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Primates
• Order primates includes prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans– Adapted for an arboreal life
Human Evolution
• Humans and apes have a common ancestor– Misconception: Humans evolved from apes
• The human lineage and ape linage split around 6 million years ago
• Humans and chimpanzees are the most closely related– share around 99% of our DNA
Ancestralprimate
Lemurs, lorises,and pottos
Tarsiers
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans
An
thro
po
ids
Mo
nk
ey
sA
pe
s
Figure 17.36
Human Evolution
• All primates share one common mammalian ancestor – Other primates diverged from the
lineage• Prosimians
– lemurs and tarsiers– First primates to diverge
• Anthropoids – New World monkeys, Old World
monkeys, and hominoids (apes and hominids)
Human Evolution• Proconsul
– Probable link between monkeys and apes (about 15 mya)
– About the size of a baboon
– Probably ancestral to dryopithecines • All apes arose from about 10 mya• Hominids can also trace their lineage to the dryopithecines
Human Evolution
• Evolution of Hominids
– To be a hominid a fossil
must have anatomy
suitable for standing and
walking erect (bipedalism)
• Bipedalism made food
gathering easier
– Believed that hominids
appeared approximately 6
million years ago
Ardipithecusramidus
Australopithecusafarensis
Australopithecusafricanus
Paranthropusrobustus
Paranthropusboisei
Homoneanderthalensis
Homosapiens
Homohabilis
Homo erectus
?M
illi
on
s o
f y
ea
rs a
go
6.0
5.0
5.5
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Figure 17.38
Human Evolution
• Australopithecines
– Evolved in Africa 4 million years ago, went extinct
about 1 million years ago
– Australopithecines had a small brain and walked erect
– No evidence of tool use
– Some were gracile (slender), others were robust
(powerful)
Human Evolution
• Evolution of Early Homo
– Earliest fossils are about 2 million years old
• Larger brain than Australopithecines
• Jaws and teeth resemble humans
• Evidence of tool use
Human Evolution
• Evolution of Early Homo – Homo habilis-
• Brain size as large as 772 cc; enlarged speech areas• Smaller cheek teeth indicates an omnivorous diet• Findings indicate tool use
– Crude tools made of stone• Culture
– Encompasses behavior and products– Hunter and gatherers may have eaten together
and shared food
Human Evolution
• Evolution of Early Homo
– Homo ergaster and Homo erectus
• Fossils date between 1.9 and 0.3 million years ago
• Larger brain than H. hablis
• Stood erect, gait was similar to humans
• Evidence of migration from Africa to Asia
• Tools were advanced compared to compared to H. hablis
• First to use fire
• Systematic hunters
Human Evolution
• Evolution of Early Homo
– Homo floresiensis
• Evolved from Homo erectus
• Small in size compared to other hominids
• Likely co-existed with modern Homo sapiens
Human Evolution
• Neanderthals– Lived between 200,000 and 28,000 years ago
– Massive brow ridges, protruding nose, jaws, and teeth
– Low, sloping foreheads
– Larger brain than H. sapiens, heavily muscled
– Culturally advanced
– According to the Out-of Africa hypothesis,
Neanderthals were displaced by modern humans
Human Evolution
• Cro-Magnons
– Oldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens sapiens
– Modern appearance, made compound tools, were the
first to hunt with knives and spears
– Hunted cooperatively
– May have been the first to have language
– Culture included art- sculpture and painting