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Human Geography of EuropeHuman Geography of Europe
Human GeographyHuman Geography 47 countries and micro-states47 countries and micro-states 800 million people800 million people One of the most densely populated One of the most densely populated
regions in the world.regions in the world. The core of Western civilization: The core of Western civilization:
Greece and RomeGreece and Rome
Population DilemmaPopulation Dilemma -0.2 natural increase (Stage 5)-0.2 natural increase (Stage 5) 9% drop by 20509% drop by 2050 Aging/graying populationAging/graying population More people over 60 in some countries More people over 60 in some countries
than under 20than under 20 Immigration from North Africa and Immigration from North Africa and
Middle East is complicated and Middle East is complicated and divisivedivisive..
Population DensityPopulation Density NetherlandsNetherlands over 1000 ppsm over 1000 ppsm United Kingdom United Kingdom 630 ppsm630 ppsm GermanyGermany 599 ppsm 599 ppsm FranceFrance 282 ppsm 282 ppsm United States 80 ppsmUnited States 80 ppsm
The European UnionThe European Union 28 countries28 countries Brought together primarily as an Brought together primarily as an economiceconomic
and and politicalpolitical venture. venture. Capitals – Capitals – BrusselsBrussels and and StrasbourgStrasbourg Seemingly borderless continentSeemingly borderless continent Dropping of Dropping of tariffstariffs but increasingly but increasingly
legalistic with rules and controlslegalistic with rules and controls Cultural Cultural nation-statenation-state issues are still very issues are still very
important.important.
The EUROThe EURO 22 European countries use the currency22 European countries use the currency
16 EU countries plus several smaller non-EU 16 EU countries plus several smaller non-EU countries use it.countries use it.
Which major EU countries chose not to use it?Which major EU countries chose not to use it?UK, Denmark, SwedenUK, Denmark, Sweden
Established in 1999Established in 1999 Banknotes and coins began in 2002Banknotes and coins began in 2002 Paper money looks the same throughout, Paper money looks the same throughout,
coins have national symbols on them.coins have national symbols on them.
The EUROThe EURO
Nation-StatesNation-States Related to the ethnic and cultural Related to the ethnic and cultural
aspects that have evolved throughout aspects that have evolved throughout history.history.
Directly tied to a piece of territory.Directly tied to a piece of territory. Conflict and war have been associated Conflict and war have been associated
with boundary systems of the nation-with boundary systems of the nation-state.state.
Dates to the Peace of Westphalia in Dates to the Peace of Westphalia in 16481648
Multi-Lingual RegionMulti-Lingual Region
Latin (Romance): Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian
Germanic: German, English, Dutch, Scandinavian (N,S,I,D)
Slavic: Russian, Polish, Czech, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian
CelticCeltic: Irish Gaelic, Scot Gaelic, Welsh: Irish Gaelic, Scot Gaelic, Welsh
Finno-UgricFinno-Ugric: Finnish, Estonian, : Finnish, Estonian, HungarianHungarian
HellenicHellenic: Greek: Greek
Religion dominated by ChristianityReligion dominated by Christianity
ReligionReligion’’s Geographic Divisions Geographic Division Division of Europe is essentially a Division of Europe is essentially a
North/North/SouthSouth divide. divide. Southern Europe remains largely Catholic Southern Europe remains largely Catholic
as a result of the influence of the Roman as a result of the influence of the Roman Empire and the Vatican CityEmpire and the Vatican City’’s importance.s importance.
Northern Europe developed into a Northern Europe developed into a Protestant region after the Protestant Protestant region after the Protestant Reformation beginning with Martin Luther Reformation beginning with Martin Luther in 1519.in 1519.
Eastern Orthodox ChristianityEastern Orthodox Christianity Primarily found in Primarily found in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe.. Countries such as:Countries such as: Greece, Russia, Greece, Russia,
Serbia, Ukraine, Montenegro, Serbia, Ukraine, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Belarus, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Belarus, Romania, and Moldova.Romania, and Moldova.
Islam in EuropeIslam in Europe IslamIslam is on the rise with over is on the rise with over 30 million30 million in in
Europe today.Europe today. Primarily coming from Primarily coming from North Africa, North Africa,
Middle East, and South AsiaMiddle East, and South Asia.. Significant numbers in Significant numbers in France, United France, United
Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, DenmarkSweden, Netherlands, Denmark..
Pre-dominant Pre-dominant MuslimMuslim countries include: countries include: Albania, Kosovo, and BosniaAlbania, Kosovo, and Bosnia..
Clash of CulturesClash of Cultures France and the headscarf issueFrance and the headscarf issue Train bombing in Spain – post 9/11Train bombing in Spain – post 9/11 Subway and bus bombings in the UKSubway and bus bombings in the UK Murder of Dutch filmmaker Theo Van Murder of Dutch filmmaker Theo Van
GoghGogh Danish cartoon controversyDanish cartoon controversy Paris 11/13/15Paris 11/13/15
The Jews of EuropeThe Jews of Europe JewsJews once numbered once numbered over 9.5 millionover 9.5 million.. The The HolocaustHolocaust cost cost 6 million Jews their lives6 million Jews their lives Only Only 1.2 million Jews 1.2 million Jews remain in Europe remain in Europe
(excluding Russia).(excluding Russia). Largest concentrations in cities such as Largest concentrations in cities such as
London, Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, and London, Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, and AntwerpAntwerp..
Recent Conflict & Recent Conflict & ResolutionResolution
The Cold War and the Fall of The Cold War and the Fall of the Iron Curtainthe Iron Curtain
The Balkanization (Break-up) The Balkanization (Break-up) of Yugoslaviaof Yugoslavia
The The ““TroublesTroubles”” of Northern of Northern IrelandIreland
The Iron Curtain and its FallThe Iron Curtain and its Fall
Communist Soviet UnionCommunist Soviet Union set up set up satellite governments in Eastern satellite governments in Eastern Europe after WWIIEurope after WWII
East Germany becomes a East Germany becomes a flashpoint of the Cold flashpoint of the Cold
WarWar Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade: June 1948 – May 1949 – : June 1948 – May 1949 –
the Soviets & E Germans cut off road & the Soviets & E Germans cut off road & rail routes to W Berlin – why?rail routes to W Berlin – why?
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift: US, UK, Aussies, Kiwis, & : US, UK, Aussies, Kiwis, & SA fly 200,000 flights to supply W BerlinSA fly 200,000 flights to supply W Berlin
USSR embarrassed by fiasco , lift USSR embarrassed by fiasco , lift blockadeblockade
11stst major conflict of Cold War major conflict of Cold War
The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall Erected in Erected in 19611961 in an attempt by the in an attempt by the
East German government to prevent East German government to prevent people from fleeing to the West; people from fleeing to the West; another crisisanother crisis
The Fall of the WallThe Fall of the Wall After the failure of communism After the failure of communism
becomes evident, East German becomes evident, East German police no longer stop people as they police no longer stop people as they begin to tear down the wall.begin to tear down the wall.
Starts on the night of November 9, Starts on the night of November 9, 19891989
The Chain EffectThe Chain Effect From 1989 – 1991 a domino From 1989 – 1991 a domino
effect across E Europe & the effect across E Europe & the Soviet Union led to the Soviet Union led to the dissolution of communist dissolution of communist governments.governments.
Subsequently, new (old) Subsequently, new (old) nations emerged, boundaries nations emerged, boundaries changed, & new maps were changed, & new maps were created.created.
On the MapOn the Map 15 independent countries came 15 independent countries came
from the 1 former Soviet Unionfrom the 1 former Soviet Union Germany was re-unified as one Germany was re-unified as one
countrycountry Czechoslovakia would become Czechoslovakia would become
two nationstwo nations Yugoslavia would violently Yugoslavia would violently
become 7 independent nationsbecome 7 independent nations
The Balkanization of The Balkanization of YugoslaviaYugoslavia
10 years after the death of Yugoslavia’s 10 years after the death of Yugoslavia’s dictator dictator Marshal Joseph TitoMarshal Joseph Tito, & as the , & as the Iron Curtain fell, Yugoslavia would begin Iron Curtain fell, Yugoslavia would begin a violent implosion.a violent implosion.
Several former independent nations Several former independent nations starting with Slovenia & Croatia in 1991, starting with Slovenia & Croatia in 1991, begin to declare their independence.begin to declare their independence.
Yugoslav President and Serbian Yugoslav President and Serbian nationalist nationalist Slobodan Milosevic Slobodan Milosevic reacts reacts with military force.with military force.
The Bosnian WarThe Bosnian War After Bosnia-Herzegovina declares its After Bosnia-Herzegovina declares its
independence, Serb militias, with the independence, Serb militias, with the backing from backing from Slobodan MilosevicSlobodan Milosevic, , begin an attack on ethnic Bosnian begin an attack on ethnic Bosnian Muslims that became a modern day Muslims that became a modern day genocide (ethnic cleansing).genocide (ethnic cleansing).
From 1992-95 over 250,000 people From 1992-95 over 250,000 people would be killed & the beautiful would be killed & the beautiful capital city of Sarajevo would be capital city of Sarajevo would be nearly destroyed.nearly destroyed.
Sarajevo – 1984 Winter Sarajevo – 1984 Winter OlympicsOlympics
Kosovo (90% ethnic Kosovo (90% ethnic Albanian)Albanian)
Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland Part of the United KingdomPart of the United Kingdom Northern 6 counties of Northern 6 counties of
IrelandIreland Only part of the UK in 1921Only part of the UK in 1921 19601960’’s began to see s began to see
violence in Northern violence in Northern Ireland between Ireland between Catholic/Irish Catholic/Irish and and Protestant/British.Protestant/British.
3,400 people were killed in 3,400 people were killed in fighting over the years.fighting over the years.
Irish Republican Army v Irish Republican Army v Ulster Defense LeagueUlster Defense League
Future?Future? Currently approximately 48% Currently approximately 48%
British/ProtestantBritish/Protestant 45% Irish/Catholic45% Irish/Catholic Birthrates suggest a more Birthrates suggest a more
balanced and possible Irish balanced and possible Irish majority in the years to come.majority in the years to come.
Will it lead to Ulster becoming Will it lead to Ulster becoming part of the Republic of Ireland?part of the Republic of Ireland?
