Human Genetics. Concepts and Applications: Chapter 1 Answers

8/13/2019 Human Genetics. Concepts and Applications: Chapter 1 Answers

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ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 1

1. Gene pool, genome, chromosome, gene, DNA

2. a. An autosome does not carry genes that determine sex. A sex chromosome does.

b. Genotype is the allele constitution in an individual for a particular gene.Phenotype is the physical expression of an allele combination.c. DNA is a double stranded nucleic acid that includes deoxyribose and the

nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA carries thegenetic information. !NA is a single stranded nucleic acid that includes riboseand the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. !NA carriesout gene expression.

d. A recessive allele determines phenotype in t"o copies. A dominant alleledetermines phenotype in one copy.

e. A pedigree is a chart of family relationships and traits. A #aryotype is a chart ofchromosomes.

f. A gene is a se$uence of DNA that encodes a protein. A genome is a completecopy of the total genetic information for an individual.

%. &he se$uence of DNA nucleotides 'A, G, (, &) in a gene comprises a genetic codethat is read three nucleotides at a time to direct the building of proteins from aminoacids.

*. +umans may have the same genes but differ genetically in the alleles 'genevariants) that they have.

. A genome "ide association study examines the "hole genome for variations such as-NPs that can be associated "ith 'are found much more often among individuals"ith) certain conditions or traits of interest. Gene expression profiling measurespatterns and levels of m!NA to reveal cellular activity. DNA se$uencing analy es theorder of DNA nucleotides 'A, G, (, &) in a molecule of DNA or across the entiregenome.

/. Differential expression of genes creates distinctive cell types

0. Gene expressing profiling can be used to identify a drug to "hich a person s cancercells are li#ely to respond.

. G3NA protects people from being fired or denied health insurance based on genetictesting, for companies or organi ations above a certain si e. 4imitations includeextent and type of coverage 'no life insurance) and specific sanctions for violations.

5. A diseasome might sho" that drugs effective for one disease might be useful intreating another disease, to "hich it is lin#ed by gene expression patterns.

16. Ans"ers vary depending on student experience. 7+e has the gene for sense ofhumor,8 or 7-he has the gene for a great sense of style.8

11. &he genome of a bacterial species that lives in the human gut.

ANSWERS TO APPLIED QUESTIONS

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1. -tudents may be concerned about specific diseases in their families, commonconditions such as Al heimer disease and cardiovascular disease, or in geneticdiseases that they carry and might pass to children.

2. &he rate of metabolism of nutrients is multifactorial and represents the interaction of anumber of genes and environmental factors such as variations in the bacterial flora ofthe gut.

%. &he greater range of complex carbohydrates in the vegetarian diet supports a morediverse microbiome.

*. A single gene test.

. &he study on gout is a genome "ide association study. &he investigation into musclepain and statins is a gene expression study.

/. &he insurer is correct, because G3NA does not presently cover life insurance.

0. a. health care consumers "ill not be denied health insurance based on the results ofgenetic testing.b. employers "ill benefit by clarification and extension of existing employment la"s.&here is also the potential for lo"er health care costs if individuals no longer fear geneticdiscrimination and are screened for inherited ris#s. &hey can then modify their behaviorto reduce their ris# of developing symptoms.c. insurers benefit by standardi ation of protocols and a potential lo"ering of health carecosts if individuals learn their inherited ris#s and modify their behavior to reduce their ris#of developing symptoms.d. researchers "ill have a greater pool of possible participants in clinical trials if peopleno longer fear they "ill be the sub9ect of genetic discrimination.

. Gene expression profiling.

5. :enefits of the government #eeping records of DNA se$uences are easing searchesfor missing persons, and identifying suspects in a crime. A ris# is the danger ofmisidentification because people can have DNA se$uences in common.

16. -tudents interested in "eight "ould be interested in the gut microbiome. A student"ith acne, s#in cancer, or "ho is prone to sunburn might be interested in the s#inmicrobiome.

ANSWERS TO WEB ACTIVITIES

1. ;any ans"ers are possible.


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%. &he +uman ;icrobiome Pro9ect considers bacteria in or on five sites of the body=nasal, oral, s#in, gastrointestinal, and urogenital.

*. >xample= -outh Africa s health biotechnology initiative

. A parent "ould "ant to #no" exactly "hich traits and conditions "ould be tested for,"hether testing "ould be done in the future, if they "ould be told the results, and ho"results "ould be #ept anonymous.

/. 4ifestyle factors are important because they are controllable and familiar.

ANSWERS TO FORENSICS FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. 3n an episode of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit from November 1 , 266 , theremains of an exotic bird in a murder victim s purse leads to DNA evidence that a tiger#illed her, leading investigators to a man "ho #eeps exotic animals in his Ne" ?or# (ityapartment.

2. a. Dr. +ouse invaded privacy because he too# DNA from a body, but maybe notbecause the person "as dead.b. DNA testing can reveal an inherited disease 'human DNA) or an infectious disease'pathogen DNA).

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Human Genetics. Concepts and Applications: Chapter 1 Answers