HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6. The Tragedy of the Commons When a resource (like the environment)

HUMAN IMPACT on theBIOSPHERE

Chapter 6

The Tragedy of the Commons• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZFkUeleHPY

When a resource (like the environment) is shared, everyone can use it but no one is responsible for protecting it.

Each person just uses “a little”, but it often results in the destruction of the “commons”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZFkUeleHPY

HUMAN IMPACT

Watch the Chapter 6 video

http://brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/PHvideos/chapter%206.mpg

__________ participate in __________ and biogeochemical ______

Ecosystems provide us witha variety of ___________

HUMANS Food webscycles

http://www.brevardcounty.us/mrrp/images/misc/boat_cartoon.jpghttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/nitrogencycle.jpg

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/nitrogencycle.jpg

resources

A __________________ is anything an organism needs for life

RESOURCE

REMEMBER

NATURAL RESOURCES =

LAND AIR FORESTSWATERhttp://www.lenntech.com/images/discharge.gif

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

http://coweeta.ecology.uga.edu/coweeta_photographs/erosion.htm

________________ RESOURCES

• Living can ____________

• Non living replaced by _____________________

regrow

RENEWABLE

http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif http://www.sfu.ca/aq/archives/Nov2007/features/fish_story.htmlhttp://www.navitron.org.uk/wind/600kw.JPG

Biogeochemical cycles

Renewable does NOT mean __________

Ex: _____________ is a renewable resource but can become limited by

______ OR _______

unlimitedFresh water

http://earth.ooups.com/uk/images/100/tapwater.jpg http://www.wrightwoodcalif.com/watershort/ConserveWater.JPG

drought overuse

Although water is a ______________ resource, the total supply of fresh water is __________.

FRESH WATER RESOURCES

http://www.mos.org/oceans/graphics/planet/watercycle.jpg

limited

renewable

Wetlands remove ________ and______ water passing through.


http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/aquatic/importance.html

purify

pollutants

can _______________________ by natural processes

NOT BE replenished

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_full/international/photosvideos/photos/illegal-deforestation-and-land.jpghttp://www.npr.org/news/images/2005/aug/16/pumping_gas200.jpg

HUMAN POPULATION

http://www.learner.org/jnorth/spring2002/species/spring/Update041902.html#Humankind

You are here

WORLD POPULATION

•Current world population is just over _____________ •Estimates predict it will reach

9 billion by 2050http://www.peopleandplanet.net/

World clock

Image from: http://www.sleepbamboo.com/planet_people.jpg

7 BILLION

http://www.poodwaddle.com/clocks/worldclock/

HUMAN ACTIVITIES that harm the planet

______________________

________________

_______________________________ ___________________________

___________________________

_____________________________

OVER HUNTING

AGRICULTURE

POLLUTION

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpghttp://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpghttp://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpghttp://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

POACHING

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

HUNTING AND GATHERING Throughout human history, people

have ________ and _______ in rivers, and

_________ wild seeds, fruits, and nuts.

We are still doing this today in many places.

http://www.amonsoquath.net/gallery/pages/chee.htmlhttp://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html

hunted fishedgathered

WHEN IT BECOMES A PROBLEM?

_________________

________________

http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg

http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8302763

OVERHUNTING

POACHING

OVERHUNTING can put animal populations at risk of ____________extinction

Alagoas Curassow: extinct in wild 1980’s

Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus monkey Extinct 2000

http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/misswaldronredcolobus.htmhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=100&m=0http://lawyerkm.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/dodo_11.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa

Moa: extinct 1500’s

Dodo: extinct 1681

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg

VOCABSpecies that has died out =

______________

Species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues = _____________

Species that is at risk of becoming endangered in the near future = ____________threatened

extinct

endangered http://www.blackfootedferret.org/

http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/bald-eagle.gif

http://www.southeastutah.org/photos/dino.jpg

International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) RED LIST

= world's main authority on the conservation status of species

Currently 3079 animals and 2655 plants classified as Endangered worldwide

Compared with 1102 animals and 1197 plants in 1998

EXAMPLE: WHALES During the 19th and the earlier part

of20th centuries, over-hunting led to asevere _________of whalepopulations, and to _______________of many whale species.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling#Conservation_status

overkillendangerment

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm

Minke whale = most hunted species

Today many major whales species are endangered

North Atlantic Right < 350

Southern Right 3000

Bowhead 8000

Blue 2,300

Sei 10-28,000

Humpback 10,000

Bowhead 8,000

North American Buffalo

___________ in America once numbered 30 - 60 million, ranging from Virginia to Alaska.

By 1884, the buffalo was close to extinction due to __________.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

Pile of bison skulls, 1870’s

Wild buffalo

overhunting

WHY POACH?

Many endangered big game animals today are threatened by__________________

http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/EARTH/9710/02/kenya.ivory.ap/

Illegal poaching

http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg

WHY POACH?• Fur• Tusks/horns• Tourist souveniers• Medicine ?• Artwork

http://studentweb.cortland.edu/giambalvo73/poaching.jpg

http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2009/20090716_rhinopoaching.jpg

http://www.sciencebuzz.org/sites/default/files/images/ivory.jpghttp://www.peterpalms.com/fox/pictures/silverfoxcoat.jpghttp://d-vers.com/images/medium/PMTung/Chinese-Ivory-Carved-Hippo-Tusk-Family-Of-Rhinos/Chinese-Carved-Ivory-Hippo-Tusk-Family-Of-Rhinocerous.jpg

$

EXAMPLE: Rhinos• All five rhino species are ____________

Just a few decades ago, the world’s rhino population exceeded 100,000, but today there are less than 11,000 due to _____________ and _____________.

_______________ are in demand in many countries where they can bring over $60,000/lb.

~ ground into medicine (China) ~ carved into ceremonial dagger handles

(Yemen) http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2003/6/Sidebar_Forensics.cfm

Rhino horns

habitat loss poaching

endangered

HOW DO WE HELP?

•Preserves/Sanctuaries•Captive breeding programs•Laws/regulations•Support “GREEN”

organizations

PRESERVES/SANCTUARIESPreserving habitatEstablishing protected areasGame ranger patrols to prevent

poachingEducation

http://asiancorrespondent.com/74455/sumatran-elephants-could-be-extinct-in-30-years/

___________________

Animals are raised and protected in zoos until population is stable, then returned to wild

How do we help?

Captive breeding

http://www.blackfootedferret.org/

HOW DO WE HELP?CAPTIVE BREEDING:

Conservation efforts, private ownership, and

reintroduction of buffalo have allowed thepopulation to recover

Today-total bison population in North America is estimated at

500,000

About 85 percent of these animals are privately owned. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bison_Bull_in_Nebraska.jpg

LAWS/REGULATIONSInternational Whaling Commission

hasplaced a moratorium on whaling for

certain species

Only works if nations voluntarily comply

http://www.cdnn.info/eco/whaling_250146.jpg

LAWS & REGULATIONSThe_______________________________________

_________________ (CITES)bans international ______ in productsfrom endangered species.

trade

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~sjberg/CITES.htm

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP?Support “Green” organizations

that work for laws to establish quotas and protect species.

http://www.sierraclub.org/http://www.ducks.org/states/62/index.html

http://www.nwf.org/http://www.maksimum.com/haberler/h/greenpeacee_cevre_cezasi.phphttp://www.sierraclub.org/http://www.brookingshumane.org/

POWER OF ONEVIDEO

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QzjqOl2N9c

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QzjqOl2N9c

http://www.sierraclub.org/

http://www.nwf.org/

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY_______________________

__________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

________________

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

FragmentationInvasive species

Agriculture

DeforestationUrban development

Pollution

Importance of AgricultureBy middle of 20th century, despite agricultural advances there were ________________in many parts of the world.

Governments and scientists began a major effort to ___________ food production

food shortages

increase

http://www.enjoy.org/hstech/HungerSite02/america/FordSchwartz/

1.New more productive plant ________

2. Modern farming____________ allowed planting larger areas

3. Chemical ___________ & ___________ boosted crop production and controlled pests

techniques

http://interactive.usask.ca/ski/media/stills/agriculture/crops/t_plant-breeder.jpghttp://www.wfbf.com/media_center/photo_gallery/Soybean%20combine.jpg

__________ REVOLUTION

strains

fertilizers pesticides

GREEN

HOW WE HARM THE ENVIRONMENT

Large fields are planted with a single variety year after year = ________________

http://imagesource.allposters.com/images/NGSPOD04/107870.jpg

MONOCULTURE

WHY IS THIS A PROBLEM?Modern MONOCULTURE agriculture allowsfarmers to grow more food BUT . . .

__________ and ______________

~ kill ________ insects

_________from feedlots and fields ~ __________ surface and ground water

Fertilizers pesticides

beneficial

Contaminate

Runoff

http://www.biology-blog.com/images/blogs/10-2007/fertilizer-15101.gifhttp://cms1.good.is/posts/full_1289265646pesticides.jp

Impact of Agriculture

Wearing away of topsoil = ____________ is caused by plowing land and removing plant roots

Soil erosion

http://coweeta.ecology.uga.edu/coweeta_photographs/erosion.htm

Impact of Agriculture____________ = changing of fertile

land in dry climates into desert areas caused by farming, overgrazing, and drought

Desertification

http://www.the-human-race.com/images/environment/drought.jpg

Challenges for FutureFinding enough __________ for irrigation is another problem.

Less than ¼ of US farmland relies heavily on ___________, but this area produces a __________ portion of our harvest.

http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gif

water

irrigation

major

Challenges for FutureMany Midwest states relyon the ___________aquifer for their water needs.

We are ______________faster than thewater cycle can _____________ it.

Evidence indicates this aquifer may _________ within 20-40 years.

http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gif

OGALLALA

replenish

run dry

using water

HOW DO WE HELP?Modern_________ is changing how farmers farm and lessening the impact on the environment.

EX:__________ imaging _____ technologyenable farmers toapply chemicals onlywhere______________

technology

SatelliteGPS

needed

HOW DO WE FIX IT?EX:________ and other “green” farming

methods can reduce ____________and protect ___________________

http://cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu/images/no-till.jpg

“No-till”soil erosion

ecosystems

Cover CropsLegumes, grasses, and othercover crops recycle soil nutrients,reduce fertilizer need, andprevent weed growth.

Controlled GrazingBy managing graze periods and herddensities, farmers can improve nutrientcycling, increase the effectiveness ofprecipitation, and increase the carryingcapacity of pastures.

Biological Pest ControlThe use of predators and parasitesto control destructive insectsminimizes pesticide use as well ascrop damage

Contour PlowingContour plowing reduces soil erosion from land runoff. On hilly areas, plowing is done across the hill rather than straight up and down.

Crop RotationDifferent crops use and replenish different nutrients. By rotating crops, the loss of important plant nutrientsis decreased.

A B C

Yr. 1

Yr. 2

Yr. 3

Sustainable Agriculture Ways to preserve the environment

corn

corn

corn

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

oats

oats

alfalfa (plowed in)

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH and URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The impact of humans on the biosphere wastransformed by the_____________________during the 1800’s.

http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-015.jpg

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Industrial productivity and scientificadvancements have provided us with the ______________________ we enjoy today

modern conveniences

http://www.vallartasource.com/images/cell_phone.jpghttp://www.danielwiener.com/daniel/tips/archives/humvee_2.jpghttp://www.scriptfx.com/gallery/computer/laptop.jpghttp://www.wii-volution.com/images/wii/gamecube.jpghttp://www.nbz.ru/pic/catalog/ipod/ipod_color.gif

FOREST RESOURCESLoss of forests = ____________can result in erosion and loss of

nutrients preventing regrowth

deforestation

http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_full/international/photosvideos/photos/illegal-deforestation-and-land.jpg

DEFORESTATION

The tropical rainforests once covered more than 14% of the earth's total land surface, but now cover less than 6%.

http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1384632.htm

Changes in Brazilian rainforest over 30 years

HABITAT DESTRUCTIONhttp://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

Tropical rainforests are disappearing at a rate of about 80 acres per minute.

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

Nearly half of the world's species of plants, animals and microorganisms will be destroyed or severely threatened over the next quarter century due to ____________________________

http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_maps_description.cfm?ImageID=1553

rainforest deforestation.

HOW DO WE HELP?

Sustainable development:• Stop clear cutting of

forests/jungles• Selective harvest of mature trees• Replanting of logged areas• Tree farms• Breeding new, faster growing

species

WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?• Destruction of habitats• Air & water pollution• Use of resources• Uses lots of fossil fuel

All lead to a decrease in _______________

http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg

BIODIVERSITY

http://tuberose.com/Environmental_Toxicity.html

Scientists estimate there are 10-30 millionplant and animal species on the planetMost of these are unidentified.

Some scientists estimate at the rate we are going___ of the plants and animals will be committed to extinction by 2050

http://www.igreens.org.uk/extinctions_predicted_from_globa.html

Image from: http://members.graphicsfactory.com/clip-art/image_files/tn_image/2/1313572-tn_TombStone001_92007.jpg

1/4

Officially over 5,000 species ofanimals and birds are listed asEndangered or Threatenedon our planet

Believed that some 10,000 species have gone extinct in just the past 100 years

http://www.globalanimal.org/2011/12/18/2012-the-year-of-extinction/61240

Image from: http://members.graphicsfactory.com/clip-art/image_files/tn_image/2/1313572-tn_TombStone001_92007.jpg

BIODIVERSITY THREATDevelopment of natural areas for cities oragriculture results in ____________________habitat destruction

http://www.simtropolis.com/idealbb/files/SG_ShoppingCenter.JPG

BIODIVERSITY THREATSplitting a habitat into smaller

disconnected pieces = _____________________

It results in small “islands” of natural area isolated from each other by crop land, pasture, pavement, or even barren land.

Habitat fragmentation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

Habitat fragmentation brings wildlife in

more frequent contact with humans.

When it comes down to “us or them” . . .“they” usually lose.

http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/peterrabbit.html

WHAT DOES IT MEAN? REMEMBER! Everything is connected.

BIODIVERSITY is a measure of the _________ of an ecosystem.

_______ DIVERSITY = ___________

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ©2006http://images1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20061028011328/uncyclopedia/images/4/4f/JengaTower.jpg

HEALTH

MORE BETTER

BIODIVERSITY THREATOne of most important threats tobiodiversity come from apparently

harmlessplants or animals that humans transport

into new habitats =____________________

New habitats don’t have ____________and parasites that control the populationin their native habitats, so invasive

speciespopulations _____________ rapidly.

INVASIVE SPECIES

PREDATORS

INCREASE

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wild_rabbit.jpg

24 rabbits turned loose for hunting in 1859 in Australia, reproduced at such a rapid rate they have taken overthe continent.

http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/images/australiamap.gif

Within 10 years they had multiplied so rapidly, 2 million rabbits a year could be shot or trapped without any noticeable effect on population.

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rabbit-erosion.jpg

They are believed to be responsible for the ___________ of 1/8 of the mammal species, unknown numbers of plant species, as well as serious _____________ problems.

It is still a major problem and rabbit diseases have been purposely introduced to try to control the population.

http://www.csiro.au/communication/rabbits/qa1.htm

soil erosion

extinction


_________________ are native to the Caspian Sea region of Asia. They are believed to have been transported to the Great Lakes in the ballast water from a ship.

They were first discovered in 1988, and have since spread rapidly to all of the Great Lakes and waterways in many states including _______________________and into Canada.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg

Zebra mussels

SOUTH DAKOTA

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY ZEBRA MUSSELS

•Clog power plant and public water intakes and pipes, costing taxpayers millions of dollars· Damage boat engines · Blanket shorelines with their sharp shells and foul smell· Consume available food for native species and smother native mussels· Threaten water-based recreational activities

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel


__________________ is native to Europe and Asia and first appeared in Massachusetts in 1827.

http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ctoavsimages/newfrontpgpic2.jpg

Across _____________ and much of the Great Plains, leafy spurge is one of the most threatening invasive plants, ____________ out native grassland and damaging ___________________.

LEAFY SPURGE

South Dakota

crowding

grazing land


302,000 acres in South Dakota are infested withLEAFY SPURGE.

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, leafy spurge infestations in the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming alone cost agricultural producers and taxpayers at least $144 million annually in production losses, control expenses and other impacts to the economy .

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/map/eues1.htm

BIODIVERSITY THREATThe addition of ________________

= harmful materials that can enter the biosphere through land, water or air can also threaten biodiversity.

pollutants

http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpghttp://www.iol.ie/~carigeen/pollution.jpg

___________ = harmful material that can enter the biosphere through land, air, or water

________ = Mixture of chemicals that

appear as a gray-brown

haze in the atmosphere

AIR RESOURCESPollutant

smog

http://www.cyberolimpiadas.com.sv/proyectos2004/gamma/proyecto3/smog.jpg

Burning __________ releases pollutantsthat cause smog and other problemsin atmosphere.

Toxic chemicalslike nitrates, sulfates, and particulatescan cause ________________like ___________

AIR RESOURCES

http://www.cyberolimpiadas.com.sv/proyectos2004/gamma/proyecto3/smog.jpg

fossil fuels

breathing problems asthma

Example:_____ was first modern insecticide

It was cheap, stayed active for long time, and kills many different insects

Used to control agriculture pests and disease carrying _______________

DDT

http://www.michigan.gov/images/mosquito_65147_7.jpg

MOSQUITOES

When DDT was sprayed, it drained into rivers and streams at LOWconcentrations.

http://www.ci.cypress.ca.us/public_works/stormwater_images/kids_watershed.jpg

DDT in the environment gets into organisms through the ___________, is stored in __________, and

doesn’t ______________.

http://www.geocities.com/~greyhawk_1/sh_eagle-9.jpg

food chaintissues

degrade

______________________________

= the ____________ of a harmful substance

____________as it passes to organisms at

_______________levels in food chain or web.

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

Plants pick up DDT from water& store it

Herbivores eatplants and storesome DDT

Carnivores eatherbivores and store more DDT

→ →

concentration

increases

higher trophic

Fish-Eating Birds

Magnification ofDDT Concentration

10,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000,000

1

1000

LargeFish

Small Fish

Zooplankton

Producers

Water

Section 6-3

Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT

The wide spread use of DDT threatened many species… especially fish eating birds like osprey, brown pelican, andbald eagles.

DDT causes birds to layeggs with ___________shells so eggs would break when sat on.

American Bald Eagle was declaredendangered in 1967. It has since beenreclassified as _____________________

fragile

“threatened”

http://image10.webshots.com/11/3/94/67/2146394670011493049pwlCDV_ph.jpg

In 1962, American biologist _______________ published the book,_____________ which told of DDT’s harmful effects.

The book led to a large public outcry and eventually resulted in DDT being _________ in the United States in the 1970’s

The book was one of the important events in the birth of the _________________________.

Rachel Carson

Silent Spring

banned

http://www.kimball.k12.sd.us/Heroes%20Web%20Page/Pictures/Rachel%20Carson.jpg

environmental movement

•Smokestack “Scrubbers” can control emissions

•Auto emission standards•Clean air regulations•Reduce use of fossil fuels

HOW DO WE HELP ?

http://www.alexvisani.com/darkgallery/smog.jpg

Americans use BILLIONS of gallons offreshwater daily for ________, ________and ___________________


http://www.thesolutionsite.com/lesson/4601/freshwater.jpg

drinking washingwatering crops

DON’T FORGET THE _________________Water used to make products that we don’t

think or know about The PRODUCTION OF:• 1 kg wheat costs 1,300 L water • kg rice costs 3,400 L water • 1 kg eggs costs 3,300 L water • 1 kg beef costs 15,000 L water • 1 cotton shirt costs 2,500 L water • 1000 g of blue jeans costs 10,850 liters water • 1 ton passenger car costs 400,000 liters of water• Building a house uses about 6 million liters of water

VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nekqKEsbdU

“INVISIBLE WATER”

•Water conservation•Protect wetlands

and forests•Water treatment plants•Clean water regulations

HOW DO WE HELP ?

hhttp://www.romanviii.co.uk/bp/nhpage.asp?pcat=about_us

WAYS TO CONSERVE WATER

http://www.watersavingtips.org/images/saving_1.jpg

Human activities affect ________________ like land, forests, air, fresh water.

How can we provide for our needswithout using up all resources?_____________________________

THE BIG QUESTION ?

renewable resources

= SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

~ Use natural resources without using them up ~ Provide for human needs WITHOUT causing long term environmental harm

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

Wise management of natural resources =__________________

Protecting endangered species requiresdetailed information about ecological

_________________

We can’t protect a species without understanding how it ____________ with the _________________.

conservation

relationships

interactsecosystem

Todayconservationefforts focus onprotecting entireecosystems notjust individualspecies

______________ =are places that areMOST endangered

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

Image from: Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall© 2006

HOT SPOTS

• Urban planning so there is less “ Sprawl”

• Set aside land for parks/preserves

• Research to understand species/ecosystem interactions

• Concentration of $ on “HOT SPOTS”to maximize results for

$ spent

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/piplosign6403.jpg

HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE

Chapter 6-4

Charting a course for the Future

http://www.claybennett.com/pages2/mistletoe.html

BIG ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

ACID RAIN

http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg

OZONE DEPLETION

DEAD ZONES

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

WASTE

DEAD ZONES

When an ecosystem receives a LARGE inputof limiting nutrient (ie., fertilizer runoff) thepopulation increases dramatically = ___________

REMEMBER !

ALGAL BLOOM

Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone

http://www.ncat.org/nutrients/hypoxia/hypoxia.html

The DEADZONE forms each April, generally grows throughout the summer, reaching a peak in late July.

Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone

At its peak, the nearly lifeless water can span 5,000 to 8,000-plus square miles, an area almost the size of New Jersey

http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/index.html

DEAD ZONESHow do we HELP?

Use modern technology and “green” farming methods to:

•Decrease agricultural fertilizer use

• Decrease runoff of agricultural waste

Our atmosphere between

20-50 km contains

high concentrations

of ____________

which protect us from

the sun’s harmful

______________ radiation.

OZONE LAYER

ultra-violet

http://pubweb.bnl.gov/users/xujun/www/bnl/ozone_layer_1.gif

OZONE (O3)

http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_5/ozone_layer.html

EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION

Click here to see a movie about the effects of UV radiation

WMV, 618K

__________________________________

________________________ of skin

__________________________________

Reduces ________________

Disrupts __________________ in oceans

Skin cancer

Cataracts/blindness

Premature aging

crop yield

food chains

WHAT WE KNOW

Scientists have been

monitoring the ____________

of ozone in our atmosphere

and have discovered

a hole in the ozone layer

over ____________.

depletion

Antarctica

http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html

Click here to see a movie about the ozone hole

WMV, 616K

The annual ozone "hole“ over Antarctica hasoccurred during the Antarctic Spring (October)since the early 1980s.

Rather than being an actual hole through the layer, the ozone hole is a large area with extremely low amounts of ozone. Ozone levels fall by over 60% during the worst years.

http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html

Ozone depletion is a global issue NOTjust a problem at the South Pole.

Research has shown that ozone depletionalso occurs over North America, Europe,Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, andSouth America.

Over the U.S., ozone levels have fallen 5-10%, depending on the season.

http://home.casema.nl/daveduijn/globe2.gif

What’s the cause of Ozone Depletion?

Chlorofluorocarbon

molecules _______

released from

air conditioners,

aerosol spray cans,

fire extinguishers,

and industry

________________destroy ozone

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part3.html

(CFC’s)

HOW DO WE HELP?

1987- the _______________________ committed signing nations (including USA) to a ____________ in the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances.

CFC production was _________ after 1995 in the developed countries, and later in developing countries. Today, over 180 countries have ratified the treaty.

OZONE DEPLETION

MONTREAL PROTOCOL

REDUCTION

banned

_____________spray cans no longer contain CFC propellants.

Gases in ___________________and _____________ are collected and recycled.

THAT’S WHY . . .AEROSOL

AIR CONDITIONERS

http://www.roundrocktexas.gov/images/spray_cans_large.jpg

refrigerators

OZONE DEPLETIONHow do we help?

We can't make enough ozone to replace what's been destroyed, but provided that we stop producing ozone-depleting substances, computer models predict natural ozone production reactions should return the ozone layer to normal levels by about 2050.

This is the first example of different countries getting together on an environmental issue, agreeing on what to do, doing something, and seeing a positive effect

http://www.gifs.net/image/Words/Wow/Wow_rotates/4031

Emissions to AtmosphereNitrogen oxidesSulfur dioxide

Chemical TransformationNitric acid

Sulfuric acid

PrecipitationAcid rain, fog,snow, and mist

Dry Fallout

Condensation

particulates, gases

Industry Transportation Ore smelting Power generation

ACID RAIN

What’s the cause?________________________BURNING FOSSIL FUELS

Releases _______________ and ________________ into the atmosphere that react with water toproduce ACID RAIN.

Sulfur oxidesNitrogen oxides

http://www.robl.w1.com/Pix/C900991.jpghttp://www.geocities.com/kamil_pollutionpage/AcidRain.htm

http://www.scienceacross.org/media/samplingforacidrainNOAAedSAW.jpg

http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/scripts99/9905/img/asthma.jpg

ACID RAIN EFFECTS• damages buildings and statues• damages forests• kills fish• reduces biodiversity• causes illness & premature death

from heart & lung disorders like asthma and bronchitis

HOW DO WE HELP?

Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels~ conserve electricity~ drive less

Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency OR run on alternative fuels

ACID RAIN

Recycle (uses less energy than starting from scratch)

Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes use of alternative renewable energy sources

GREENHOUSE EFFECTTemperatures of Earth remain within a range

______________ because the _____________

acts as a natural _________________ blanket.

atmosphere

http://wwwstatic.bayareawritingproject.org/images/bawp41/earthAtmosphereIMG.gif

suitable for life

insulating

GREENHOUSE EFFECTAtmospheric gases such as

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

NORMALLY trap heat

energy from the sun

like a greenhouse

= _____________________

Carbon dioxide (CO2 )

http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg

Greenhouse effect

methane water vaporCFC’s

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE- Is it real?

Some people say that the Earth hascycles of warmer/cooler climate change and that this is just part of that cycle.

Most scientists believe that the increase inglobal temperatures is the result of humanactivities that have increased the amount ofCO2 and other greenhouse gases in theatmosphere

In 2007 in Paris a U.N.- backed panel of international scientists issued a major announcement on climate change stating that:

1. "warming of the climate system

is unequivocal“2. There is a 90% probability the cause “man- made”.

Either way… our planet is getting warmer!

Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century.

The 20th century's ten warmest years have occurred in the last 15 years of this century.

FACTS WE KNOW

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/87/280px-Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png

The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased.

FACTS WE KNOW

Graph & glacier pix: http://nsidc.org/sotc/glacier_balance.html polar bears: http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=35720&in_page_id=34

FACTS WE KNOW

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have

increased steadily.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Major_greenhouse_gas_trends.png

WHAT’S the CAUSE? • Burning solid waste, fossil fuels

(oil, natural gas, and coal), wood and wood products

• Production and transport of fossil fuels

•Decomposition of organic wastes in landfills

• Animal sources (methane)

•Deforestation(trees remove CO2 from atmosphere)


We’re freezing here!

What’s so bad about warming up a little?


Coastal flooding

Cartoon from Brookings Register

http://healthandenergy.com/images/global2.gif


http://zfacts.com/metaPage/lib/Atlantic_conveyor.jpg

Changes in Gulf Stream

http://www.claybennett.com/pages/ocean_temps.html


More severe stormshttp://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2005/WEATHER/08/25/tropical.storm/story.katrina.915p.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina


Weather extremes

Brookings Register

http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/aaa_Dictionary_pictures/drought.jpg

Heat waves and drought


Changing habitats meansloss of species

http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=35720&in_page_id=34

What’s the Kyoto Accord?• International agreement signed in 1997• Aimed at reducing global warming • Participants asked to _______ their ________________

emissions to a percentage below 1990 emission levels • Set binding targets for greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions for countries to reach ___________

• 37 industrialized countries (includes US) which make almost 65% of greenhouse gases

(GHG) were to decrease to ~ 5% less than 1990 levels (US target = 7%)

REDUCEGREENHOUSE GAS

by 2012

PROBLEMS WITH KYOTO ACCORDALL countries not required to reduce emissions equally

7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia,

Developing nations didn’t have to reduce emissions at allIndia and China, which have ratified the protocol, are not required to reduce carbon emissions under the present agreement despite their relatively large populations.

Developed nations (like USA) could meet required reductions by purchasing emission reductions from elsewhere and funding developing countries for climate related studies, projects, and technology

KYOTO is “OLD NEWS”!The ________________ is the only major

industrial country that did NOT signed the Kyoto Accord.

Met in December 2009 - Copenhagen, Denmark

http://unfccc.int/meetings/items/2654.php

UNITED STATES

Current Status• OBJECTIVE: to keep the maximum

temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius;

• the commitment to new reduction targets by developing countries for 2020

• Proposed $ 30 billion short-term funding for immediate action till 2012 and $100 billion annually by 2020 in long-term financing (still needs to be approved by countries)

• The challenge now is to turn what is agreed into something that is legally binding

WHAT NEXT?• Some developed countries have already declared that

they will not continue to follow commitments to reduce emissions

• developing countries have increased their carbon emissions by 130% or more

• Delegates from nearly 200 countries have met several times for major climate talks, but no new agreement has been reached.

• They have just agreed to “talk about it”

• Some countries say no deal will be in place until at least 2020.

What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT?

A ____________________ =

the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product

CARBON FOOTPRINT

http://www.gifanimations.com/animation/MenuSelection/1/56

http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/

The US is no longer the #1 CO2 emitter

http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/china-carbon-footprint.html

but . . . we contribute to the problem.

Even if you don’t “believe” in global warming . . .

Even if countries can’t agree on emission levels …

we should still work to reduce our emissions of global warming gases BECAUSE . . .

http://matadornetwork.cachefly.net/bravenewtraveler.com/docs//wp-content/images/posts/20080418-planet.jpg

THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway!

http://www.inkcinct.com.au/Web/CARTOONS/2005/2005-379C--last-fossil-fuel.gif

Fossil fuels are a limited resource… eventually they will be gone!


http://healthandenergy.com/global_warming_cartoons.htm

Our supply of fossil fuels is dependent on countries that are not “friendly” to the U.S.

THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Brookings Register March 2012

Our supply of fossil fuels is dependent on countries that are not “friendly” to the U.S.


Brookings Register

Drilling for and transporting fossil fuels has negative environmental consequences


Brookings Register

Drilling and transporting fossil fuels has negative environmental consequences


Brookings Register

Drilling and transporting fossil fuels has negative environmental consequenceshttp://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/2011/04/14/news/companies/bp_meeting/deepwater_horizon_fire.top.jpg

http://pn.b5z.net/zirw/b12qa/i/u/68100167/i//Jan11/0126drill.jpg

BP oil spill in Gulf 2011

HOW QUICKLY WE FORGET!


Innovation and alternative energy technologies for automobiles and power generation are good for our economy

Images from: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/R/Renewable_energy.asp

THINK ABOUT ITScientists are RIGHT about man-made global warming

Scientists are WRONG about man-made global warming

WE KEEP DOING WHAT WE ARE DOING-NOTHING!

EnvironmentalDisasterConsequences too awful to think about

Still have other problems associated with fossil fuel use: pollution/acid rain/ dependence on our enemies

WE WORK TOGET OFF FOSSIL FUELS

CHANGES HELPTURN THINGS AROUND + solve other fossil fuel problems-

Solves other problems associated with fossil fuel use

REALLYBAD BAD

BEST! GOOD!

HOW DO WE HELP?Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes use of alternative renewable energy sources

http://e360.yale.edu/images/features/stahl_0401_energy_policy.jpg

HOW DO WE HELP?

Cut down on CO2 emissions (with or without the Kyoto accord)

Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels

Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency OR run on alternative fuels


Recycle (uses less energy than starting from scratch)Reduce deforestation (plants use CO2)

Watch your carbon footprint

WHAT DO WE DO WITH OUR TRASH?

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the average American produces about 4.4 pounds of garbage a day.

That adds up to a approximately 220 million tons of garbage each year for all of us.

This only takes into consideration the average household member and does not count industrial waste or commercial trash.

http://blog.lib.umn.edu/stau0156/architecture/garbage%20can.jpg

PICTURE THIS:

It would bury more than 990,000 football fields under six-foot high piles of waste..

http://www.wisegeek.com/how-much-garbage-does-a-person-create-in-one-year.htm

http://wchs.warren.k12.in.us/athletics/Pictures/FOOTBALL%20STADIUM%20&%20PRESSBOX_gif.jpg

. . . and that’s just the United States!

TRASH KILLS

http://lh4.ggpht.com/abramsv/SBAxRydox-I/AAAAAAAAPOs/IWuOgznte9Q/fish_story_003.jpghttp://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Ocean/Sea-Plastic-LN-PG5oct05.htmhttp://saveourshores.org/files/md/Distorted-Turtle.jpg

It has been estimated that over a million sea-birds and 100,000 marine mammals and sea turtles are killed each year by ingestion of plastics or entanglement.

http://lowcarbonhome.info/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/plastic-garbageii.jpg

PLASTIC IS MADE FROM FOSSIL FUELS!

PLASTIC IS FOREVER!

PACIFIC OCEAN GARBAGE GYREhttp://earthfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/floating-trash.jpg

Covers an area twice the size of TEXAS

Estimated to contain over 100 million tons of debris

Two linked areas on either side Hawaiian islands

Western and Eastern Pacific Garbage Patches

http://islandbreath.org/2008Year/05-environment/0805-08ThePlasticGyres.html

Why is the world's biggest landfill in the Pacific Ocean?

• See a video

http://www.jadedthea.com/images/PacificGyre.gif

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt-MivNezes&NR=1

We Can’t Just Keep Piling it up in Landfills

We have to REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE

Plastic recycling videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JQYwF4VyiY

QUOTES

This we know... the earth does not belong to man,man belongs to earth. All things are connected,like the blood which connects one family.

Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children ofthe earth. Man did not weave the web of life –he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does tothe web, he does to himself.

~ Chief Seattle, 1854

If you want to see an endangered species, get up and look in the mirror.

~ John Young, former Apollo astronaut

A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers,but borrowed from his children.

~ John James Audubon, 1785 - 1851

It's not easy being green.~ Kermit the Frog

Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, Nothing is going to get better. It's not. ~ Dr. Seuss, The Lorax

WE NEED TO START CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS ON OUR PLANET WHEN WE MAKE DECISIONS!

http://www.claybennett.com/pages/earth_d5.html

http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/hourglass.html

SOURCES

http://www.romanviii.co.uk/bp/nhpage.asp?pcat=about_us

http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm

http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17

SOURCES

http://www.oldetimecooking.com/Images/Fruits/Apple.jpg

http://vilenski.org/science/safari/classifyall/eukaryotic.html

http://dustconnection.com/images/stories/cleaning_bucket_sm.jpg

Core High School Nature of Science

Performance Descriptors

High school students performing at the ADVANCED level:

given a scientific discovery, evaluate how different societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the investigation and its interpretation;

High school students performing at the

PROFICIENT level:

given a scientific discovery narrative, determine and describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the investigation and its interpretation;

High school students performing at the BASIC level:

describe the role of observation in the development of hypotheses, theories, and laws and conduct student investigations;

given a scientific discovery narrative, identify the cultural and personal beliefs that influenced the investigation.

Core High School Life/Earth Science



predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles;

predict how human activity may change the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth.


PROFICIENT level:

predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment;

describe how various factors may affect global climate;

explain how human activity changes the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth


describe one factor that may affect global climate;

give an example of human activity that changes the land, ocean, or atmosphere of Earth

Core High School Technology, Environment, Society

Performance DescriptorsHigh school students performing at the ADVANCED level:

modify a technology taking into consideration limiting factors of design;

given a narrative of a scientific discovery, defend a position on the impact of the ethical issues.


PROFICIENT level:

given a narrative of a scientific discovery, identify and evaluate the immediate and long-term consequences of scientific issues

evaluate factors that could limit technological design;

given a narrative description of a resource, analyze and describe the benefits, limitations, cost, and consequences involved in its use, conservation, or recycling


given a narrative of a scientific discovery, identify the immediate consequences of scientific issues;

identify ethical roles and responsibilities concerning a given research project;

identify factors that could limit technological design;

given a narrative description of a resource, describe a benefit and limitation involved in its use, conservation, or recycling.

Core High School Nature of Science



given a scientific discovery, evaluate how different societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the investigation and its interpretation;


PROFICIENT level:

given a scientific discovery narrative, determine and describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the investigation and its interpretation;


describe the role of observation in the development of hypotheses, theories, and laws and conduct student investigations;

given a scientific discovery narrative, identify the cultural and personal beliefs that influenced the investigation.

Core High School Life/Earth Science



predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles;

predict how human activity may change the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth.


PROFICIENT level:

predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment;

describe how various factors may affect global climate;

explain how human activity changes the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth


describe one factor that may affect global climate;

give an example of human activity that changes the land, ocean, or atmosphere of Earth

Core High School Technology, Environment, Society

Performance DescriptorsHigh school students performing at the ADVANCED level:

modify a technology taking into consideration limiting factors of design;

given a narrative of a scientific discovery, defend a position on the impact of the ethical issues.


PROFICIENT level:

given a narrative of a scientific discovery, identify and evaluate the immediate and long-term consequences of scientific issues

evaluate factors that could limit technological design;

given a narrative description of a resource, analyze and describe the benefits, limitations, cost, and consequences involved in its use, conservation, or recycling


given a narrative of a scientific discovery, identify the immediate consequences of scientific issues;

identify ethical roles and responsibilities concerning a given research project;

identify factors that could limit technological design;

given a narrative description of a resource, describe a benefit and limitation involved in its use, conservation, or recycling.

Documents

HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6. The Tragedy of the Commons When a resource (like the environment)