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/"I
Proceedings
of the
Human Factors
and Ergonomics Society41ST ANNUAL MEETING
1997
Volume 2
UB/TIB Hannover117 648 205
89
PROCEEDINGS ofth*HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICSSOCIETY 41stANNUAL MEETING -1997 xv
QUANTITATIVE EQUIPMENTINTERACTION [Lecture]
Robert G. Radwin (Chair), Valerie J. B. Rice (Cochair)
Interaction of Static Pinch and Forearm Torque 688
Sheryl L. Snell-Massie, Marvin E. Barber,
Marguerite M. Pazderka, Grant A. Wilhelm,and M. Susan Hallbeck
Evaluation of Gloves: Short Time Test versus Long 692
Time Tests
Ram R. Bishu and Brent Goodwin
The Forces Required to Pull Loads Up Stairs with 697
Different Handtrucks
Stephen L. Young, George E. Brogmus, and
Dya Bezverkhny
Energy Cost of Walking in Four Types of Snowshoes 702
Joseph J. Knapik, Charles Hickey, Samson V. Ortega, Jr.,James Nagel, and Rene J. dePontbriand
ERGONOMICSPROCESSES [Lecture]
Pat Bertsche (Chair), Roger L. Stephens (Cochair)
Ergonomic Improvement in Games Manufacturing: 707
Leveraging One Initial Success into an
Integrated Self-Sustaining Ergonomics Effort
Andrew J. Marcotte and Joe Kessler
Automated Job Analysis Using Biomechanical Data 712
and Template MatchingThomas Y. Yen and Robert G. Radwin
A Methodology for Identifying Ergonomics Risk Factors 717
and Measuring the Results ofImplementation of Corrective
Actions
Marilyn S. Joyce, Andrew J. Marcotte,Richard T. Barker, and Edward J. Klinenberg
A Filtering Approach to Ergonomics Surveillance 722
J. Murray Gibson and David C. Alexander
AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 725
Volume 2
MACROERGONOMICS
MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE [Lecture]
Ogden Brown, Jr. (Chair), Melroy E. D'Souza (Cochair)
High Involvement Ergonomics andTotal Quality 729
Management: A Comparison and Evaluation
Ogden Brown, Jr.
Span of Command and Control in U.S. Army Organizations 734
Richard E. Christ
An Ethnographic Evaluation of a Computer-Supported 739
Product Development System
Melroy E. D'Souza and Joel S. Greenstein
Management of Health, Environment, and Safety in 744
Royal Norwegian Air Force Flight OperationsVivianne Fonne and Anthony S. Wagstaff
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY IN
ORGANIZATIONS [Lecture]
Barrett S. Caldwell (Chair), Hal W. Hendrick (Cochair)
Sustaining Safety and Profitability through Macro- 749
ergonomics in a Shipping OperationGlenn A. Azevedo, Peter Zande, and Andrew S. Imada
Staying Ahead of the Curve: High Reliability Team**
Behaviors and Their Performance Consequences
Mary J. Waller
Psychologically Based Productivity Improvement 753
Programs: What Works and What Doesn't?
Hope VonBorkenhagen and Mark L. Lengnick-Hall
Generic Work System Characteristics of "Outlaw" Rapid 758
Prototyping Groups: A Summary of Four Case Studies
Hal W. Hendrick
DOCTORAL STUDENT SALON; ORGANIZATIONAL
PARTICIPATION [Lecture]
Barrett S. Caldwell (Chair), Ben-Tzion Karsh (Cochair)
Participation Patterns and Impression Formation in 762
Three Communications Media
Jana M. Price and R. James Holzworth
An Examination of Employee Participation during 767
New Technology ImplementationBen-Tzion Karsh
Relationship between Sociotechnical Joint Optimization 772
and Perceived Department Performance in Manufacturing
OrganizationsDeliaGrenville and Brian M. Kleiner
'Abstract only
"Manuscriptnot submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMANFACTORSAND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUALMEETING -1997
MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION
INNOVATIVE DESIGN OF MEDICAL/REHAB¬
ILITATION DEVICES/SYSTEMS [Lecture]Rene J. dePontbriand (Chair), David A. Kobus (Cochair)
The Evaluation of an Auditory Alarm for a New 777Medical Device
David Simons, Tycho K. Fredericks, and Jim Tappel
Using a Systems Approach in Developing a Survey to 782Assess the Contributing Factors to Needlestick Injuries
Krista R. Mcintosh and Sandra D. Rever-Moriyama
Computer Assisted 3D Measurements for Microsurgery 787
Miriam Kim, Paul Milgram, and James M. Drake
Usability Testing for Telemedicine Systems: A Method- 792
ology and Case StudyDeborah P. Birkmire-Peters, Leslie A. Whitaker,
and Leslie J. Peters
DESIGN OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT: WHOSHOULD BEND: TECHNOLOGY? PEOPLE?
BOTH? [Debate]
Marilyn Sue Bogner (Chair), Dennis I. Serig (Cochair)Participants: Marcia Nusgart, William H. Muto,and Colin F. Mackenzie
SAFETY
WARNINGS I: THE ROLE OF PICTORIALS AND OTHER
ENHANCEMENTS [Lecture]David W. Martin (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)
The Role of Pictorials in Environmental Safety Signs 797
Stephen L. Young
The Comprehensibility of Airline Safety Card Pictorials 801Jeff K. Caird, Becky Wheat, Krista R. Mcintosh,and Robert E. Dewar
Comprehension ofAviation Safety Pictograms: Gender 806and Prior Safety Card Reading Influences
N. Clayton Silver and Carla N. Perlotto
The Effects of a Raised Label Border on Warning 811Effectiveness Measures
Michael J. Kalsher, Michael B. Cote,
Matthew V. Champagne, and Michael S. Wogalter
WARNINGS H: AN UPDATE ON THE NEW ANSI
STANDARDS AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES [Lecture]Curt C. Braun (Chair), J. Paul Frantz (Cochair)
Human Factors behind the Improved ANSI Z535.3 816Label Standard for Safety Symbols
Shelly Waters Deppa and B. Jay Martin
Human Factors in the Revised ANSI Z535.4 Standard 821for Safety Labels
B. Jay Martin and Shelly Waters Deppa
Expectations and Warning Effectiveness: Literature 826Review and Proposed Model
David M. DeJoy
Perceived Risk Dilution with Multiple Warnings 831Jessie Y. C. Chen, Richard D. Gilson, and
Mustapha Mouloua
SAFETY POTPOURRI [Lecture]Ellen C. Haas (Chair), J. Paul Frantz (Cochair)
Cultural Differences in the Perception of Responsibility 836for Child Safety
Marc L. Resnick, Adriano Zanotti, and Julie A. Jacko
Electrical Hazards in the Home: What Do People Know? 840S. David Leonard, Rebecca S, Griffin, and
Michael S. Wogalter
A Methodology for the Analysis and Prediction of 844Back Injuries in Apparel Manufacturing
Rolando Quintana
Vehicle-Driver Communications to Reduce Rear-End 849Collisions: What Makes Sense and Why?
Rudolf G. Mortimer
CONTEMPORARY SAFETY RESEARCH:
METHODOLOGY ANDAPPLICATIONS [Lecture]John G. Casali (Chair), Michael J. Kalsher (Cochair)
Measuring the Likelihood of Falling Asleep while 854
Driving Using PsychophysicsMichael J. Paley
Virtual Hazard Analysis: A Methodology 859Scott Allen Ziolek and Robert Carder Hale
The Effect of the XM45 Gas Mask and Hood on 864
Directional HearingTomasz R. Letowski, Gilbert L. Ricard, andJohn E. Greives
Enhancing System Safety with 3D Audio Displays 868Ellen C. Haas, Charles Gainer, Dennis Wightman,Michael Couch, and Russell Shilling
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted tor publication
PROCEEDINGS oftheHUMANFACTORSAND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997
ARNOLD M. SMALL LECTURE [Lecture]
Jerry R. Duncan (Chair), Michael J. Kalsher (Cochair)
Injury Medicine and Ergonomics: An OdysseyJulian A. Waller
SPECIAL SESSIONS
THE CONFLUENCE OF "ANCIENT WISDOM 873*
AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGY"IN OUR
PROFESSION [Panel]
Dwight P. Miller (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)Panelists: Anna M. Wichansky, James A. Wise,David D. Woods, and Waldemar Karwowski
HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS AS A 878*
SMALL BUSINESS ENDEAVOR: AN HFES
PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS PANEL
[Alternative Format]
Barry H. Beith (Chair), William J. Bramble (Cochair)
Participants: Douglas H. Harris, Gary Klein,K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., and Robert W. Swezey
GAMES FOR EXPLAINING HUMAN FACTORS: **
SOME OLD, SOME NEW, SOMEBORROWED,AND SOMEBLUE [Sandbox]
Ronald G. Shapiro (Chair), Tina Brunetti Sayer (Cochair)
Participants: Ronald G. Shapiro, Tina Brunetti Sayer,and Nancy J. Stone
WHAT THEY DONOT TELL YOU IN 883*
GRADUATE SCHOOL: OBSERVATIONS
FROM THE FIELD [Alternative Format]Ronald G. Shapiro (Chair), Anthony D. Andre (Cochair)
Participants: Robert J. B. Hutton, Arnold M. Lund,D. Kristen Gilbert, Georgia K. Green, JoAnne H. Wang,and Anthony D. Andre
HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS AS 888*
AN INDEPENDENT CONSULTANCY:
AN HFES PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS PANEL
[Alternative Format]
Barry H. Beith (Chair), David Baker (Cochair)
Participants: Douglas C. Antonelli, Patricia A. Billingsley,Susan M. Dray, Michael E. Maddox, and William H. Muto
DEMONSTRATIONS I [Demonstrations]Anand K. Gramopadhye (Chair), David C. Kraus (Cochair)
Laptop Recording of Operational Taskload 893*
Eric D. Nadler, Marsha J. Haines, John D. Bonin,
and Mitchell Grossberg
Salivary Amylase as a Field-Practical Measure of Stress 894*Linda L. Mullins, Linda T. Fatkin, and
Robert T.Chatterton
A PC-Based Driving Simulator for Assessing SituationAwareness 895*
Leo J. Gugerty and William C. Tirre
DEMONSTRATIONS H [Demonstrations]Renee J. Stout (Chair), Lori G. Rhodenizer (Cochair)
Relieving Stress and Fatigue Associated with Sedentary **
and Repetitive ActivityCarmen L. Brocklehurst
Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) Instructional 896*Software: A Practitioner's Window into Skilled
Decision MakingRobert J. B. Hutton, Laura G. Militello, and
Thomas E. Miller
A Novel Flight Instrument Display to Minimize the 897*Risk of Spatial Disorientation
Malcolm G. Braithwaite and Simon J. Dumford
THE FAA'S ADVANCED QUALIFICATION PROGRAM
[Alternative Format]Thomas M. Longridge (Chair), Florian Jentsch (Cochair)
Overview of the Advanced Qualification Program 898Thomas M. Longridge
Using the Model AQP Database to Develop Effective 902CRM Training
Susan J. Mangold and David M. Neumeister
Line Operational Evaluation (LOE) Air Carrier Scenario- 907
Based Evaluation
William R. Hamman and Robert W. Holt
Rapidly Reconfigurable Event-Set Based Line 912
Operational Evaluation ScenariosClint A. Bowers, Florian Jentsch, David Baker,
Carolyn Prince, and Eduardo Salas
Application of Psychometries to the Calibration of Air 916
Carrier Evaluators
Robert W. Holt, Peder J. Johnson, and
Timothy E. Goldsmith
USER RESEARCH METHODS IN PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT: A PARTICIPATORY SESSION
FOR PRACTITIONERS [Alternative Format]
Elizabeth B.N. Sanders (Chair), EdieM. Adams (Cochair)
'Abstract only
"Manuscript notsubmitted for publication
PROCEEDINGSofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUALMEETING -1997
SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
DRIVING SIMULATION [Lecture]Barry S. Grant (Chair), Michael Manser (Cochair)
A Driving Simulator Evaluation of Active Warning Signs 921Jennifer S. Hopkins, Zareh Parseghian, andR. Wade Allen
Driving Simulators: Are They Valid Test Environments 926for ITS Development?
Robert A. Glaser and Donald L. Fisher
Precision and Accuracy of Video-Based Measurements 929of Driver's Gaze Location
Frank Schieber, Michael L. Harms, Jan Berkhout,and Don S. Spangler
DRIVER INTERFACE DESIGN [Lecture]Tina Brunetti Sayer (Chair), Jonathan M. Hankey (Cochair)
Driver Preferences for Adjustable Distance Control 934Labels for an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) System
Colleen P. Serafin
A Methodology for Selecting Auditory Icons for Use 939in Commercial Motor Vehicles
Steven M. Belz, John J. Winters, Gary S. Robinson,and John G. Casali
Identifying Users' Conceptual Organization of Menu 944Functions in an Automotive Electronic Navigation Product
James A. Kleiss
Analytical Evaluation of Warning Onset Rules for Lane 949Change Crash Avoidance Systems
Louis Tijerinaand Shannon K. Hetrick
ATIS AND TMC DESIGN ISSUES [Lecture]Rhonda A. Kinghorn (Chair), Steven K. Jahns (Cochair)
Design Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information 954Systems (ATIS): The User Requirements Analysis
John L. Campbell, Cher Carney, and Barry H. Kantowitz
On Whether to Allow Computers to Post Traffic 959Advisory Messages without Operator Approval
Dennis J. Folds and W. Bradley Fain
Traffic Management Center Operators: A Capabilities 964Investigation
Deborah A. Mitta, Dennis J. Folds, W. Bradley Fain,and Tonya M. Beers
Survey of the Human-Computer Interface and the 968Operational Tasks at Selected Vessel Traffic Services
Ronald B. Hoffman, Frederic A. Dion, and Bruce R. Riley
HUMAN FACTORS AND MARITIME SAFETY **
[Symposium]Marc B. Mandler (Chair), John D. Lee (Cochair),Hal W. Hendrick (Discussant)
Written and Simulator-Based Tests of Mariner 973Knowledge and Application of Rules of the Road
Marvin C. McCallum and Myriam W. Smith
Validation of a Simulation Model to Evaluate Crew Size 978John D, Lee
Fatigue in Merchant Marine Personnel 983Thomas F. Sanquist, Mireille Raby, Alice Forsythe,and Antonio B. Carvalhais
Procedures for Investigating and Reporting Fatigue 988Contributions to Marine Casualties
Mireille Raby and Marvin C. McCallum
DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR I [Lecture]Michael A. Mollenhauer (Chair), Stephen J. Reinach(Cochair)
Risk Perception in Young Male Drivers: What Makes 993Them Different?
Neil D. Lerner and Beth A. Rabinovich
An Investigation ofTemporary Threshold Shift and Noise 998Dose in Contemporary Commercial Trucks
Suzanne E. Lee, Gary S. Robinson, and John G. Casali
Motivation, and Fatigue-Related Impairments in 1003Simulated Driving
Paula A. Desmond and Peter A. Hancock
The Time Cost of Head-Up Displays for Older Drivers: 1008Critical Event Onset, Task Location, and Display Type
Jeff K. Caird and Jasdeep Chugh
DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR n [Lecture]James R. Sayer (Chair), Daniel V. McGehee (Cochair)
The Effects of Spatial Scanning Ability, Perceptual Speed, 1013Age, and Navigation Aid on Navigation Performance
Kathryn Wochinger, Brian H. Philips, andDeborah A. Boehm-Davis
Visual, Perceptual, and Cognitive Measures as Predictors 1018of Collision Detection in Older Drivers
Christina L. James, Kathryn Wochinger,W. Spencer James, and Deborah A. Boehm-Davis
Pedal Misapplications: Their Frequency and Variety 1023Revealed through Police Accident Reports
Richard A. Schmidt, Douglas E. Young,Thomas J. Ayres, and Joseph R. Wong
"Abstract only"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS oftheHUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997 xtx
Time-to-Collision: A Sensitive Measure of Driver 1028
Interaction with Traffic in a Simulated Driving Task
Dary D. Fiorentino and Zareh Parseghian
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
MODELING AND METHODS FOR SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT AND MANNING [Lecture]
John Lockett (Chair), TBD (Cochair)
Assessing the Value of Human Performance Modeling 1032
in Exploring Pilot-System Dynamics
Holly S. Bautsch, Michael D. McNeese, and
S. Narayanan
The Integrated Performance Modeling Environment: 1037
A Tool for Simulating Human-System Performance
David Dahn, K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., and
Andy Belyavin
A Comparative Evaluation of Ship Complementing Tools 1042
Christine Ives, Colin Corbridge, and Caren Purdy
Developing Dynamic Function Allocation for Future 1047
Naval SystemsCatherine A. Cook, Colin Corbridge,Catherine A. Morgan, and Andrew J. Tattersall
APPLICATIONS TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT:
INDIVIDUAL DISPLAYS & TEAM SETTINGS [Lecture]
Beverly G. Knapp (Chair), TBD (Cochair)
Factors Affecting User Response to Polygon Displays 1052
Jason C. Pionek, Mike Heidenreich, Matt Shanahan,
and Dan Schoepke
Gunner Performance in a Motion Environment: 1056
A Comparison of ControlsMonica M. Glumm, Jock O. Grynovicki,and John D. Waugh
Discrete Event Simulation of Remote Afterloading 1061
Brachytherapy Cancer TreatmentRick Archer and Susan Archer
Team Ergonomics and Human Engineering Methods 1066
for the Design of Collaborative Work Environments:
A Case Study
Jennifer A. Bohan and Daniel F. Wallace
TEST AND EVALUATION
MODELING AND SIMULATION ISSUES IN 1071*
DESIGN, TEST, AND EVALUATION [Panel]Alan E. Diehl (Chair), Valerie J. Gawron (Cochair),
Lyn S. Canham (Contributor)Panelists: Bruce H. Taylor, Tim J. Al-Molky,Scott L. Smith,Laurel E. Allender, Theodore J. Doll, and William H. Levison
TEST AND EVALUATION METHODS [Lecture]Christopher J, Arbak (Chair), Valerie J. Gawron (Cochair)
The Factor of Significance in the Operator's Activity 1075
Gregory Z. Bedny and David Meister
An Adaptive Survey Method: Multiple Interview 1079Techniques in Dynamic Environments
Christopher S. Calhoun, Beth M. Rogers-Adams,Jonathan A. Selvaraj, and Denise L. Aleva
Unidimensional versus Multidimensional Workload Scales 1084
and the Effect of Number of Rating Scale Categories
Christopher R. Anthony and David W. Biers
Meaningful Assessments of Simulator Performance and 1089Sickness: Can't Have One without the Other?
Alvah C. Bittner, Jr., Brian F. Gore, and Becky L. Hooey
TESTAND EVALUATION APPLICATION [Lecture]Valerie J. Gawron (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)
Operational Test and Evaluation of Human Factors 1094
Interventions for Airport Security ScreenersEric C. Neiderman and James L. Fobes
Assessing the Effect of Incompatible Light on Night 1098
Vision Goggle Performance
Randall W. Gibb and Jack D. Reising
Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System (LAPES) 1103
Valerie J. Gawron and Miguel Lopez
SUE: A Usability Evaluation Tool for Operational Software 1107Bruce H. Taylor and Scott A. Weisgerber
TRAINING
GUIDED PRACTICE-A NEW VISION FOR 1111*
INTELLIGENT EMBEDDED TRAINING
[Symposium]Janis A. Cannon-Bowers (Chair), Wayne Zachary (Cochair)
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS oftheHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUAL MEETING -1997
ShipMATE: Shipboard Mobile Aid for Training and 1113Evaluation
John S. Pruitt, John J. Burns, Clyde R. Wetteland,and Tena L. Dumestre
The Use of Executable Cognitive Models in Simulation- 1118Based Intelligent Embedded Training
Wayne Zachary, Joan M. Ryder, James Hicinbothom,and Kevin Bracken
Automating Performance Assessment and Diagnosis in 1123Scenario-Based Training
Thomas F. Carolan, Debra C. Evans, J. Thomas Roth,
and Shelly Scott-Nash
Requirements for Objective- and Performance-Based 1128Creation and Modification of Complex Training Materials
Milton L. Stretton and Janis A. Cannon-Bowers
EFFECT OF SIMULATOR ILLNESS, SPATIAL 1133*
CUES, AND NAVIGATION ON TRAINING INVIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS [Symposium]
Woodrow Barfield (Chair), Brian M. Kleiner (Cochair)
Haptics and Supervisory Control in Telesurgery 1134Thomas B. Sheridan, James M. Thompson, J. J. Hu,and M. Ottensmeyer
Cybersickness Is Not Simulator Sickness
Kay M. Stanney, Robert S. Kennedy, andJulie M. Drexler
Spatial Mental Representations in Virtual Environments 1143Peter A. Hancock, Claudia Hendrix, and Eric Arthur
Locomotion in a Virtual Environment: Performance 1148
Measures and Physiological ResponsesCraig Jorgensen, Jeff Ogden, E. Kerry Willis,
Mary Blessing, Kathryn Ann Caudell, Graham Patrick,and Thomas P. Caudell
HUMAN FACTORS TRAINING IN THE 1152*AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENVIRONMENT
[Symposium]William T. Shepherd (Chair), David C. Kraus (Cochair)
Computer-Based Team Training: The Aircraft 1154Maintenance Environment Example
David C. Kraus, Anand K. Gramopadhye,Joel S. Greenstein, and Ronald H. Nowaczyk
A Design Aid for Improved Documentation in Aircraft 1158Maintenance: A Precursor to Training
Colin G. Drury and Abdulkadir Sarac
Development of a Situation Awareness Training Program 1163for Aviation Maintenance
Michelle M. Robertson and Mica R. Endsley
Human Factors Training for Aviation Maintenance 1168Personnel
William B.Johnson
FACTORS INFLUENCING TRAINING [Lecture]Dee Howard Andrews (Chair), Clint A. Bowers (Cochair)
Could Mental Practice and Imagery Be Techniques 1172for Enhancing Aviation Performance?
Florian Jentsch, Clint A. Bowers, and Eduardo Salas
Multiple Resource Contributions to Training 1176David B. Boles
The Effects of Observational Learning and Practice 1180Schedule on the Acquisition of a Complex Skill
Barry P. Goettl and Catherine Connolly-Gomez
Effects of Mission Preparation on Crew Combat 1185Mission Training Performance
V. Alan Spiker, Robert T. Nullmeyer,Steven J. Tourville, and Denise R. Silverman
Collective Orientation and Team Performance 1190
Rene"e J. Stout, James E. Driskell, and Eduardo Salas
Emphasis Change and Verbal Elaboration in Skill 1195Acquisition: A Tale ofTwo Components
Barry P. Goettl, Shirley F. Snooks, Eric Day,and Wayne L. Shebilske
Challenges to Assessing Distributed Interactive 1200Simulation for Training
Angelo Mirabella and Franklin L. Moses
Assessing Knowledge Structures: Don't Always 1203Call an Expert
Anna L. Rowe, Thomas N. Meyer, Todd M. Miller,and Kurt Steuck
VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS
TRAINING IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS [Lecture]Dennis C. Neale (Chair), William Janson (Cochair)
1138 ISSUES IN THE DESIGNANDEVALUATION OF
TRAINING SYSTEMS [Lecture]David C. Kraus (Chair), Wendy A. Rogers (Cochair)
'Abstract only
"Manuscriptnot submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUAL MEETING —1997
Assessing Virtual Reality's Potential for Teaching 1208Abstract Science
Marilyn C. Salzman, Chris Dede, R. Bowen Loftin,
and Debra Sprague
Landmark Direction and Distance Estimation in Large 1213
Scale Virtual Environments
Robert C. Allen, Daniel P. McDonald, andMichael J. Singer
A Usability Assessment of Virtual Reality Simulation 1218
for Aerial Gunner TrainingDenise R. Silverman and V. Alan Spiker
Static Anthropometric Validation of DEPTH v4.1 **
Kristie J. Nemeth
EMPIRICAL STUDIES IN VIRTUAL AND 1223*
AUGMENTED REALITY [Symposium]Woodrow Barfield (Chair), Maury A. Nussbaum (Cochair)
Empirical Modeling of Perceived Presence in Virtual 1224
Environments Using Sequential ExperimentationTechniques
Michael P. Snow and Robert C. Williges
Scientific Visualization Performance in Virtual 1229
Environments
Edward P. McCormick, Christopher D. Wickens,Rachel Banks, and Michelle Yeh
Influence of Head Motion on the Judged Distance of 1234
Monocularly Presented Virtual ObjectsStephen R. Ellis, Brian M. Menges, Richard H. Jacoby,Bernard D. Adelstein, and Jeffrey W. McCandless
Perceptual Effects in Aligning Virtual and Real Objects 1239
in Augmented Reality DisplaysPaul Milgram and David Drascic
VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT PERFORMANCE: THE
IMPLICATIONS OF FJTTS' LAW [Lecture]Ronald R. Mourant (Chair), Marilyn C. Salzman (Cochair)
Field of View Effects on a Direct Manipulation Task 1244
in a Virtual Environment
Robert G. Eggleston, William P. Janson, andKenneth A. Aldrich
Investigating Coordination in Multidegree of Freedom 1249
Control: 1. Time-on-Target Analysis of 6 DOF TrackingShumin Zhai and John W. Senders
Investigating Coordination in Multidegree of Freedom 1254
Control: 2. Correlation Analysis in 6 DOF TrackingShumin Zhai and John W. Senders
Fitts and Virtual Reality: Evaluating Display and Input 1259Devices with Fitts' Law
Michael K. McGee, Brian Amento, Patrick Brooks,
and Hope D. Harley
Virtual Visual and Auditory Display Aids for aPeg 1263Insertion Task
Kenneth E. Nemire
SPATIAL AWARENESS IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS
[Lecture]
Robert S. Kennedy (Chair), Sherrie Jones (Cochair)
Measuring Attentional Demand in a Virtual 1268Environments Driving Simulator
Ronald R. Mourant and Zhuoyun Ge
An Experimental Comparison of Three Methods for 1273Collision Handling in Virtual Environments
Jeffrey Jacobson and Michael Lewis
Factors Influencing Spatial Awareness and Orientation 1278in Desktop Virtual Environments
Dennis C. Neale
Using a Computer Simulated World to Study Behavioral 1283
Compliance with Warnings: Effects of Salienceand Gender
Barbara L. Glover and Michael S. Wogalter
VISUAL PERFORMANCE
VIGILANCE AND WORKLOAD [Lecture]David W. Osborne (Chair), Robert K. Osgood (Cochair)
Search Differences for the Presence and Absence of 1288
Features in Sustained Attention
Victoria S. Schoenfeld and Mark W. Scerbo
The Effects ofCaffeine on Performance and Stress in an 1293
Abbreviated Vigilance TaskJon G. Temple, William N. Dember, Joel S. Warm,Keith S. Jones, and Constance M. LaGrange
Effects of Cueing and Knowledge of Results on Workload 1298
and Boredom in Sustained Attention
Edward M. Hitchcock, William N. Dember, Joel S. Warm,
Brian W. Moroney, and Judi E. See
Assessment ofComputer Modeling of Operator Mental 1303Workload during Target Acquisition
Judi E. See and Michael A. Vidulich
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGSofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUAL MEETING -1997
DISPLAYS [Lecture]John J. Uhlarik (Chair), Lisa W. Billman (Cochair)
Effects of SAR Image Compression on Image 1308
Interpretability and Detection PerformanceJudi E. See and Gilbert G. Kuperman
Designing for Multitasking Environments: Multiple 1313
Monitors versus Multiple WindowsMark F. St. John, Wayne C. Harris, and Glenn A. Osga
Evaluation of CRT Bicker under Office Viewing 1318
Conditions
Shane D. Sidebottom and Robert J. Beaton
Ocular Dominance Effects on the Application of 1323
Monocular, Occluding Head-Mounted DisplaysDavid E. Kancler and Laurie L. Quill
SPACE, DEPTH, AND MOTION [Lecture]Jan Berkhout (Chair), Jennie J. Gallimore (Cochair)
Attentional Control in 3-D Space 1328Paul Atchley, Arthur F. Kramer, and Jan Theeuwes
Perception of Accelerating Self-Motion: Global Optical 1333Flow Rate Dominates Discontinuity Rate
Brian P. Dyre
Depth and Image Quality of Three-Dimensional, 1338Lenticular-Sheet Images
H. Boyd Morrison
Multichannel Auditory Search: Toward Understanding 1343Control Processes in Polychotic Auditory Listening
Mark D. Lee
GRAPHS, TABLES, AND HIGHWAY SIGNS [Lecture]John A. Wise (Chair), Philip T. Kortum (Cochair)
Discrimination between Functions in Tables and Graphs 1348Joachim Meyer, Daniel Gopher, and Jonathan Levy
Integral and Separable Dimensions in Graph Reading 1352Justin G. Hollands and Ian Spence
Bias in Proportion Judgments with Pie Charts: The 1357
Cyclical Power Model
Justin G. Hollands and Brian P. Dyre
Nighttime Conspicuity of Highway Signs as a Function 1362of Sign Brightness, Background Complexity, and Age of Observer
Frank Schieber and Charles H. Goodspeed IV
POSTERS
Message Repetition Improves Older and Younger Adult 1367*Memory for Appointment Information: Implications forAutomated Telephone Messaging
Daniel G. Morrow, Von 0. Leirer, Lisa M. Carver,and Elizabeth Decker Tanke
Design of Telephone Answering Machines for 1367*Older Adults
Chin Chin Lee, Jessica D'Agostini, Sara J. Czaja,and Joseph Shark
The Relevance of Cognitive Aging Research to 1368*
Warning Label DesignGabriel K. Rousseau, Nina Lamson, and Wendy A. Rogers
Change in Driving Skills as a Function of Age 1368*
Dary D. Fiorentino
The Impact of a 10-Week Training Program on 1369*
Lower-Extremity Function and Fear of FallingDarryl G. Humphrey and Laszlo Stumpfhauser
Lag Effects in Paired Associate Learning: Age 1369*Differences
Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos and Donald L. Fisher
Voice Technology Applications in Airway Facilities 1370*Armida Rosiles
Conceptual Graph Analysis Applied to Performance 1370*
Support System Design and EvaluationTimMeserth, Jason W. Fouts, and Sallie E. Gordon
Graphical User Interface Design Using Eye Gaze 1371*
Tracking and Pupil Response with ERICA
Christopher P. Lankford, Peter F. Shannon, Peter A. Beling,Patrick J. McLaughlin, Edmond W. Israelski,
Stephen H. Ellis, and Thomas E. Hutchinson
Aerosol Freezing Injury to the Spray Finger 1371*A Case Study
Arlie R. Hart
Development of a Warning System for Carpal Tunnel 1372*
SyndromeJessica K. Hink, Linda J. Frederick, and
Michael S. Wogalter
Effects of Feedback on Control of Forearm Muscle 1372*
Exertions
One-Jang Jeng and Nitipong Boon-Long
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted forpublication
PROCEEDINGSoftheHUMANFACTORSANDERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997 xxiii
Improving the Ergonomic Design of a Poultry Processing 1373*
Workstation Using Computer AnimationFrederick E. Sistler, Sherif M. Waly, A. James Farr,and Roger E. Husser, Jr.
Measurement Accuracy of the 1991NIOSH Equation 1373*
Parameters
Gary S. Sorock, Fadi A. Fathallah, Lobat Hashemi,and Patrick G. Dempsey
An Analysis ofSprain/Strain and Repetitive Trauma 1374*
Injuries in the Coal Mining Industry from 1986 to 1995
Sean Gallagher, Deborah D. Landen, and Barb Fotta
Trends in U.S. OSHA Ergonomic Penalties, 1985-1994 1374*
Theodore K. Courtney and Edward A. Clancy
Frequent Rest Breaks and Musculoskeletal Discomfort 1375*in Keyboard Intensive Work: Preliminary Results
of a Worksite Intervention
Frank T. Conway, Steven L. Sauter, Naomi G. Swanson,
and Traci L. Galinsky
Factors Affecting Movement Detection at the Ankle: 1375*
Early Identification of Potential Fallers
Christopher E. Chimenti, Lawrence T. Schultz,Michael D. Shaw, Mary Ann Holbein, and
Charles J. Robinson
Human Factors Support for the Development of 1376*
an Advanced Digital Moving Map SystemJohn W. Ruffner and Michael E. Trenchard
The Effects of Operator Control of Task Allocation 1376*
in aMultiple Task Environment
Catherine A. Morgan and Andrew J. Tattersall
Turning Wood into Haunted Houses: The Role of 1377*
Human Factors, Community, and the Environment
in Supporting Local OrganizationsDainaPupons Wickham, Haithi Yan, Edo Visser,
and Ban Simon
Human Response to an Increase in Noise Near a General 1377*
Aviation AirportMarcie R. Benne, Mary Lyn Rivamonte,
Krishan K. Ahuja, Robert B. Funk, and Jeffrey Hsu
A Biocybemetic System for Examining Psycho- 1378*
physiological Correlates for Adaptive Automation
Lawrence J. Prinzel HI, Frederick G. Freeman,
Mark W. Scerbo, and Peter J. Mikulka
P300 as a Measure of Workload in Multitask 1378*
Environments
Ann-Elise Lindeis and Barry Fowler
Loss ofAircrew Situation Awareness: A Cross-Validation 1379*
Florian Jentsch, John S. Barnett, and Clint A. Bowers
Air Traffic Control Workstation Mock-Up for Free 1379*
Flight Experimentation: Lab Development and
CapabilitiesAnthony J. Masalonis, Michael A. Le, James C. Klinge,ScottM. Galster, Jacqueline A. Duley, Peter A. Hancock,Brian G. Hilbum, and Raja Parasuraman
Analysis of Information Requirements of En Route 1380*
Controllers under Different Levels ofFree FlightJacqueline A. Duley, Scott M. Galster,
Anthony J. Masalonis, Brian Hilbum, and
Raja Parasuraman
Is Less Experience Better among Pilot Evaluators? 1380*
Jeff Hansberger, Robert W. Holt, and
Deborah A. Boehm-Davis
Task and Workload Comparisons between Air Traffic 1381*
Control SystemsTom Skiles, Paul Krois, Robert Graham, and
Alan Marsden
Identification ofError Patterns in Terminal-Area ATC 1381*
Communications
Cheryl M. Quinn and Kim E. Walter
Operator Functional State Classification during a 1382*
Simulated ATC Task Using EEGGlenn F. Wilson, Corrina T. Monett, and
Chris A. Russell
Computer Workstation Design Effects on Posture and 1382*
Performance: Children Grades Six and Eight
Kathryn L. Laeser, Alan Hedge, and Lorraine Maxwell
Simple and Inexpensive Ergonomic "Fixes" Reduce the 1383*
Frequency and Severity of VDT Workstation Discomfort
Tamara M. James
Designing Effective Study Environments 1383*
Nancy J. Stone
A Preliminary Investigation of the Characteristics of 1384*
Two Techniques for Assessing Structured KnowledgeKatrina E. Ricci and Gwendolyn E. Campbell
Error Recovery by Human Operators in a Complex 1384*
Process Control System
Terry Shikano and Gregory M. Corso
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Pilot Selection System 1385*
Claire A. Portman, Sean Biggerstaff, David Blower,
and Allen Chapman
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
wv PROCEEDINGSofthe HUMANFACTORSAND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUAL MEETING -1997
Identifying and Measuring Training Objectives in a 1385*Janus Battle Simulation Center
Mary T. Dzindolet, Linda G. Pierce, andDebora R. Gleason
The Power of Hybrid Practice: The Effects of Different 1386*
Training Procedures on Learning a Spatial LayoutMegan M. Moloney and Gregory M. Corso
Landmark Recall as a Function of Quality of Interaction 1386*
during Simulated Route NavigationMike A. Guest and Wallace J. Sadowski, Jr.
Massed versus Distributed Team Practice 1387*
Lori G. Rhodenizer, Clint A. Bowers,Maureen L. Bergondy, and Michael K. Martin
A Framework for the Design of Intelligent Hypertext 1387*Using Individual Differences
Mark J. Stimson
The Development ofa New Zealand Road 1388*
Safety LaboratorySamuel G. Charlton and Robert B. Isler
Industrial Workers' Recall of Accidents and Their 1388*
Concordance with Company Records
AngelaM. Galinsky, Carryl L. Baldwin,Terry L. Dell, and Jan Berkhout
Laterality Effects in a Field Study of Driving and 1389*Telephone Operation
Angela M. Galinsky and Jan Berkhout
A Scenario Analysis of Fall Accidents in Litigation 1389*Lee-Jean Lin, Fu-Tien Chiou, and H. Harvey Cohen
Failure of On-Product Warnings to Cue Safe User 1390*Behavior
Howard Medoff and Peter Crabb
Defining the "Human" in Human Error Risk Assessment 1390*Niles T. Welch
A Study of the Ergonomics of Emergency Stop 1391*
Pushbuttons
Patricia B.Zarate
Cognitive Theory Perspectives on Error in Industrial 1391*Radiography
Wendy J. Reece and Leroy J. Matthews
Effects of Time of Day and Task Demand on Simulated 1392*
Sign RecognitionEdward T. McFadden and Donald I. Tepas
Field Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Activated Fluorescent 1392*
Roadway DelineationCarole J. Simmons, Karen Mahach,
Richard L. Knoblauch, Marsha Nitzburg,Samuel C. Tignor, and Kathryn Wochinger
An Experimental Evaluation of Virtual Reality for 1393*Training Teamed Navigation Skills
James P. Bliss, Philip D. Tidwell, R. Bowen Loftin,B. Rob Johnston, Cynthia Lyde, and Bart Weathington
Physiological Adaptations to Virtual Interfaces: Results 1393*of Initial Explorations
Mark H. Draper, Jerrold D. Prothero, and Eric S. Viirre
Rest Frames and "Class A" Presence Measures 1394*
Jerrold D. Protiiero
Implicit Pattern Learning in Visual Search 1394*
Kelly J. Neville and Addie Ehrenstein
Critical Task Demands with Spatially versus Rapid 1395*Communication (RAP COM) Visual Displays
John S. Rhodes, David G. Payne, Jaron J. Rubenstein,and Mark A. Warren
The Effects of Graphical Display Format on Observers' 1395*
Accuracy in Detecting Differences in Source VariabilityDeMaris A. Montgomery and Laura M. Bivona
A Comparison of Emphasis Techniques in Electronic 1396*Map Displays: Attentional Filtering versus Decluttering
Michelle Yeh and Christopher D. Wickens
Design Elements for Touch Screens 1396*Brenda M. Scott, Gayle Steinbugler, and Lisa Eichom
Critical Analysis and Redesign of an Automobile Fuel 1397*
Dispenser Interface ... Keep On Pumpin'!Dalene M. Shin and Kirsten Nord
Computer System Documentation: Usability Analysis 1397*of Alternative Glossary Formats
Douglas Wade Stipp
A User Interface Design for Pen-Based Computing **
Kimberly A. Witherow and Carol Thielman
Using CASHE (Computer Aided Systems Human 1398*
Engineering) in the ClassroomTerence S. Andre and Keith D. Gurnick
Work Design: Are We Satisfying Customer Needs? 1398*Andris Freivalds, Stephan Konz, A. Yurgec,and Joseph H. Goldberg
"Abstract only
-Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997 xxv
What Is Human Factors and Ergonomics? A Database **
of the Activities of Current HFES Members
Maxwell J. Wells
Giving Students Hands-On Training with Real-World 1399*Human Factors Problems
F. Jacob Seagull
Capturing a Shared Understanding of a Knowledge 1399*
Domain for a Learning OrganizationHarold S. Blackman, James C. Byers, Susan G. Hill,and Bruce L. Kaplan
Self-Management of Performance Feedback during a **
Computer-Mediated TaskMichael I. Bopp and Robert A. Henning
The Effects of Cognitive Demand on Performance, Mood, 1400*
and Ratings of Discomfort in Keyboard Work
Paula L. Grubb and Naomi G. Swanson
Sequential Data Analysis of Communication Data from 1400*
Emergency DispatchLori G. Rhodenizer, Florian Jentsch, and
Clint A. Bowers
Wheelchair Access Device for Disabled Individuals 1401*
Timothy Clark, L. Alan Dorney, Michael Keefe,
Bruce E. Amrein, Patricia Moore, and Vincent Evans
Assistive Devices for the Disabled: A Partnership 1401*
ApproachBruce E. Amrein, L. Alan Dorney,H. Philip Crowell JJJ, Patricia Moore, Vincent Evans,
Elizabeth Herrman, and Michael Keefe
Dynamic Seating Pressure during Wheelchair 1402*
Locomotion
Jeffrey E. K. Lewin
Creation of an Electronic, WWW-Compatible MSIS 1402*
Cletis R. Booher and Wynona Johnson-McAfee
Cross-Criecked But Not Seen: The Effects of Automation 1403*
and Reliable Systems
Sheryl L. Chappell
The Role of Cognitive Engineering in the Design of 1403*
Advanced TechnologyNancy J. Cooke, Krisela Rivera, Mark LaSalle,
Sean Rice, and Bill Schmidt
Development of Mental Models as a Function of Practice 1404*
Kathy K. Baxter and Gregory M. Corso
The Auditory Compatibility Task: Implications for 1404*Human Factors and Hemispheric Specialization
Stephen E. Watson and Richard P. Fahey
Does Overlap in Team Member Knowledge Predict 1405*Team Performance?
Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer, Janis A. Cannon-Bowers,
and Eduardo Salas
Forecasting the Weather with Limited Data: The 1405*
Use of Knowledge of Local Weather EffectsRichard P. Fahey, Anna L. Rowe, Kendra L. Dunlap,and Dan 0. deBoom
Speech Amplitude and Cognitive Processing 1406*
RequirementsCarry1L. Baldwin
Do Displays of Tactical Response Options Influence 1406*
Expert Decision Making?Mark F. St. John and George E. Seymour
The Debiasing Effects ofAccountability and Feedback 1407*
on Automation Bias
Mark D. Burdick, LindaJ. Skitka, and
Kathleen L. Mosier
The Influence ofComputer Experience on the 1407*
Agreement between User Preference and Performance
Rankings in Software Usability Testing
George V. Kissel
Computer-Assisted Test Administration: Establishing 1408*
Equivalency of Two Mood Measures
Leslie H. Eckert, Phillip N. Goemert, Wayne L. Harris,and Karl Nelson
Automating the Cognitive Analysis of Human-Computer 1408*
Interactions
Elizabeth G. Gibson, BrendaM. Wenzel, and
Micheal G. Casaus
AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1409
KEY WORD INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1413
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication