HUMAN INDUCED CHANGES IN NATURAL LANDSCAPE … June 2017/65.pdf · human induced changes in natural landscape of uttar kannada district, karnataka ... k u m t a a n k o l a k a r

359

CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN INDIA (ISSN 2231-2137): VOL. 7: ISSUE: 2 (2017)

HUMAN INDUCED CHANGES IN NATURAL LANDSCAPE

OF UTTAR KANNADA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

Mr. M. M. Kurubar, Research Scholar, Dept. of Studies in Geography, Karnatak University,

Dharwad, Karnataka

Dr. L. T. Nayak, Associate Professor and Research Guide, Dept. of Geography, Karnatak

Science College, Dharwad, Karnataka

Received: 24/05/2017 Edited: 29/05/2017 Accepted: 07/06/2017

Abstract: Human-caused environmental changes are creating regional combinations of environmental conditions that, within the

next 50 to 100 years. These environmental modifications might become a greater cause of global species extinction than direct

habitat destruction. The environmental constraints undergoing human modification include levels of soil physical and chemical

characteristics. Increasing land-use by humans (e.g. forestry, grazing and agriculture) in recent decades has resulted in the loss,

subdivision and reduction in size of large natural areas. Conversion of natural and moderately managed lands into intensively

managed landscapes has drastically altered the availability and quality of animal habitats, potentially causing population declines.

In the light of this ground in the present study an attempt has been made to study spatial pattern of land use and land cover for

the four decades, establish the relationship between population, urbanization, industrialization, agriculture, and land use (Causes

and effects) and to analyze the interrelation ship between the land use /land cover classes with the help of fourteen variables in the

Uttar Kannada district. The study is based on secondary data.The study area reported 80.9 per cent of area under forest to the

total geographical area indicates that the area under study has more than the national average of 66 per cent (only in Western

Ghats) as a result it has maintained the ecological balance. There has been small increase in the net sown area during the thirty

years. The current fallow land and Land not available for cultivation recorded increase from 12,014 hectares and 36,443

hectares in 1991 to 20,120 hectares and 50,781 hectares in 2011 respectively.

Keywords: LULC, Pattern, Inter-Relationships, Density, Urbanization, Industrialization.

Introduction:

The role of human beings in creating and

modifying landform is a theme of great importance

(Goudie, 1993). The impact of man on both forms

and processes on land is considerable, especially in

case of areas of environment fragile. The high

altitude mountain ecosystems are very fragile and

sensitive to changes that are introduced by human

beings. The critical balance of such ecosystem has

largely been offset by the land use / land cover

changes by man for development purposes. The

natural processes are accelerated out of proportion

by strong anthropogenic modifications of landscape

through clearance of forest for agriculture,

settlement, pasturing, mining and quarrying, tapping

of water resources, road construction and the like to

invite hazardous events which have dramatic impact

on human property and lives. Thus humans have

been instrumental for significant increase in the

frequency and magnitude of these hazardous events.

An assessment of anthropogenic impact on the

landscape is necessary for sustainability of the

mountainous landscape, particularly in those areas

where large number of people depend together for

their livelihood. The Uttar Kannada district falls

under Western coast and malnad region of Karnataka

state. The present study is a humble attempt to assess

the extent of human impacts on change in natural

landscape of Uttar Kannada district.

Land use is the surface utilization of all

developed and undeveloped land at a specific point

of time. This “leads one back to the village farm and

farmer to the fields, gardens, pastures, fallow land,

and forest land and to the isolated farmstead”

(Freeman, 1968).

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Study Area

Uttar Kannada district comprises a narrow

coastal plain in the Western Ghats of Karnataka

which extend between 130-35I North and 150-31I

North latitudes and 740-0I and 750-10I East

longitudes. It is bounded by Goa state and Belgaum

district of Karnataka on the North, Dharwad and

Haveri districts on the west and Shimoga and Udapi

districts on the south (Fig. 1). Uttar Kannada District

comprises of 11 talukas namely Ankola, Bhatkal,

Halyal, Honnaver, Karwar, Kumta, Mundgod,

Siddapur, Sirsi, Supa and Yellapur with an area of

about 10,291 sq. kms, out of which 6,893.83 sq. kms

is covered by Western Ghats (8,13,695 hectares of

forest land )

Objectives:

The present study intends to evaluate the

changes in land use and land cover in Uttar Kannada

district due to activities of man with the following

specific objectives:

1. To study spatial pattern of land use and land

cover for the study periods (1971-2011).

2. To establish the relationship between population,

urbanization, industrialization, agriculture, and

land use (Causes and effects )

Fig.1

Hypotheses:

To achieve the above mentioned objectives

the following hypotheses have been formulated

1. There exists a positive relation between increase

in population and agricultural land use.

2. Un-sustainable development tends to decrease

the land particularly under forest and agricultural

land.

Data Base and Methodology:

The present investigation is based on

secondary data collected from District statistical

7 4 ° 1 5 ′ 7 4 ° 3 0 ′ 7 4 ° 4 5 ′ 7 5 ° 1 5 ′

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7 5 ° 0 ′

1 4 ° 4 5 ′

1 4 ° 3 0 ′

1 4 ° 1 5 ′

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� J O ID A

(S U P A )

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M U N D G O D �

S IR S I �

S ID D A P U R �

B H A T K A L �

H O N N A V A R �

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K A R W A R �

0 4 0 K m s

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1 8 °

1 7 °

1 6 °

1 5 °

1 4 °

1 3 °

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1 2 °

Location of

Uttara

6 8 ° 7 2 ° 7 6 ° 8 0 ° 8 4 ° 8 8 ° 9 2 ° 9 6 °

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3 2 °

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2 4 °

2 0 °

1 6 °

1 2 °

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1 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 k m s

Location of

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office Uttar Kannada District, forest annual reports, forest conservator office, Sirsi and field visits.

Sources of data

Secondary data primary data

1. District statistical office, Uttar Kannada General/Field Observation

2. Census, Uttar Kannada District

3. Gazetteer, Uttar Kannada District

4. Forest Department Sirsi

Following techniques have been used to find out the results

Concentration

R = ∑�� ∑�2∑�2

Relation of variation

Ai = ��

∑ �� Rate of changes of LULC

Ci = ��

� LULC change intensity index

Di = (Ubi - Uai ) / Uai (1/T) 100% Land use/ Land cover dynamic index

Id= 100 � ∑ �� Land use/ Land cover integrated index.

Results and Analysis:

Spatial distribution of General land use pattern

There has been constant change in the

pattern and type of land use with the increasing

pressure of population and consequent demand for

cereals, development activities and technological

improvement. Fig.2, 3 & 4 depict the trends and

pattern of land use between 1991 and 2011. The

study area reported 80.9 per cent of area under forest

to the total geographical area of the district in 1991.

This proportion strongly indicates that the area

under study has more than the national average of 66

per cent (only in Western Ghats) as a result it has

maintained the ecological balance. But unfortunately

in the subsequent years the area under forest has

decreased to 79.5 per cent in 2001 and 79.4 per cent

in 2011.

There has been small increase in the net

sown area during the thirty years. In 1991 the net

sown area was 1, 12,976 hectares (11.01%) which

increase to 1, 18,519 (11.56%) hectares in 2001 and

1,23,533 hectares (12.05%) in 2011showing an

increase of 10,559 hectares (1.05%). This is a positive

sign for increasing population of the study area.

There have been varying trends in the extent of

current fallow but it has recorded increase from

12,014 hectares in 1991 to 20,120 hectares in 2011.

Land not available for cultivation has recorded

increase from 36,443 hectares in 1991 to 50,781

hectares in 2011. Other uncultivable land in the study

region reported sharp decline from 33,833 hectares

in 1991 to 27,880 hectares in 2011.

Forest:

Most of the land in the district is under

forest. Out of the total geographical area forest

covers is more than 80 per cent, which is the highest

of all the districts of Karnataka, and more than

double that of the country’s average of 33.33 per

cent. It is pertinent to note that the distribution of

forest cover is highest i.e more than the national

average in all the taluks of the district. However,

some of the taluks recorded less than the average of

L.Q TFt ÷ TGAt

-------------------

TFd ÷TGAd

CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN INDIA (ISSN 2231

malnad region i.e., 66 per cent.(malnad region should

have of 66%) Joida Yellapur, Siddapur, Sirsi taluks

Uttar Kannada District- Land-Use Changes 1991

Talukwise spatial distribution of forest in the

district noticed variation. Supa covers 92.30 per cent

to the total geographical area of the taluk in 1991and

in 2011 it decreased to 86.81 per cent. Yellapur, Sirsi

and Siddapur, taluks recoded more area und

i.e. 90.46 per cent, 78.09 per cent and 79.42 per cent

in 1991, where as in 2001 these taluks witnessed

89.91 per cent, 78.09, 79.28 per cent and maintained

the same status in 2011 respectively. From last two

11%

Forest

Net area sown

Fallow land

not available for cultivation

un cultivable land

forest

net area sown

follow land

land not available for cultivaton

other un cultible land

Forest

Net area sown

Fallow land


un cultivable land

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CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN INDIA (ISSN 2231-2137): VOL. 7: ISSUE:

malnad region i.e., 66 per cent.(malnad region should

have of 66%) Joida Yellapur, Siddapur, Sirsi taluks

located in malnad region has recorded more than

minimum requirement of forest i.e, 66 per cent.

Changes 1991 -2011

Fig. 2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Talukwise spatial distribution of forest in the

district noticed variation. Supa covers 92.30 per cent

to the total geographical area of the taluk in 1991and

in 2011 it decreased to 86.81 per cent. Yellapur, Sirsi

and Siddapur, taluks recoded more area under forest

i.e. 90.46 per cent, 78.09 per cent and 79.42 per cent

in 1991, where as in 2001 these taluks witnessed

89.91 per cent, 78.09, 79.28 per cent and maintained

the same status in 2011 respectively. From last two

decades the least area of forest is f

with 67.95 per cent. Fig.5).

Net area Sown

Cropped area in the year under consideration

is called net area sown. It is important to note that

net area sown in the study region has increased from

11 per cent in 1991 to 12.05 per cent in 2011. Thus

there has been an increase of about 1.05 per cent in

net sown area in about three decades from 1991 to

81%

11%

1% 4% 3% 1991


79%

11%

2% 5% 3% 2001

land not available for cultivaton

other un cultible land

78%

12%

2% 5% 3% 2011


: ISSUE: 2 (2017)

located in malnad region has recorded more than

minimum requirement of forest i.e, 66 per cent.

Fig. 2

Fig.3

Fig.4

decades the least area of forest is found in Kumta

Cropped area in the year under consideration

is called net area sown. It is important to note that

net area sown in the study region has increased from

11 per cent in 1991 to 12.05 per cent in 2011. Thus

there has been an increase of about 1.05 per cent in

net sown area in about three decades from 1991 to

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2011. It shows that “There exists a positive relation

between increase in population and agricultural land

use”. Net area sown of the district varies from one

taluk to another, mainly because of soil condition

and rainfall variation and increasing population

pressure. Haliyal records highest i.e., 23.74 per cent

net area sown in 1991.which has slightly decrease to

23.12 per cent in 2001 and in 2011 it increased to

25.19 per cent (Fig.6). The least Net area sown is

found in Supa with 2.74 per cent to total

geographical area of the district in 1991, and 3.05 per

cent in 2001. During the study period taluk-wise

distribution of net area sown indicates less than ten

per cent in 1991 in Ankola (9.49), Supa (2.74)

Yellapur (6.01) but during the same period, Bhatkal,

Haliyal, Honnavar, Karwar, Kumta, Mundgod,

Siddapur and Sirsi showed more than ten per cent

increase in net area sown. In the subsequent years

most of the taluks showed increasing trend in the net

area sown. It is a healthy trend and must be

maintained at all cost so that the attainment of food

for the rapid growing population can be met and

food balance is maintained in the study region.There

exist a positive correlation between population and

net area sown, to get the value the Pearson’s

correlation coefficient technique is applied and

accordingly a value of 0.29 is found. It shows the

relation is positive.

Fallow Land

The category includes all that which was used

for cultivation but it is temporarily out of cultivation.

Fallow land is left uncultivated from 1 to 5 years to

help soil recoup its fertility. Taluka-wise distribution

of Fallow land shows varying trends. The land is left

for uncultivated for a period of one to five years due

to soil erosion, silting, salinity and alkalinity of the

soil, marshy land, flooding. In 1991 the fallow land

was 1.17 per cent in the study area district. Whereas

in 2001 it increased to 2.16 per cent and 1.96 per

cent in 2011.This accounts for 13.94 per cent to the

total cultivable land of the district

Taluk-wise distribution of fallow land in the

district varies from one taluk to another. The highest

fallow land is recorded in Karwar i.e., 4.42 per cent

in 1991, 8.08 per cent in 2001 and 11.3 per cent in

2011. Only 0.06 per cent land was recorded in

Bhatkal taluk in 1991 and 0.74 per cent and 0.44 per

cent of fallow land was recorded in 2001 and 2011

respectively. Other taluks namely Ankola registered

1.27 per cent in 1991, 2.16 per cent and 2.33 per cent

in 2001 and in 2011. It increased to 1.06 per cent.

Haliyal taluka accounts for 0.61 per cent, 4.29 per

cent and 2.65 per cent in 1991, 2001 and in 2011

respectively. Honnavar records 0.97 per cent in 1991,

1.27 per cent in 2001 and 0.86 per cent in 2011.

Kumta taluk accounts for 1.73 per cent in 1991,

which increase to 2.75 per cent in 2001 and 3.23 per

cent in 2011. Mundgod taluk recorded 0.33 per cent

in 1991, where as in 2001 and 2011 it has increased

to 0.1.59 per cent and 1.44 per cent respectively.

Land Not Available For Cultivation

Area not available for cultivation includes

land that is either useless from the point of view of

agriculture or is being used for other purposes more

economically otherwise. More specifically, under this

head the land stretches are occupied by water bodies,

human settlements, transport and communication

networks, graveyards, rocky surfaces and other

barren and unproductive areas. Definitely, then, the

land under this category is permanently out of

cultivation.

In 1991 the district had 3.55 per cent of its

total available land as area not available for

cultivation over time the area not available for

cultivation increased to 4.92 per cent in 2001 and

4.95 per cent in 2011. The area not available for

cultivation has increased by 1.4 per cent during 1991

to 2011. The spatial distribution of the area not

available for cultivation exhibits high degree of

unevenness at local and regional levels, depending on

the complexity rendered by geographical factors. It

can be aptly justified through its shares. Ankola taluk

shared 4.01 per cent in 1991 it increased to 4.10 per

cent in 2001 and 4.11 per cent in 2011. Bhatkal taluk

accounted for 4.42 per cent in 1991, which decrease

to 4.31 per cent in 2001and steep increased to 4.41

per cent in 2011. Haliyal accounted for 2.98 per cent

in 1991 where as increase to 4.58 in 2001 and 4.64

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per cent in 2011. Honnavar recorded 6.32 per cent in

1991, which as in 2001 and 2011it showed decrease

to 6.69 and 6.73 per cent. It is pertinent to note that

Karwar,. Kumta, Mundgod, Siddapur, and Sirsi

taluks witnessed decrease in land not available for

cultivation during the study period. (Fig.7). Among

all the taluks Supa accounts for the largest and

Kumta taluk accounts for the lowest share of the

category. The existence of the highest proportion in

Supa taluk may be attributed partly to extensive hilly

tracts and water bodies.

Other uncultivable land

These lands are those which cannot be

brought under cultivation without bringing radical

changes in environment. Uncultivable land in the

district is the area which is occupied by the forest.

“Cultivable waste” is a waste land owing to the

number of severe limitations noticed in the district

including excessive sandiness, water logging, weed

jungle, salinity and alkalinity etc. The area under

study recorded 33,833 hectares (3.28 per cent) of

other uncultivable land in 1991, and in 2001 and

2011 it decreased to 33633 hectares (3.27)

respectively. Sirsi having highest uncultivated land

i.e., 8,609 hectares (0.84 per cent) in 1991, which

increased to 9,025 hectares (0.88 per cent) in 2001

and decreased to 6,903 hectares (0.67 per cent)

recorded in 2011. The least uncultivated land in

Karwar with 1358 hectares (0.13per cent) in 1991,

which decreased to 376 hectares (0.04 per cent) in

2001 and 359 hectares (0.04 per cent) are recorded in

2011 (Fig.8).

Taluk-wise distribution of uncultivable land

showed a greater variation. Of all the taluks Sirsi

taluk has highest uncultivable land in the district with

6.51 per cent which increased to 6.82 per cent in

2001 and decreased to 5.22 per cent in 2011. The

least uncultivable land is found in Karwar taluk with

1.85 per cent in 1991, in 2001 it decreased to 0.51 per

cent and 0.49 per cent in 2011, Rest of the taluks

namely Ankola. Bhatkal. Haliyal. Honnavar..

Mundgod. Siddapurand Supa taluks exhibits

increasing trends. accounted for 1.31 per cent in

1991, which decrease to 0.93 in 2001 and 0.94 per

cent in 2011. Yellapur accounts 1.24 per cent in

1991, which increase to 1.40 per cent in 2001 and

1.45 per cent in 2011.

Cause and effect analysis by mathematical indices.

The formula used for computing the indexes are as follows:

1 .Rate of change of LULC (Ai)

�� Ubi � Uai∑Ubi � Uai

Where Ai = rate of change of ¡th land use/land cover Ua i= ¡thLULC area at beginning of study period Ubi = ¡thLULC area at end of study period

2 Land use/ land cover change intensity index (Ci)

Ci = ��

�

Where i (1,2,…………,9) no of LULC classes. Ci = LULC intensity index for ith l and use type Uai = ith LULC area at the beginning of study area Ubi = ith LULC area at the end of study area B= Total study area

3 Landuse/landcover Dynamic Index (Di) Di=(Ubi-Uai)/ (1/T) 100% Where I (1,2,…………,9)= LULC dynamic Index for ith LULC type Uai = ith LULC area at beginning of study period. Ubi = ith LULC area at end of study period T= Total study period in years.

4 Land use / land cover integrated index(Id)

�� 100�∑9i=1 AiXCi Where limits (100………..600) Id= LULC integrated index A i= percentage of ith level/land cover Assignment of Ci level is based on Ci values.

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The changes in land use are estimated and

summarized in table 2 the land not available for

cultivation and fallow land showed increasing trend.

While the forest land, net area sown, and

uncultivated land showed decreasing trends. The

major driving forces of these LULC changes is the

socio-economic factor of urbanization processes

such as population, economic, technological and

institutional growth which have triggered

competition for space for various urban

development purposes such as residential, industrial,

commercial, institutional, recreation, transportation

thereby increasing built up area resulting in

corresponding increase in area not available for

cultivation.

Forest land showed decreasing trend by 1.93

per cent (6018 ha.) because this land is used for

developmental works, such as roads, railway lines,

power stations, mining and many on-going projects

acquired the forest land. Net area sown and un-

cultivated land showed decreasing trend i.e. -826

hactares

Fig.5

Fig.6

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Fig.7

Fig.8

(0.73%) and -5952 hactares (17.59%) from 1991 to

2011 respectively. Contributing reasons for this

negative growth are urbanization and developmental

works (Table.1). Table 1 shows that the forest area

has the highest land use change intensity index of

about 1.56 per cent followed by area not available for

cultivation 1.39 per cent LULC dynamic index

showed fallow land having the highest of 3.45 per

cent followed by area not available for cultivation

and un-cultivated lands as 1.96 per cent and 0.87 per

cent respectively. Table 1 shows that the forest area

has the highest land use change intensity index of

about 1.56 per cent followed by area not available for

cultivation 1.39 per cent LULC dynamic index

showed fallow land having the highest of 3.45 per

cent followed by area not available for cultivation

and un-cultivated lands as 1.96 per cent and 0.87 per

cent respectively.

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Table 1: Analysis of Growth rate of LULC: 1991-2011 (Area in hectares)

Sl No

LULC 1991 2001 2011 Change in extent

(hectares) 1991-2011

Extent (In per cent)

1 Forest land 829613 81478 813595 -06018 1.93 2 Net sown area 112976 108610 112150 -826 0.73 3 Area not available for

cultivation 36443 50393 50748 14305 39.25

4 Un-cultivated land 33833 31394 27881 -5952 17.59 5 Follow land 12014 19564 20305 8291 69.01 1024679 1024679 1024679 Rbi

Rai=35392

In table 2LULC integrated has shown

temporal variants over the years with the highest in

2011 of 498.42 followed by 2001 of 491.49 in an

upper limit of 500 signifies very high impact of both

natural and human factors in the breadth and depth

of the study area and thus an indication of

degradation of biophysical environment.

Table 2: Summary of analysis of integrated Land use index (LD) for different years

2001 2011 Sl no LULC Ai Ci Ai*Ci LDi Ai Ci Ai*Ci LDi 1 Forest land 0.96 5 4.8 480 0.99 5 4.95 495 2 Net sown area 0.005 2 0.01 1 0.005 4 0.07 2

3 Area not available for cultivation

0.017 4 0.07 6.8 0.0004 1 0.00 0.02

4 Un-cultivated land 0.003 1 0.003 0.99 0.004 3 0.12 1.2 5 Follow land 0.009 3 0.03 207 0.001 2 0.002 0.2 491.49 498.42

NB Ci=levels of ith land use were based on Ai values with given 5 and least 1 based on 5 classes of LULC

Table 3: Analysis of LULC structure index

Sl no LULC Ti(%) Ki(%) Ai Ai(%) 1 Forest land 1.56 0.097 0.35 35 2 Net sown area 0.08 0.037 0.01 1

3 Area not available for cultivation

1.39 1.96 0.31 31

4 Un-cultivated land 0.58 0.87 0.13 13 5 Follow land 0.80 3.45 0.18 18.26

Inter-Relationships between Population and

land use:

Multiple correlation analysis and factor

analysis are taken into consideration for analyzing the

relationship between population and land use.

Correlation matrix brings out the pair-wise

relationships between the selected fourteen variables.

The results are summarized below. Relationship

between rural population density per sq km (1971-

1991) and village density per 100 sq kms (1991) is

most significant and this is also correlated with

population growth 1971-1991 32.25 per cent, 1991-

2011 9.99 per cent and consequent increase in

population density from 68 per Sq,Km in 1971 to 91

per sq km in 1991and 99 per sq km in 2011 for the

district. Rural population density, village density,

cultivated areas and irrigated area are significantly

correlated. This brings out the distinctive structure of

the agriculture landscape; in the Uttar Kannada

district. About 52 per cent in 1971-1991 and 39 per

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cent in 1991-2011, of the total rural population in the

countryside is engaged in agricultural activities mostly

as cultivators and agricultural laborers’.

Percentage of non-agricultural workers to the

total workers is significantly correlated with

economic density, that is, rural population density

per 100 acres of cultivated area (Table.10.a). This is

also correlated with the percentage of waste land area

to total area of the district. Percentage of non-

agricultural workers to the total workers in Uttar

Kannada district is much below i.e., 48 per cent

(1971-1991) and 61 per cent (1991-2011). This

relationship indicates the spread of the non-

agricultural population not only in the areas where

the population pressure on cultivated land is high,

but also in the waste lands where the population

pressure is relatively low. Thus, one can see the

spread of non-agricultural population along with the

transport arteries to the waste lands as one traverses

along the coastal taluks namely Bhatkal (51.67% &

72.85%), Honnavar (52.92% &76.22%), Karwar

(54.44%, & 78.77%), Kumta (38.80% & 67.31%),

and little low in Ankola (36.60& 45.83%). In

siddapur (44.85% & 64.22%), Sirsi (44.51 %,

&68.35%), and Haliyal (18.45% & 46.03%),

Mundgod (18.57% & 27.63%), Supa (33.72, &

43.41%), Yellapur (28.30% & 52.71%) in 1971-1991

and 1991 to 2011 respectively. This again emphasizes

the excursiveness of land-scape.

Forest area is negatively correlated with rural

population density and wasteland is negatively

correlated with cultivated area both irrigated and un-

irrigated. The supa taluk has the maximum

concentration of forest area (92.31% & 86.81%)

followed by Yellapur (90.46 & 89.91% ), Kumta

(68.03% & 67.95%) rest of the taluks have more than

70 per cent forest cover. while waste land is mostly

concentrated in Mundgod taluk (1.70% & 1.48%)

followed by Kumta (1.58% & 1.31%) and Honnavar

taluks (1.34% & 0.63%) in 1971-1991 and 1991-2011

respectively .Forests accounts for 80.96 per cent &

79.39 per cent and waste land 0.76 per cent and 0.63

per cent of the total area in 1991 & 2011 respectively.

The negative correlation indicates that both in the

forest area and waste lands, cultivated area has not

expanded. The very character of the hill -forest

environment and the low or no productivity of waste

land is constraints on the expansion of agricultural

land use in them.

Table 4: Correlation between variables

Sl no Positive correlation Negative correlation 1 Rural population density and village density Forest and population density 2 Cultivated area and irrigated area Wasteland and cultivated area 3 Total rural population and total population

engaged in agricultural activity

4 Rural population density and cultivated area 5 Non-agricultural workers and total workers

Reference

1) Free man 1968 – Landuse / Land cover and Environmental change Ware house Publication 426p

2) IGBP 1993 – Report – International, Geosphere, Biosphere Programme Report

3) A Yode – 2002 – Environmental Change in South Africa, climate Digest 9 (1) Pp7-9.

4) Houghton (1991) (The Influence of Land use on Green house Gas sources)

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HUMAN INDUCED CHANGES IN NATURAL LANDSCAPE … June 2017/65.pdf · human induced changes in natural landscape of uttar kannada district, karnataka ... k u m t a a n k o l a k a r