Cu ural nfluences py 119 1?ój f .. ‘d I n tenac.c

t•r .‘je’!jtti’P,r ttP .t” t .l•. ‘iUrpiq

‘ d n K is hciic mr o in ofthein,.. isnids, pP rq%, or epre ski 1’. I 1 flit

..c.nt”t ‘fl h th, appt’ar in the te’t, retir Objecthe 22: It’c.s,t h ‘a’ . n ‘. - pt ‘rnanh imii id

r c 6 raicqlanatmw. 1 ,‘uali I ft ft ri P ti,tcul

.dt’ara %r’fl’jrg: i:.., ‘n •,C.I% tig c ,j4 turo em.. .. 1.4? it’ 1c’i tf1 cts ‘n r cron I identit.

. ..cII1J’: J7flJ ;ftz%1;.B. C r b c alueper

sr :1 and indi idualObjective 19: Di’.c-’ tht. ur- ii al henetm% of tulture.

c ‘c C luns

1 Iii. -‘nduni...: t’eb-v ‘or. .ittitiijes ,ind tx..— o..ut ir’ Ja’

ci OP .1 ‘r L.p ‘f eo It. id trar nutted Ire ii

78 C p Natu c u tu c and flu nan Divers’tv

d 2. (ompared to the average man, an averagewoman has more

, less

and is a few inches9,1 a La u rso eo nWomen are more likely

than men to suffer fromad Esampits ot such rutandit ‘s cu nl ci of and

3. (ompa red to w o nen men arc niore likely to10 V e s f op cult arcs commit and to suffera alec fur dew thea sutfer ‘store

Thea are also more likely toi r and be diagnosed with

e’eiawd dtseae.

Objc we _3 e 0 so e racy s that child rcanng • and

di;fers iii ICdi\ idealist and olerUvjw cultuce

11. C re’ iosl Wscr a ‘ntspla’emorcObjective 26: Summarize the cender gap in aggreseninnasis on leinotiona I closestow

re s ‘ de cndcn ft he’ childrcn many

Asian and ftfrcau parcnts focus on culth ating 4. Aggression is defined as or

(‘inc tional c1 seness ‘ndepen- hehar ior that is

deuce , to hurt someone.

3. Throuhout the world men are more likely than12 ( aaildc n u roliecuatst ultures grow up uitta awomen to engage inNir iug sen ‘o

,andObject’se 24: 1 sc he some n ass tI at humans are 6. ‘The aggression gender gap pertains tosunila dcsptt tlw t turl d Iferences.

rather thana°tression13 in en C Pt er st b tar en groups are

csmailer larger, than person- Objective 27: Describe some gender differences inte-neisen cifftcenrcs v,itl’in groups social power.

Gender Develooment tue 126434) 7. Compared to women, men are perceired as beingmore and

a d o it It ix n U ar of ie, As leaders, thea tend to hea ‘a’ d-, phrase e” e\presslons in the

more v bile women arec at \ x xci Ci Ccv ipp’u’ sit tex,rcterp e ‘ ,a n’ mc

;41,,rc c,,’C 8. Compared to u en xc omen are uerceix ed as being‘ Cc P t’ hi a’ Ci e ‘N ‘i

more , , and

Ohjedir e 23: aeruirx’ setTle hiCk inCa) and psa chc’to c Cli ‘cc ‘a letv ‘ax ial sand ft naPs. 9, Ihesc perceired differences occur

(throughout the n orid UnIx in1. \;no’xp a nr how naanvj- rertaus r oltures.

1 ir ‘- Fox ur 2

Reflections on Nature and Nurture 79

Objec mc 28: Discuss0cndcr difterences in connectedness w the add t to tend and befriend,”

10 \ co d rgto( a lcd igai isomer aremorc

coice icd r r ci r Dug

IL s d ffcreme s iotic able in hors hildren

nd ‘t c ntinues throughout

t cci id id t vcars. (,irls ptay in groups that

tIe )ys g rps

md e’

12. B musc tt ey arc r iorc women

ar I kel to use cm ersation to

xx t ile men are likelr to usc

cor x ersation 0

13. hr men tend and befriend for example, the

tui n to c thc rs or especially

ci oping with

Obj cclxx e 29: 1 xpain ho a biological sex is detersmined and describe the role of sex hormones in biologi a d xc lopmen ar d gender differences

14. hc hr cut third pair ot chromosomes deter

mmes the developing person s

Ihe uc tI ci a ma s contributes am)

chrnmnsnme When the father

c u ri it’s a r chromosome,

thc ti stcs be0i m produ ing the hormone

In about the

this I- orn onc initiates the dcx elop

u ir ale cx organs.

lc ‘ifa s r h were exposed to

m dun i rcr atal etc x’clopmcnt

p c r ng gei itais

m a es cncc the’ tcrd to act

r was

Objective 30: Discuss the relahx’e importance of environment on the developmcnt of gender roles, anddescribe hvo theories of gender trping.

17. Oui expectations about the way men and ivomen

behax e dcfine our culture s

18. Gender roles (are are not)

rigidli fixed hr cr tAn trulL as ti Idened by the

fact that they x an across

and or ci . for instance in

sociehes there tends to be

nunimal dir ision of labor b’, sex, hr contrast, in

societies, women remain

close to home is hue nmen roam freely, herding

cattle or sheep.

19. Our mdix idual sense of being male or temale is

called our

I he degree to which we

exhibit traditionally male or female traits and

interests is called -

20. According to

theory, children learn

gender-linked behar iors bt observing others and

being rewarded or punished. When their families

discourage traditional gender-typing, children

(do do not) organize them

selves into “boy worlds” and “girl w’orlds.”

21. Another theory called

theory with According to

this theory chddnc m learn how their

x hat t mean s to be in ale or female and adjust

their beha ion accord’ngly.

t err ns

that

In adulthood, part of

an area mx olved hi

u m y is thicker in ix omen.

lobc a key

stF’ kcrir

tIc

wlmtx eek

in at fcxter

1% ( eta B fc

ces t

d

theort, combines

16. Sex mu so ins

nBc t Ia’

e

ntro

5 mini

oh

Reflections on Nature and Nurture (pp. 1W 137)

If x ou do not know the meaning or any of thefollowing w ords, phrases or expressions in thecontext in which they appear in the text, referto page 115 for an explanation ccen the day;I gg es the a ‘ad.

c pi

8 Chapter 3 Nature, Nurture, and Human Dhersity

Objcctix e 31: Describe the biopsvchosoual approach) exelopment.

1. A

hnernes more and more irrelevant to poxi er and

stat us gender roles are

coin erging.divergingL

2. \\ e are the prod oct of both

tenl that is

hut ire are also a ix

3. Tin principle that xx e should prefer the simplest

of competing explanations for a phenomenon is

called

5.l)tths’’in hc’n1unetfctts .i -ii’,i .. -.

a. trait rnai tW a—

b. ictenthJ cxx [fiN.

c. adopten thuor’ aci. identir t a ms cx ‘t d

incnts

a. rtfllcla_j4a1

b. sun

7. \tcder a

aM

b. Wor

c Mer

a,

1,. 1

t9e cx a

-11n .-‘u c-

C I

ii test

I C putt

C I eputanti

c h’ixe ci I Ilt

lb in

a1

a sc l ax-’

b c lit i\ :tcx

c xi a a

ci. cc Nc i’ L’ it U

in cci s

I’ -t; a

6. Through natut ai s i

likelx to he pas—t ci :1 ,a

are those i-L,t Nantrha -

ci. i a

tag is a c au. I r

Ci ta ha

‘ r mate

lx’ar taxi- at

tier

sex a c

ci. I Ic Ibs n a

8. tx’ufcrc sri x

PROGRESS TEST i

3lultipie-Clzoice Questions

( hale x our answers to the following questions andchin k them with the answers beginning on page 89. Ifyour ansix er is incorrect, read the explanation tornw it is incorrect and then consult the appropriate

p igc s of the text (in parentheses folloxi ing the correctax r).

I I r Ross belier es that principles ot natural selenI on help explain n hv infants come to teartrangers about the time they become mobile. Dr.

Ross is niost likely a(n):

a. behavior geneticist.b. molecular geneticist.c. cx ol LI tionary psychologist.d. molecular biologist.

2. \ pair of adopted children or identical twinsruared in the same home are most likely to havesirifi I a r:

a C rnpcralnents.

h. per’.onaiites.a. religious beliefs.d. emotional reactivity

3. ci. Pie, had cultures:

a. pit e prioriti to the goals of their groups.b. talne the maintenance of social harmony.c. tinter ‘-ocial interdependence.ci. are haracterized hr all ot the above.

4. If a fraternal txvin becomes schizophrenic, thebPs hhood of the other twin developing seriousn ental illness is much lower thai vith identisallxx iis I his suggests that

c ai

c

c. mx

ci. ‘Iron

9 -\,ri’ Pu xi ut-i --

draxxi: scan 1’. r . cxxlh ‘: Lafim -cc -r’cx

a. nurrunat i Ci ii

b. xeutht I aril tatti : cxc. ‘.iend’r iacscuzr

ci. a\uit’n4 :rnfl

10. Lnlhscgie It rt1at-’ S-au’.

separate Inn feC ann

a. frIar Dc Ii a

b. ‘d Ia nil

c. at:!

ci

Progress rest 1 81

11 x crament refers to a person’s characteristic:

a motinal reactivity and intensity.b attitude5.c. hehax jars,d. role-related :raib.

12. XV hen cx a! u tionarr psvchologi%ts ue the wordtirness, thee are specifically referring to:

a. an an ma ahihtr to adapt to changing environrnc n

b. th5 nix ersitx of a pecieJ gene pool.c. the tctal number of members of the species

Lurrentix ahx e.

d. our ahi!itx to urvix e and reproduce.

13, In a. hr pothetical world where all schools are otunrnrm gualitx , all tamilies equallx lox ing. andall neighbornoods equally health\, the heritabililx ot person-to-person differences xould be:a lrge.b. s all.

14 1 xc s i xtield that studies the specific genes thatr II ence behax br is:

a. bchax ior geneticsb noVu1ar genetics

c. exo utic na psychology.d bio1 svchosocial genetics.

15, Whic i xf It c following most accurately expresseshe extcnt of parental influence on personality?

a It is more extensive than most people believe,b V xx eaker tcdav than in the past.

is more limited than popular 5} chologysupposes.

d. It is almost ronxpietelv unpredictable.

XIatchi;zg Items

Match each tenu n oh its corresponding definition ordcnsnption.

T

1. \ chranesumeheritarcl:tx

3. trcttnnhS

5. D\i\

6. identical7. \ chromoccinre8. gender row9. gender identitx0. gendt r-tr cing

11 enx iron ment

16. Gender refers to:

a. the biological md social definition of maleand female.

h. the biological definition of male and female,c. one’s sense of being male or female.d. the extent to which one exhibits traditionally

male or female traits.

17. Ihe fertilized egg will dcx elop into a boy it, atconception:

a. the sperm contributes an \ chromosoIne.b. the sperm contributes a ‘i chromosome.c. the egg contributes an \ chromosome.d. the egg contribute— a I chromosome.

18. Which theorx’ states that gender becomes a lensthrough which children x len their e\per iences?

a. social learning theormb. sociocultural theoryc. cognitive theoryd. gender schema theory

19. the hormone testosterone:

a. is found only in females,b. determines the sex of the developing person.c. stimulates growth of the female sex organs.d. stimulates growth of the male sex organs.

20. Research studies ham e found that mx hen infantrats and premature human babies are regula rimtouched or massaged, they:a. gain xx’eight more rapidlyb, develop faster neurologically.c. have more agreeable temperaments.d. doa. andh.

Functions or Descriptions

a. the biochemical units of heredinb. tx ins that dcx elop tram a single eggc. ones personal —ene at being female or maled. a set ot expected hehax mrs for malt’s and femalesC. txvins that develop from separate eggs1. x ariation among individuals due to genesg. nongenetic influencesh. the sex chromosome tound in both xx omen and

in eni. the acquisition of a tr idition, I gender rolej. a complex n olcculc cor trir mg tIe genetic infor

ination that nakes up he hrc iv so mxxxk. the sc chrow oson c found o fly i i n c n

c, zerod. unpredictable.

Nat d Hurian Dii units

PRO EST 2

roar- I ct 2 tond Ia onipleted during a finalnaocr a \mi’ ci rOe eiIon hag cinestionc after

a ha onna!\ ;ndrn—rad Ode correct ansrver for

tin r ‘Cr ien aad Pronruss 2est i.

Fh’it ; P Choice Qziatio;ic

1. 1 c ct ott! r hnrnnn I v has a total o:

a. re

ten’s

0’ ;1;-)san

3 Tic On a ci ocoorne is bust defIned as:

a. . ‘n’ce’ iOOlcr n Ic satatning genetic tonn ra a [hat makes up the chromosomes.

b rent or D\ \ni It tc in u tior for makm an

s h ii OCr,

tr0its a r

a. they otter atten tIn naa cxolaoauons,h. standards of atrraetn eoe \ art a itO lion and

place.c. thor nnderestinaate r oltutal ,otltic’rc on

se\nal itvd. of all ot the ahos e wason

8. St’s oral ,tud e In lon,Inst idcnIn ii tn i

hart fonnd tht these H

a. has & little in com noor s ironments i a i a I

K hasc mant ,aad r i

mcdnal hist rios to t s a tc. have similar pcrson lit a

likes dishkes, and hte ‘I Icd. are no more sinailai than ar

reared apart.

9. Adoption stndic5 shon that the personahtit ofadopted children:

a. closely match those ot tnoir adophi e parents

b. bear more simIlarrtc to trre;r hn’iogitai panents than to their adopt’s ‘ants.

c. rlosclv match those of th I ological child c

of their adoptive par nd. closely match those h t a r 1 rr ar

the same home a h th t y 0

logically relatcd

b fl(d h a sit

t. n ,nn’ d tar inantci. ‘ prcca Ia tue.

r at m ng

em sls

h tiadI I a s me attitndcsn I ‘nah F a o woaklr gun lrr

In a -Its an rn-i F-5 o ;an are strongia genden

10. Of the folloaring, pa’onts rcence their children’s:

a. temperament.b. persnnahtarc. faith.d. emotional reattta ti

of

a. ON \ alhd genrb DNAc 1 dneoirtrc. cats al d \\d DNA alcd r

12. Whcr lhc cttt ot mc cmoot) dcpcr ds on anothrsay thorc is atn) hr a

a. nornaK positir & correlation

c. oem tire t irrela bOil

d. tiatorattion

a, ‘inIt rath 2 ¼

ct ‘t’ tattot -

7. 1 volutionary explanatioiin scruahtr has e been eritin

or dttfcrc‘t carisr

2

run ot’r

)sc a

oat do clapnaent ha san

b.

d.

Fe Jiffstdto

era ditfe c

fraternal tar iO

na <sun a

genes acting together.

5, \p,i it - ns a’s random errors in

c

rcpli a

a t kcla to iO

11. Chronaostrnc— are ct’napach ‘r sacti cgn’r on

Progress Test 2 83

13. Conir’ared to children raised in Western societies,those raised in communai societies, such as Japanor Jima’

grow up with a stronger integrahon of thesc i c of family into their self-concepts.

b cx u t grcater shxness toward strangers.c. cxliii it grcater concern for lovaltr and social

harmonr.d. have all of thc ahox c characteristics.

14. fhc e’Ic’i hen chit t in peer influence refers to thetcndcncx of children and s outh to:

a. naturally separate into same-sex plavgroups.b. establish large, fluid circles of friends.c seek out friends with similar interests and attn

tudc s.d. choose triends their parents like.

13. Which ot the following C net true regarding cultural divcrsity?

a. Culture influences emotional expressiveness.b. Culture influences personal space.c. Culture does not have a strong influence on

how strictly social roles are defined.d. Al ultures evoke their own norms.

16. Women and men are most likely to be attracted tostrongly gender-typed mates in cultures characterized by:

a. gender inequality.b. gender equality.c. tiexihie gender roles.d. tew norms.

17. \n cx olutionary psy chologfst would be most

‘r terested in studs ing:

a whx nost parents are so passionately des otedto their children.

h. hereditary intluence’ on shin color.C. xx lix certain diseases are more coin mun

enong certain age groups.d. genetic ditterencec in persona] itv.

18 C hildren c ire raised by parents who discourira t’ ia bender typ nty

a ir Ic s ikely hi display bender-typed behaxiors t xemselx Cs.

b. often become confused and des elop anambguouc gender identity.

c. ocx ertheless organize tliemnselx es into “girlxx orld%’ and “hom worlds,”

d. xiispiix ext’six clx masculine and tern miner,.iits .u- adults,

19. Genetically female children often play n “niasculine” xvax s if they were e\posed to excess

during prenatal dcx elopr xc it.

a. estrogen1,, DNc. testostc toned. oxygen

20. Providing a child xx ith a timulatin educationalenvironment during early childhood is likely to:

a. ensure tle formation of a strong attachmentxx itli parents.

b. fostc r the dcx elopment ot a calm easx goingtemperan cut.

c. prexcut ncural conncct’ons from degenerating.

d. do all of the ahox e

True—False Items

tndicate whether each statement is true or false by’placing I or F in the blank next to the item.

1, ditterences in mate preferencesx ary xx idelv from one culture toanother.

2. l’he most emohoually reactix e new -

horns tend to he the niost restrained -

month—oids.3. Research on txx ins shoxx’s a substantial

genetic influence on a ttitu des toxx’ardorganized religion and many otherissues.

4. As environments become less similar,heredity as a source of differencesbecomes more important.

5, Compared to identical tw us reared indifferent families, fraternal txx ins recalltheir earls tamxlv life more di ffercnth.

6. Parents ha cc a strt niger ,nti ounce thandi’ peers on xx heftier a outh starts

0 km7. \atme setects hchax icr tcadcnies that

i ‘rease thc c lihood c i nding one sgcnes mt f c uture.

8. People t on ‘ndix idna 5 u tu es sayxx hat they feel am d xx I at they prt’sumeithers feel.

9. Parental influence on personality ismore limnitcu than popular psy ioiugrsupposes.

10. \orth ‘Finery ns prefer inure pc’rsoiuitsparc than cc Ltin inci’kcns,

ii “Jurt re and tiuman Diversity

11. 1 L’ng am expoaare to language‘efoi edolewence, a person xviii neverma’-’er am language.

SY OGY PPUED

p n’ ha c ax before an exam as aun undemtanding ot the chapter’s

tI;ott;;K’ Ciek c (ur 4ions

t in s ate the b aoL” of hereditx the

a

a

b - to oh’s

c- usi’iain

Li ;x\

2. h’ x 11 a tf h ritabili x of a trait is approxi* p at me s that’

ins ale for 50 percent of thein ,, x Dual and the eni ironment is

spelincle to’ the ret.* tn n’aitK appearenre in a person will reflect

p1’ oxtmateiv equal genetic contributionshoD .‘arent-.

c tIn v’ an in t e trait within a group ofIt I cent ca i bc attributed to genes.d x arc err ct

onna; ng dn on rates among identicaltwins. Dr. Alexander has concluded

on on c°ax a ro’e, Dr. Alexander is most

a lotior psxch ia st.

d

0: .‘ tog up to the mme home environ-K- :-t arid in , brother iomn has e personah

ii ‘T 200 t a -h other an Ks o peoplei ii lx no a t c population. Lhv is

r a ‘ mb Because Karen ando or’ a mdc’ntmr a ‘x ins, it is not surpris

a P s a dmterent personalities.h macb n toe most impurtart factor in person

It K, n had a .m’.ter, the two of thema I- pm ob mhix he mu lx more alike.

c r c x ol t c’ ‘ndivrdual genes anda c aunts for the em

I:’ r c a in the same farih

d. their case is unusual; children in the samefamily usually has e similar personalities.

S I am a rat xx hose cortex is lighter and thinner thannay litter mates, What happened to me?

a. \ ou were born prematurelyb. A ou suffer from fetal alcohol syndromec. You were raised in an enriched ens ironment.d. A on xvere raised in a depris ed ens ironment,

6. (Dad, who grew rip in the Knited 5mates, is more

IDeA to encourage in his tutorc childrenthan Asian born Hidiyaki, who is more likely toencourage ui his future chil lien

a. obedience; independenecb. independence; emotional closenessc. emotional elosenens; obedienced. lox altv; emotional closeness

7. One of the best way s to distinguish how nauchgenetic and ens ironmental factors atfe K beha x moris to compare children who has e:

a. the same genes and environments.b. different genes and ens irL’mnents,c. similar genes and environments.d. the anae genes hut different environnaents.

8. My sibling and I devetoped from a single fertiliied egg. Who aie we?

a. opposite sex identical twmsb. same sex identical txvins.c. opposite-sex trateriaa I tw i las.

d. sa me-sex fraternal tsv i tas.

9. A psychologist working from tlae exolutionaryperspective is likely to suggest that people a ebiologically predisposed to

a. protcet their offspring.b. fear laeight’-.c. be anracted to tertmle—appeom hag menaher’— ot

th,e opposite sex,d. do all ot the -‘he’s

fa traitw It hrg t meigmdix aduals ax ho p w up in

a. dissimilar; dissiaaaiiarb. elissimnilai; ‘-inailarc. similar; simtlard. sinailar; dissinailar

—‘

ae mei,t

Ic-i i

10, Ihe bcritabilitygenet ally

enx ‘ronnac ia 5

nIl r. hmthr nt

Psychology Applied 85

Ii. (OT4 d with neinomtra. ue cons ersatjon to communicate solutions.b. emphahie freedom and selt-reiance.c taikrnie acniyd o ftf i o c

12. Cf the relath clx few genetic differences amongho in am are ditrerenes among popula [ionroups

I f’tit’’ It

b. esst an lhrercentc approx imatt h 25 pecentci. approximately 40 to Sit percent

13. Re pi nd f to t it argumi nt that gender differences arc often hr-products of a culture s socialand famih structures, an cx olutionary psvchologist is not likeh to point to:

a ur great human capacity for learningb t it ‘r doncx of cultural arguments to rein

fort e traditional gender inequalities.c. the intaiiibilitx ot “hindsight” explanations.ci. all oi the ahox e.

14, \ c sa xi hose twin has Alzhoimor’s disease hasrisk of sharing the disease if they are iden

tical ru ins than it they are fraternal txx ins.a. ie’sb iho t the samec inuc’ greaterci. It is a iprodictahie.

IS. \\h:ch of the tohoss mg is an example of an inter—c cn?

a Swir imcrs sw m tastost during competitionaparnct other swimmers.

b. SwImmers with certain personality traitss5 hn fastest during competition while those

ith or or on lv traits sxs im fastest durug sin al

c. &— thc a’ crgo dahx temperature increases.salm nt ice cream detrease

d. As the ii eragt da0x temperature increases,ale f ew li c’tac

16. A ,w lx ot the fo Ion ing Inciff act urateh summarizm the thxdhxgs or the 40-sear fo\-hroodingtuds de—c ihod in the text?

c. By mating aggressix e and unaggressive foxes,the researchers created a mutant species.

ci. By selecting and mating the tamest males andtemales, the researchers have produced affectionate unaggressivc offspring.

17. Compared to men. women are more likely to:a. be concerned with their partner’s physical

attracth eness.b. initiate sexual actix dv.c. cite “liking one another” as a justification for

ha; ing sex in a new relationship.d. he less accepting of casual sex.

18. When his son cries because another child hastaken his fax onto toy, Brandon admonishes himby saving, “Big boys don’t cry.” Evidently,Brandon is an advocate of in accounting forthe des elopment of gender-linked behaviors.a. gender schema theoryb. gender identity theoryc. gender-typing theoryci. social learning theory

19. The fact that after age 2, language forces childrento begin organizing their worlds on the basis ofgender is most consistent with which theory ofhon gender-linked behaviors develop?a. gender schema theoryb. gender idenhty theoryc. gender-typing theoryci. social learning theorr

20, fhree y ear-old Jack is inhibited and shy. As anadult, Jack is likely to bea. cautious and unassertix e.b. spontaneous and fearless.c. socially assertive.ci. Who knows? I his aspect of personality is not

x c ry stablc ox er the life span

a lIdb Sur

htn,

dx ‘s aunt t hi’ domesticated.alt he r’ttest seems to operate only, l;no1c hx u at their natural hahtab.

86 Chapter 3 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

Essay Question

Lakia’s new boyfriend has been pressuring her tobecome more sexually intimate than she wants to atthis early stage in their relationship. Strongly gendentyped and “macho” in attitude, Jerome is becomingincreasingly frustrated with Lakia’s hesitation, whileLakia is starting to wonder if a longterm relationshipwith this type of man is what she really wants. Inlight of your understanding of the evolutionaryexpianahon of gender differences in sexuality,

explain why the tension between Lakia and Jerome

would be considered understandable.

KEY TERMS

Writing Definitions

Using your own words, on a piece of paper write abrief dehnition or explanation of each of the following terms.

1. environment

2. behavior genetics

3. chromosomes

I ‘flkSt. L-’NtX

5. genes

6. genome

7. identical twins.

8. fraternal nvins

9. temperament

10. heritability

11. interaction

12. molecular genetics

13. evoluhonary psychology

14. natural Nelecdon

15. mutation

16. gender

17. culture

18. nornr

19. personal space

20. individualism

21. collectivism

22. aggression

23, X chromosome

24. is chromosome

25. testosterc,ne

26. role

27. gender role

28. gender identit’.

29. gender-typing

30. social learning theory

31. gender schema tneorv

Ansl4 en 87

Cross-Ciiet k

s ‘,on lewned in the Prologue,rex V a V ix er earning ofmatc rial arc m portant to the ]earnjog ‘mroce, Atter r ou hax e writtenthe definir’ons or the ker terms inthis c ap tr s( sh iu d completethe (ross rd puizle to ensure thatiOu can rer erse the process—reLogni/e the term. given thedour tior

ACROSS12

Ii

b’ .JhJ I -

-1

6. Parents xx hose personahtiesb n it h des ance to theirhildrcn s pcrsooalities.

7. CompLex molecule containingthe genetic information thatr ak s ap the chromosc mes.

9. Set of expected behaviors forthose n ho eccups a particularsoeiai poston.

10, \n ur derstood rule for expectand cec pted hehax ior

11, The hrologiral and social characteristics hr which peopledetine male and female.

12. he enduring hehar iors, ideas,thtudes, at d traditions shared

by a large gronp of people.13. Environmental intluences on hchax ior.14. tow rd ng t the cx olutionars perspective,

voircn are draxsn to healths hooking men whoare also

15. Behax br geneticists often compare the traits ofa fopted ch Idren to those of their parents.

16 Sc u Cc t a or eti dix ersits19. 1 he p oportion of x ariahon among mdix iduals

that ran he attributed to genes.20. Thrradiike stiucture msdo up iargeh ot D\A

1. he sndx o n tatix c power and i mib ofn t n sir r mcn al h f onus on

iha r.2. uhtieid or pveho1ogr that uos prtnciple— of nat

01 a I scitctieo to explore human trait and hohav

3 icr I f tO nc achird pendsonanotheractor

4. Am imnuenc t1c bnrincncc,kt e thrti. ‘h dx ehlorer ergamzo their

I n (f n ii orlcr ale

H

.1

8. One’s personal sense of being female or male.17. Another word for heredity.18. Segments of [)\‘\capable ot synthesizing

proteins.

2. nongenotic

1-cl

is

1 114:

is

L

I I +

[NT

ii I

DOW\

ANSWERS

Chapter Review

Introduction

1. persenalitim. intere’-ts; cultural; tamiiv

2. biological heritagc; brain, language s )cral

3. nature; nurture

Bcliar’ior Genetics: Predicting Individual l)iffcrcnccs

1. behax ior geneticists

3. chromosomo’-; 46; 23; DhJ\

4. genes

5. genome’ gent complexes

6. twin; adoption

7. iden tic al; frarcrna’. mort

8, morc

8 Ni a it i urian Di nsa

)fn un hut leust genetic influences are

ac’ H ut,. and nterets

9 1 \l’t)I ‘if

I

11 e

12. e’pi’ lull d,ws

13. eH!duif, ni it He’ iniewe: unnredictahie; ease:icc: H cc a \t ci precli dile hi feeding and

I

ci

18 n ci, inn ‘Hal

I a pri . n I I rient

rafern,iI :dentccal‘‘iu’I “n5es

I’ n ft cHar gt’ni’u s

wa-s

4, ,i,’fidi c run

5, maCn warn: anapt ens ronment,; fitness; 5t11

rti:.’ tat: sinie

I alt lo-’i aria

8, 551 a rt eric

9. c’’t,,”’,’,i”,.

10 sf’t:!‘. a’: : chatnitant. hold atiluent

Ii ‘ hut t

I

13 en!

14. ci,-’: a ‘‘1: ;u dfttie-us

Pa Inc

logically. I hronghoet life, ‘—cusors nmu iation attn\ ales and strengfhen% parficuiau neutal connections,

while other connections is eaken cc ith disuse, in thisway our experiences shap I c s er r ii fu I th’neural pathu i s that (cc c in

5. ni ural; degenerati prunn ci’ pubc s

6. Freudian. pin hiafrs; pat dioiugs

7. political attitudes: erso a manners. reliniousbeliefs

8 pi rsonahty 10

9. peers; selection

10. culture; parents”group to chdrearoc’iz’

Cultural Influences

1, culture

2. inno\ abon, lai Lgua

3. norms

4. personal cpace

\lost North Americans, the BrItish and cand:nasrans prefcr mon pusa a spa in afir

Americans, \rahs, tnt ft c r urn I ii i I firewes n expressn enc s and e pacc o life 1 crc

ate misundersfandunas. ::i esuinpic, penpie ts rhnorthern Furopean roots nrar nerceis e people ironI

\1edferranean cultures as warm ann aarnung hut

ineflrcient, while Mc diterrar is m w th irth

em I uropeans as ‘fficrcn bu o a y c Id

5. slowh

6. technology

7. faster; gene pool

8. mdividnahsm; mdc p d -nceach’esement; I inch t cFnrope

9. collectivism; interdependeocr fra,f:nn larmw

nx; Africa; Asia

10. indh iduialsf lone! ne—s. ‘tr

II. ideper d nec; c on ser

12 lair 1k’ self

13. mailer

Gerzder Dct’elop;ne;zt

sin it-f 1’

3. suicide; alcohohsm; a’tisin, color b-tin In 5s

in peracfn fs, 1nt:sc’t P’1 era ‘R -Hf dis’ 0 IC

4 rft rhul mdc

5 fin ‘ fit It rr

1’I

1 t

In

16.

1”,

20,

21.“a

23

Eon linen Pctjc’Izr 0gm LI mdcrstaadzug human\at’zrc

.1, 0’. !l(tiO4ists

-i cci

3

a

ur strol)ala’ W -

2 c5

4, - -it,

I’ -i - ti- ii un r nstii I’ ii

1, 46, 4’S

2. fat’ muscle’ si tcdicordem c

Answers 89

6. phy sical; x erbal

/ dor i iant; foneful; independent; directive (orautocratic); democratic

8. deterentiai; nurturant; affiliative

9. throughout the world

10 Co ncctions

IL plv smaller competitixe

12. interdependent; explore relationships; communi—t ate solutions

13. support; stress

14 sex X I testosteronc; sex enth

15, m c t imboxish

16. hormones; frontal; x erhal; parietal; space

17. gender roles

18, are uot: cultures; time; nomadic; agricultural

gender identity’ gender typing

5OC ial learmng, do

21. gender schema; social learning; cognition;schema’,

Reflections on Nature and Nurture

1. brute strength’ corn erging

2. nature; nurture; open

3. (,iccarn’s razorr

Progress Test a.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. c. i the answer. (p. IOHa., b., & d. Whereas cx olutionarv psychologistsattempt to explain unix ersal human tendencies,thesc researchers mx estigate genetic differencesmon., mix iduals

2. c. is the ansxxe Research has not shoxsn a strongn,rental intl uence on personality, temperament,or emot]onal rcactlx it\ (p. liii

3 d. 1st insxxcr (p. 122

4 b,r t cn xc p.98)a. & c. Alt ough a identical twin is xtincrea—ed risk, the relationship is far from perfect.\ientai disorders, like all psx chological traits, areinfluenced hx bath nature and nurture.d. It’ is not at all implied by the evidence fromw ‘n Indies.

5 d. is c ansxxcr (p. 99a., b., & c. In rder to pinpoint the influence of‘lie ft tue hr o ta tors Igenes and environment), it

n ;)eeecar\ 0’ hold tme of the tar tors constant.

6. d. is the answer. (p. 108)c. Natural selection favors traits that send one sgenes into the future, such as survix lug longerand reproducing more often. ggression doesnot necessa nh promote either.

7. d. is the answer. Such gender diferenccs characterize both heterosexual and homosexual people.(p. 110)

8. b. is the answer. Omen can mncubate only oilsinfant at a time. (p. lit)c. & d. ‘[he text does not suggest that there is agender difterence in the strength of the sex drix e.

9. b.istheanswer (p.IIl)a. According to this perspectix e, women prefermates with the potential for long’ternr nurturingmx estment in their joint oftspning.c. While nien are draxx n to women whose waistsare roughly a third narrower than their hips, thetext does not suggest that xx omen equate muscularity with fertrlity.d. Excitement xx as not mentioned as a criterionfor matmg.

10. b. is the answer. (pp. 97 iS)

c. & d. [here are no such things as “placental” or“nonplacental” twins. All twins hax e a placentaduring prenatal dcx elopment.

11. a. is the answer. (p. 102)

12. d. is the answer. (p. 10ia. Survival ability’ is only one aspect of trtness.1. & c. Neither of’ these is related to fitness.

13. a. is the answer. (pp. 102 103)b., c., & d. Ihis hrpothetical world is one inwhich there is no enx’ironnxental x aria tion,Therefore, ann’ individual differences are prmdictabh’ due to genes.

14. b. is the ansxxer. (p. 103)a. l3ehaxior geneticists use twin and adophonstudies to explore the rclatix e pow ci’ and limits onature and nurture on hehac ior.c. Ex olutionarx psychologists tudn how naturalselection (ax ored hehas orai tendencies that tomtributcd hi the s rx ha a id pread of ) r an cstors’ gcncs.d. Although this sounds mtr guing, I crc is csuch held.

15. c. is the answer. tpp. lIh”i lEt

16. a. is the anxx er. (p. 110c. this defines gender identity.d. this defines gender-tI pins.

17. h. i5 the ansxxct, fp. 1291a. in this case, a female xx mld dcx lop.

19.

20

90 uhap’er i \ature, \urture, and Human Diversity

I g r r )ute ond an X chromeI ha the O\ of the child is determined hr

I !t Ii’ omio1ae the sperm contributes.

d ‘n i ncr. ) 1a o am ng theo, gender

es ru, mitat on and reinforce

0. & c. ‘ ;tL-’ tneorr rocmes on gender-typing.

9 d he icr a 130t r c i thc principat male

h crc s p sent i both 1cr raic s and males.0. ‘creriIined or tOt ex chromosomes.t. ht’e Jseo’e of testosterone, female se\

isis clts’l

ogr s Test 2

la)

Tultij (ho c Quest ions

I c f’s inse, ci p. Q6;

9. c (p. 132)10. i(p 132)11. g(p.96)

b d -h of the human body contains

0. 1 i arsuer. (p. 9Na. I i’,ctcnes arc chemical messengers produced

fcc i’d tine pIand,c I. C s segincuts of DNA which aret k if 1

1— 10 ONO ci. 6)

a (tin J ton D\A.0 r c Ots ,1

d‘ p ) d’ c cod fo sy nthesizing

b Ic cr 110c s I cc bun hnked to thc

ci tics

& d. hic 6 re ar n ‘re a tcpting ot casual sex

d n ar v 1 2 113

0. -a ‘. 10)C & d.iC’.;’c’t i’t-’in ‘a raised in difrerent end

nc ei a rated ìdentica) twins often

h o nnio’r iiciudmg likes, dislikes,

and life-stx I s I his mdicates thc s gmhcant hentahilit; of manr traits.

9. b. is the answer. (pp. 100—i0Ha., c,, & d. The personalities of adopted children

do not mncl resemble those of the r adoptn eparents (therefore, not a.) or other children rca edin the same home 1there)ore. not c. or d. i

10. c. is the answer, (pp. 101, liE)a. & d. femperament, which retcrs to a person’semotional reacth ity, is letermi red pnmarilr bygenes.

b. Genes limit parents’ influence on their children’s personalities.

IL a. is the ansiser. (p. 96)b. Neurotransmitters are the cherna als mi oh edin sx naptir transmission in the neri ous sr steind. Enzymes are chemicals that facilitate variouschemical reactions throughout the hodi hut arenot mx ols ed in heredits.

12. d. is the answer. IP 105)a. A norm i5 a cultum alli’ deternimned set otexpected behaviors for a particular role, such as agender role.b. & c. When two factors are correlated, it meanseither that increases in one factor are accompaniecl by increases in the other (posili; e correlation) or that increases in one factor are accon’tpanied by decreases in the other (negath e correlation).

13. d. is the answer. (p 122)

14. c. is the answer. (p. 118)

15. c. is the answer. (pp. 110-12I)

16. a.isthcansxser.(p 131)b. In snch cultures gender differences in matepreferences tend to be much smaller.c. Although fiexihihtr in gender roles was notdiscussed per se, it C likely that greater fiexihilitixi ould equate with greater equalits i genderrule-,d. All cultures des elop norms.

17. a. is the ansv,er. Ihis is an example of a trait thatcontnhntes to sui’vis al or the human speties ‘ntlthe perpetu t on of One’s genes (p 11)1b., c., & d. Ihcse traits and issu s rould hkch beof greater intc’rest to a behavior genetic ist, sn i_ ethey concern the influence ot specific genes onhehax mr.

18. c. is the ansiser. (p. 132)b. & d. There is no es idence that Icing raised in a‘gendei neutral’ home confuses children er foster a backlash of excessir e gendc r ts pine

‘iuti_ Plug Jti_ Pus

i in1128,

4. “ Lip b.

I 1. C’)

‘Elk(1 i2i_lip’. Di;

r ire

i .-‘‘ — —-, 5’ - ‘‘. i

,

19 c. is th’ ansuer. (p. 110;

Answers 91

20. c. is the answer. p. ila)a. Although early experiences are a factor in thedevelopment of attachment (discussed in a laterchapter) djcational stimulation is probabh lessimporta t tI an warmth and nurturanceb. tecac c te r pera nent apptars to be a strongly

c iettt tra t it is unlikely ft at earft educationalcxperienees would aftect its nature

True—false Items

1. t (p. iiU 5. J 10Th 9. 1 (p. fib)2. F p. t02} 6. F (p. IN) 10. F (p. 120)3. 302 iU(. 7. [(p. 108) 11. 2 (p.IlS(4 F(pflO3) &E(p 122

Psychology Applied

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. a. is the answer. Ip. 96h. D\.\ js a molecule.c. & d. Genes are segments of ID?kA.

2. c. is the ansn er. Heritabnitv is a measure of theextent to which a trait’s sariation within a group° peoy Ic can he attributed to heredity. (p 102)a. & b. lIc ritability is not a measure of how muchof an ir dix idual’s hehax ior is inherited, nor of then lative eontrrbuton of genes from that person’smother and father. Furthermore, the heritabilityor any trait depends on the context, or environment, in which that trait is being studied.

3. b. is the answer. (pp. %, 97—98)a. Evolutionary psychologists study the evolution)t hehavic r ushig the principles of natural selection.c. Molecular geneticists search for the specificpcnes tI at inf uence hchasiors in his example,the resear her s merely comparing twins,d. \\ hn knows?

4. c. i_theansner (pp. 9s, 102)a. Although heredity does influence certain traits,scie;: a )utConnnes5 an,d emotional instahilits, it

the Interaction ,if heredin and experience thatltiniotely r ds peisor alitv

b I her s r ngle ‘a st important factor” in

r ers ii t Mc en cr tc r the samc reason tw osisters ) brot cr’ often hare dissimilar personaldiec, a sistcr n 1 brother may be x err much alike.d. Karen an lohn’s case is not at all unusual.

5. d. is the anse er. ion, i14—tiTha. & b. [‘remetu cc birth and tetal alcohol ‘anoronie (discussed ;n. a later chapter) usuallx donot bar t’ t(u’ etfe’ t ‘a the di’s eloping, hnin.

c. If the question had stated “I has e a heavier andthicker cortex,” this answer would be correct.

6. b. is the answer. Although parental x’alues differfrom one time and place to another, studiesreveal that Western parents toda want their children to think for themselx es, while Asian andAfrican parents place greater value on emotionalcloseness. (p. 124)d. Both of these values are more typical of Asianthan Ecestern cultures.

7. d. is the answer. To separate the influences ofheredits and experience on behavior, one of thetwo must he held constant. (pp. 902100)a., b., & c, these situations would not allow oneto separate the contributions of heredity andenvironment.

8. b. is the answer. (pp. 121 122)a. Because ther are genetically the same, identicaltwins are always of the same sex.c. & d. Fraternal twins develop from two fertilized eggs.

9. d. is the answer. (pp. 108—109, 111)

b. is the answer. Because their environments arelargely the same, differences in the traits of suchindividuals are likely to be due to genehc differences. (p. 103)c. & d. if two individuals are genetically similar,any differences in their behaviors and traits arelikely to he due to environmental factors.

ii. d. is the answer. (p. 129)

12. b. is the answer. Actually, only 3 percent are differences among population groups. (p. 108)

13. a. istheansw’er. (p. 113)b. & c. In fact, these are typical criticisms of cx olutionary psychologx.

14. c. is the answer. (p. 98)

15. b. is the answer. (p. 105)a. An interaction requires at least two variables;in this example there is only one lcompetiton).c. I his is an example of a negative correlation.d. This is an example of a positive correlation.

16. d, is the answer. p.108

17. d. is the answer. (p. 110)a., b., & c. These are typical male attitudes andbehax iors.

18. d. is the answer. F ollow’ing social learning theory,Brandon is using s erbal punishment to discourage what he belier e to he an inappropriategender-linked behavior in his son. (ia. fl2)a. Gender schema theory maintains that childrenadmust their hehas ion- to match their cultural con-

10.

2 Chapter 3 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

tpt of tender. In this example, we have onis the

tathers behavior on which to base our answerb. & c. No such theories were discussed.

9. a. is the answer. Many aspects of language inludmg masculine and feminine pronouns, pro-ide children n ith schemas through n Inch ther

cgin organizing their worlds on the basis of gcndr (p. 132)

20. a. is the answer. p. 103)h., c., & d. Temperament is one ot the most ‘$ablepewonaIit traits.

I ssav Question

Fr o ationarv psy chologists would not be surprisedbr the tension between l,akia and Jerome and nouldsCC it a a reflection ot womens more relational andown’s more recreational approach to sex, Since eggsart. expensive, compared with sperm. women prefermates nith the potential for long-term investment intheir joint offspring According to this perspetire,thi rr ay be n by I akia is not in a hurry to becomesevuall intimate with Jerome. Men on the otherhand, are selected for “pairing wideh’ but not neces‘arilr n iselv in order to maximize the spreading oftheir genes. This is especially true of men like Jerome,who have traditional masculine attitudes,

Key Terms

Writing Definitions

1. in hehax ior genetics, environment refers to everynongenetic, or external, influence on our traitsand behaviors. (p. 96)

2. Behavior genetics is the study of genetic andcm ironmental influences on behavior. (p. 96)

3 Chromosomes are threadlike structures made ofmolecules, which contain the genes. In on

eption, the 23 chromosomes in the egg areuairt-’d w]th the 23 chromosomes in the sperm. (p.

4. D\A deoxrribonucieic acidi is a complex moleontaining the genc tic information that

k up hc chromosomes. (p 96

,. Genes are the biochemkal units of hcredity thatmake up the chromosomes; ther are segments ofthe DNA molecules capable of cnthesizing aprotein. (p Q6)

6. \ genome is the complete set of genetic instructo rs for making an organism. tp. 96)

7. Identical twins deelop from a srngk tertihzedi t splits in tu o and therefore arc gc netical

l d ntacal. (p 97)

8. Fraternal hr in, . It p 0

lertilized by (lit it crt

more genc’tiv1ii’. ii!1[L 0

9 Temp”ra nent toerno i a P

10. Heritab’l t isinclivdu l- ‘n a I th. t a- 0 0

tactorCurri’tJ1,L t v

intcliiginco at ahoai ‘ ‘ a

11, An interaction ca U ‘a

br (so I rs ca-s i 3k ti’) oc I a r

tor (s c he (p

Ixai B a- aerniicnr nth I dc o at. aifiunced iCtUt30a-t’ v ‘‘ 00 It

a- an interaction ‘c’ ‘ UUO C

hereditr

12. Molecular genetics i ii U -ia i 0 003’

seeks to id ‘nIHy ‘to r

speuri I or ir

13. tivolutionary ps c ogylution o hehax ior a- tL’pie, of natural ‘a-lw ti

14. Natural selection a- ta- ca hat ‘ a-Ott

that ttat, that c 3t1LtI’ a

survir a re the I 00 i’ r

suca-edir er

15 Mutations arcthat arc ‘hc a-uspecka- (p. Ihs

16. Gender a-Hers to the moon i OU c±

teristics hr u hit h p,a-0- 7c1 ‘-

(p 110)

17. F culture a IFtudes tpeople r Irathe ncha pr 110)

18. Norms c cadc a-u’

ru1t ‘01 ntUcOt a na - :

19 Persora pacea-I I

roun t Ia-

20. Individualism s ‘ ‘1

o\ cr group a’ tO a-a-’ t’

term’, t Pc’r’,3t3a- lit’ ‘ I’

identti -0101 p ha’

21. Collecti lam i

Focus on Vocabulary and Language 93

22 Aggression is phi sical or x erbal behavior intended ft aurt someone. (p. 127)

23. In X chromosome is the sex chromosome foundin both men and women, Females inherit an \chrc’mosnine H on each parent. p. 12i

24. 1 he \ chromosome is the sex chronaoome foundend in men. Males inherit an X chromosometrem their mothers and a 3 chromosome fromtheir fathers, P i2;

25. Testosterone s the principal male sex hormone.Outing nrenatal de\ elooment, testosteronestimuIate- the des einpment of the external malesex &‘rgans. (p. 13)1)

26. A role i5 a cluster or prescribed behaviors expected ot those vho occupi a particular social posinon. (p. thU

27. \ gender role is a set of expected behaviors formales and females. (p. 131)

28. Gender identity ft one’s per’onal sense of beingin Ic or female. (p 132)

29. Gender-typing is the acquisition of a traditionalten ininc or masculine gender rote (p. 1 32)

30, \ccc rding to social learning theory people learnml balm’ °r (such a’ gender role’) b observ

i r, and imitating and by be ng rewarded or punshed p. 1 2)

31 \ccord r g to gender schema theory, childrenat qurrc a cultural concept ot xi hat it means to belena c or male and adjust their behaxior accord-in lv 132)

F locus ON VOCABULARY AND LAVGUAGE

Belier’ ior Genetics: Predicting IndividualDifferences

lo ,‘in;(w tan thread— of heredity ande’.s irnnrrenr. heha’ ior geneticists often use tree wts

‘ ni acer-. tsr as stndes and adoption studies XIs ersi- uws’g cn anaierrr ace: to separate out c’t:-cetanviein’, ‘diltv’ent ‘H ;ng tin cads) that are tightis interzn iaed on can use a small pacers ftm’c:er-.S”ssmiarl’’, in an attt’mrst to disc over and —eparate out

igert) the differential effects of the environireet and genes (tf lit ad that arc cnfaaglcd hehas ior

enetic ists use tsr o approaches (tce -es trcee:crd:t i s studies and adoption studies,

hla char Faailics , , * this phrase refers to asc is based on the txpe if work people do.

r mannal workc -s w ‘re blue (denim)i’ in! at we ) H )ntr ist to office

- ag ms etc r F c v ore white shirts

(n’hite-celiín’ markers). The identical twins (bothnamed Jim) were adopted by similar working-class(him ic—cellar) families.

Page 700: The stories ot tartting nt’imi nniiarmtt, donot impress Bouchard’s critics, who remind us that“the plural ot anecdote is not data,” Bouchard’sins estigation into the similarities bern ceo separatedtwins suggests that genes intluente mans hehas iors,such as career choices h\’-xiatching habits, and foodlike’ and dishkes tstarrhng -tcrlecj, I he critics pointout that any two strangers of the a me sex and agexi ould probably have mans coincidental things incommon if thes xs crc to spend hours cornpa ringtheir behaviors and life histories. Furthermore, stories hi’, or about, mdix iduals (siarlc ain’t dates) do notconstitute scientific data, even if there are many ofthem (f/ic pleral of an ‘cdetc is i )t daft)

Pagt’ 101 (aiarg i ‘ ‘Mom m v M to0i ig a tall !taasea1Oc Dad ha trw 5ht in I yr t is t cm Jur iom ts arandom half of each of their ards his p 1’ hand mart

Cross-Check

ACROSS

6. acloptis e7. D\\9. role

10. norm11. gender12. culture13. nurture14. affluent15. biological16. mutation19. heritability20. chromosome

DOW N

1. behavior genetics2. evolutionars3. interaction4. ens ironment5. gender schema8. gender ic’ld’ntlt\

17. nature18, genes

N t a id Human Div r’ity

) I irakesesseofa i with tied games

tul foist and ac ids (tint) thatn ani Dad tarti nm ingcads

cx cntc thc roffc si bc v me nmg

Sr

b tdepcndnors in hart a ymm for

Ft kcntegc G F a‘I d rcbp toughened

c ptation to tnt tionem I ‘ide

v ap ily is a commonie i t u’Jn of hnman

or pit! if. VieI ott Ii cat) homeer

refc °oces tend to bec ) it anous foods is

tt f omeonc doesn’to h s feet wifl become

d iptation. If a persc no hi i’-’et n ill bt ten

l I r it) this is also thei cia sr Horrerer it isc th difference betas een

A c v ad e i Ie;f’ot traditionr c F ras iris to ranchmg

‘ci t c nd s iris nsed tor i’

k r me ett e r c or pcrsonaht ise’ it ens ironment is likeI t,’d silo t the rrsolt

arc of a spice snch as aI determmn H by mul

I lb Otis ioush ouitiou bcthlcngth

j La. c nc stir sic arer As Mycrs notes

r at dde en csot g nctc

f

dctcctrc [ust c r nra and solve

c so daiccu

I c ge its responsible

c bat cr na

genes and erirmrr r nc I ii r t (acti ig as master pta isto the same result mnstea I r I it

environments I hos p epk F(identical twin’ bi t v t i dup is ith similar but t dc i

F g Flu I3ut as s srd mamsing bot i iope r

prrblems. M\crs i u ‘ truth tiso cutting cdccthe fact that progress has hi

tire (hopeful possibil t ts

ethical issues an I lit cut F

I volutionary Psychology Undrrstan Ii‘\Iature

Pogc IOh mm Ii ctrip 0 1 ic i i

pe rate need of nionev ( i i

researchers setec hr et i c d yfriendliest foxe fror r c a h it 30 r c

40year penmod. the picscnt enccd ) to ctionate docile and eager to I isc orfunds for the finaucialli 0’ it teinstitute they are being niarkccr i

Page 108. But the tight geneti ahumans Just is a dog res r

a strap or cord I cod g nes g enthe faints rigid a fixed oath rn ofmany animals In humar s hor ‘r enmnftuentiab thus the usoa’]s s r rstraints (tight gee It met Ii) o a. altmined way (0’ Os )

Pmy 110 (Diem ‘op t

among mates us lb tradi or(Heck & others 199’ l’icre aences in sexual r aluc s

reflected in dffcrcn uMates ( sp ci 1Ii hft natcs tend I aandncnchaantj II

mc ttc i it

F I(Mc as eccii ng warn respor ccwilt typically mount rp et afriendly female s bch r or e

tiontoharecex(ms a rbase stor nthat c a rattribute a a ornar s t r d

I I

cittie gric it I I

) FtIi

r

to rI

u c ‘e 5

i ose

ci

cicc

i

S IcItt

c

d

t t

a cc

cp

a cI

r i

be

Hi in

F

5’

rdr

f

It I

it

ci

arc

mc

m irs rc

I

Ii, d diemc

Au

‘it I

C

V

cut i r

Focus on Vocabulary and Language 95

that o ii normal desires (natural yearnings) help perpatuac mr genes. In our cvolutionarv past (ancestral!ii-teia females accomplished this best by beingselect is e in their choice of mate yairiizg 1riseh) andmen hr mm e promiscuous behavior (parzng rulcy).\lver’ p0mb out hon r er, that ens ironmental tacto s, such as cultural expectations, can alter or shaperow sc i I hehas ior is expressed b both males and

• femaie’ (c.ui is ad i/ic genders).

• ‘age ilL Fhe (n omen) prefer tick-u round lzds veerlike/ti e ‘A. X\ omen tend to preter males who arer ore like s to be supporth e of their children (theirffsr ) and si ho are also more willing to make a

laNting cc ntrihution to their protection (stickuroundJacl) rather than males n ho indicate little or no ivili’ingness to make such a co-parenting commitmentçikeh, LULl).

I ige Ill: \s mobile gene machines, we are designedto prefer whater er worked for our ancestors in theirens ironments, I r olutionarv psx chologists believethat behas iorai tendencies that increase tire proha—biliti ut getting one’s genes into the future havebeen semected for over the course of evolution.

I ltnmanc is ho actis ely seek out mates and successtuhy procreate ( nobde gene mauhnes) are passing oninherited tendencies to behave in certain ways (enr‘:n[nrai imet’11;1d) because these behaviors wereadaptive for our ancestors.

Parents and Peers

iaqe lb. Dur’ng early childhood—’whmle the excessconnect ons are still en all , . . . to be en call meansto he reeds and available for use. Thus, during theearly childhood years while there are many neuralconnechons reads for use (still on eu//l, an enriched

id stimulating cur ironment is extremely importantor intellectual perceptual, and social des elopment

As \hers puts it “. use it or lose it,”

lid Hlmniler to ‘e/e;nmm through a forest, lesstram eled paths gradualh disappear, and peAt/mr

tin mc hroade red. This analogs suggestc thatur 1 s 01 Ci t goes on throughout life, \‘eural

c r ned s (p / i am c) t rat are frequently used ( 0/

a n path I are w’dened and more clearly defined,is hmle tho5e c tn’mnection that are seldom used (in dL,:‘.,‘m heu’nre ss eakened and may eyentuallr disap

• pear.

I : h procreation, a woman and a man shnfflc/ ‘r cc an I di al i liFe:fi ‘nnm hand to theirhikl-to-Lt’ . . I le idea here i that just as cards are

randomlx interspersed (shuffled) and then passed oi(dealt) to the plas ers, a man and a woman lute rmmisgle their genes is/:mtti/e /be:r gene dee/ui amid conceiveoffspring (deal a l/ti’-t’ermnit,g band to their e/mi/d-tolsi.The child h then expo’ed to numerous ens ironmuental factors beyond parental control that limit horsmuch the parents i ifluence the child s des elopmcnt(children a ‘ ‘met Ic rmless blo s mitt/pt a hm’ / rental tint am e i.

Page lie: And society reintorces such parent-blaming: Believing that parents shape their childrenas a potter i melds clay, people readily praise parentsfor their children’s x irtues and blame them to’ theirchildren’s rices. My ers suggests that hecause somefactors that affect development are under the par-emit’s control and others are trot, it is not appropriateto he judgmental. We should he slower to praiseparents for their children’s achier emeim ts (children’svirtues) and sloss er y et to be critical when thechildren do not perform up to our expectations (ehildren’s s’icesi. Children are nor smmpls formed bytheir parents’ child-rearing abilities (as a pet/er mne//sclzu) hut rather are influenced by’ many tactorsbeyond their control.

l’age /18: If the upors of a toxh climate are seephmg intoa child’s life, that chmate not just the child—needsretbrnmimmg. Myers i5 suggesting that when problembehaviors arise it is impcmrtant to look at the wholeconte’st that is influencing the child rather than juctfocusing on the s oungster. 11 the ens ironment (wholeschool or neighborhood) is unhealthy and dangerous (afork c/inmate) and is sloss ry leaking (seeping) into achild’s life, then it is imnportant to change freiin’nm;these ens ironmental influences instead of simplytrs’ing to change the chid.

Cnltnral Influences

Page 119’ We come equipped is ith a huge eerei’rahard drir’e re,ein te reeeiee nma;ei m’n’:m/’:/teN a mt/tmtr,/se’ta’ame. Myers b eomparmng our capacity to learnand adapt through cultural tran’mthsion mc’ that ol acomputer s ope at’ng syUtem ( ebra ma irmwhi h, like I non s cap hh ct ca sin rlarge amounts ot uforniatu tIm u I piot mmn g

(yigabn/e a1 cIt/tat a? “ita

PNe IA): Yet, norms am’L’,i-e itme yeui/ ;naebnm.’ru. Everm’society lia its oss ii rules and regulations aboutaccepted and appropriate mode of conduct soc’alnorms), and these standards differ iron culture tcculture. I hc se p o c riph is mar mm cmii mc s set’ runjust or seuelem. but because they am e knosm u aid

nrttr \fiuic, Nurture, and Human Diersitv

I K I b ot eagle ther s ri e the function ota ‘c -on -,rn’othtv (tt;eii guLlet f/ic saeiiii

Sc it’ roh de, their differingn i a i p Ic from difterent

ow Hr ii ttCK ction ran he confusing“rsonai pacc the distance we like to

c- or d lwrw aries; someone xx hot no sac w or d tic onstantly retreating

5 m who needs to he closea S . i ntortahle cent ersation.

lhjs means to he distanta ‘n ix O al interactions. \orth

a a cd f ir i b gger personal sparetr son other cultures So when

a iriiwed ripen na:udeM. the natural1, ba S axx an, which man gix e the

a being aloof and unfriendly

c.radn Dere1opne;it

P ‘sr ;erdcr dtturences snifrce ear/u, inhi M r s ar d ternales differ in their

I at ng H ,d a c ta/ness), a disparity thatS ‘ . ci’, a am a x ornig age (sti iees ear/n). Xhen

c1 “ ci ‘or tend to engage in competitive group0 ‘S a itS ‘r much close, confidential, or atfec

o ‘ e rls ti picallv are more intimateit h er at pla in smaller groups, fre‘a’ ,c’th one trend. and the are less competi

a’ an.. i’lOI so t’pornx e and empathic.

I N cf cinoso we includes a single genei r C S triggering the testes to

I at n’ ‘ran cc the principal male hormone,a sr’ s’ 0... IN e aS get an \ chromosome from

soJ itriscr an ix oull he a girl; or a Yx a a a r I’ 5 1)0 f’thers I bus the I thro

‘ ‘lc and a single“in c nit 1w nitiat ng the proress (it

ihat tix atus I: 5ni’r’) the produc—n ‘n a ‘no “ thu tcste—

a -S N tomboy is a girl who

I ri r ga nes. When a femalcaa’r ‘gi .n a t0 to ninth testosterone tthe

I ‘ diane: Ow Sex eli ping rhild xviii act

more aggressh ely and behax c in wax s more ti prcalof boys tshe xx ill act in a rainoei’i-a war

Page tni. Thrtx vear ago.. it was standard for mento nitiatc dates drir e the ca / and irk p th H’ ckand for x omen to dccorate the home buy and caretot the children’s clothes, and select the weddinggifts. (Sender roles are a culture’s e\puctations rormale and female behax iow. hut these behaviorschange ox er time and across uitu res, and x ary fromgcneration to gcneration. I radihonally (a va cc a;lioa pnn tire .30 mar- ace), males asked females to goout (infiated /ats) and paid tor the meal and enter—tamment (pit kn/.n’ the C/let k . and xx omen lookedafter domestic concerns including pnreha’rng andlooking after the children s clothes and choosuxgpresents for those who were getting married (a edding gittco

Page 1.31’ NV ith the [lick of an c/n en, the number ofU.S. college women hoping to be fuli-hme homemakers plun,gcd drnrng the late 1960s and earlyl970s. Ox er time, gender roles bar e changed. Withina relatively briet period of time (wit/i t/e flick of anaaren), the number of women engaged in the traditional female role tfull—time homemakerl declinedrapidly (p/tinged) and the number of xx omen in thework force increased substantially, especially in traditional male fields such as medicine, tarn, and engineering.

Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Page l.ie: teen f/ic dan ... Galileo’s theory that thuEarth revoix’ed around the Suit, and not the otherway around (vice xersa), xvas cxentuafly accepted (itIvan the day). Firs explanation xvas a coherent account(it Swig together) of the xx ax the solar system actuallyworks.

Pig’ 1 Se. it hagg/es the mind the entire unix crse

P “t’ it “Oh/c r un )‘ H t’ihamx tr ,,,irfl

Ikhen comcthng is starrhng, une\pected. orhard to Low prebend, ‘x e say that “it /x’,’/c- themind.’ The idea that the entire unix er—u arose from

a singul irits (‘ ppcd it a’ a lag/i ‘eint approx’mitclx’ 14 billio x years ago s ne su h ‘mini b ggling” idea that leax’c s even scientists full f re orence and xx onder t then ‘n acesiriu St.

i-Cu’

ii’ 0 “1t’iI