Human Intelligence(HUMINT)

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Reference (2010): Human Intelligence (HUMINT) – All Humans, All Minds, All t e Time!"ull Te#t $nline f%r &%%gle Translate'Categories: Articles & Chapters

Human Intelligence (HUMINT): All Humans, All Minds, All t e Time

(US Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 2010

Below the line: full text for automated translation.

trategic tudies Institute I

Human Intelligence (HUMINT):

All Humans, All Minds, All the Time

R% ert *+ teele

une 2010

R-".-/TI$N

A Nation’s best defense is an educated citizenry.

!homas Je""erson A popular government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, isbut a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever governignorance, and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the

power which knowledge gives.

James #adison

A man $ho lies to himsel", and %elie es his o$n lies, %ecomes una%le to recogni'etruth, either in himsel" or in anyone else

)edor *ostoe s+y

!" of what # needed to know as $#N$%N& # got from open sources ratherthan classi"ied reporting. And within the remaining '!", if # knew what to look for, # foundanother ()". At the end of it all, classified intelligence provided me, at best, with *" of mycommand knowledge.

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eneral !ony -inni, US#C (.et

&he ne+t revolution is well underway. #t is not a revolution of technology, machinery,techniques, software, or speed. #t is a revolution in $-N$% &/. /o far, for 0! years, theinformation revolution has centered on the 1&’ in #&. 2#t is now time we focused on the 1#’, on3

the collection and organization of -4&/#5%6focused information.

/eter *ruc+er

"$R- $R*

)or almost t$o decades, the author has %een e ploring the opportunities "or strategy,"orce structure, and inter agency or coalition operations in light o" changes in the real $orld is"irst monograph, &he New $raft of #ntelligence7 Achieving Asymmetric Advantage in the 8ace of

Nontraditional &hreats , outlined the rele ance o" his ision to asymmetric $ar"are, and has since %een pro en is second monograph, #nformation -perations7 utting the 9#: ;ack #nto 5#


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.o%ert *a id Steele (=i as is a natural %orn citi'en o" the United States o" America,resident in =irginia A"ter a li"etime o erseas, he %ecame a #arine Corps in"antry o""icer, then aser ice le el intelligence plans o""icer )rom there he mo ed to %ecome a clandestine caseo""icer "or the Central Intelligence Agency, ser ing three %ac+ to %ac+ clandestine tours andthree ead;uarters tours e has programmed "or "uture imagery architectures, helped support

strategic signals operations, managed glo%al counterintelligence operations, and e ploredad anced in"ormation technology applications "or secret operations and analysis e $as thesenior ci ilian responsi%le "or "ounding the #arine Corps Intelligence Center (today aCommand , and as a result o" that e perience su%se;uently has spent t$enty years educatingo er ?0 go ernments on the importance o" 5pen Source Intelligence (5SI9! e is the authoro" the 5pen Source Intelligence and%oo+s "or, respecti ely, the *e"ense Intelligence Agency(1@@ , the 9orth Atlantic !reaty 5rgani'ation (9A!5, 2000 , and the Special )orces (200B, indra"t e has ser ed on acti e duty $ith the U S Southern Command, is employed as acontractor pro iding 5SI9! to the U S Special 5perations Command and has ser ed the U SCentral Command and the U S Southern Command in that capacity he has lectured to all o" thedirectors o" military intelligence "or 9A!5, the /artnership "or /eace, and the #editerranean

*ialog nations and to the leaders o" the @0 national teams in the Coalition Coordination Centerin !ampa, )lorida e is the author o" "our seminal %oo+s on intelligence and in"ormationoperations e is also the contri%uting editor o" %A$%K%% #N= #N&%>>#=%N$%7 %merging$oncepts for the 8uture (200 and most recently, the contri%uting pu%lisher o" $->>%$?%

#N&%>>#=%N$%7 $reating a rosperous @orld at eace (200D 7ith this monograph, heconcludes a t$enty year e""ort to reshape the paradigm "or national security, proposing a Core)orce, and "our E"orces a"ter ne t,F and no$ %egins a ne$ emphasis on pu%lic intelligence andmultinational in"ormation sharing in order to create a prosperous $orld at peace G th eneration7ar"are is a%out 5 ert Ci il A""airs, Eoutside the $ire,F connecting dots to dots, dots to people,and people to people in order to create sta%ili'ing local $ealth $hile also harmoni'ing andorchestrating charita%le gi ing and "oreign assistance in estments %y all parties is ne t %oo+is #N&%>>#=%N$% for %A &B7 $larity, 5iversity, #ntegrity, C /ustainability , and he is alsosponsoring a ne$ %oo+ on #N&%>>#=%N$% for %A$%7


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*espite t$enty years o" endea or, training G,B00 $ho today lead 2B,000 5pen SourceIntelligence (5SI9! specialists, today, in 200D, our de"ense and intelligence leaders (less

eneral !ony -inni, US#C (.et still do not understand the radical opportunities inherent in$hat the S$edes call #ultinational, #ultiagency, #ultidisciplinary, #ultidomain In"ormationSharing (#?IS , to $hich I ha e added #ultinational *ecision Support (#*S

I dedicate this monograph to the US Army, to the Army 7ar College, to the Strategic StudiesInstitute, to the U S Special 5perations Command, once led %y eneral /eter Schooma+er (the"ather o" 5pen Source Intelligence (5SI9! in the US Army and *o* and to the ne$ ArmyCi il A""airs 4rigade 7e must all recogni'e that there are no $inners in $ar, and that Sun !'uhad it right in the "irst place: the acme o" s+ill is to de"eat the enemy $ithout "ighting6e en

%etter, to ha e no enemies at all !he Singapore military has it right today: $e must de"eat allthreats, not Kust armies

U#I9!, not $eapons, not !echnical Intelligence, not money, not anything else, is ho$ $ecreate a prosperous $orld at peace I challenge the U S Army to learn ho$ to 7age /eace, and I

respect"ully suggest that contrary to past opinion, 5perations 5ther !han 7ar (55!7 are %othharder, and more %ene"icial to all concerned, than com%ined arms operations

&$ ARM45

!his monograph in /*) "orm at %oth the author3s page $ithin the Strategic Studies Institute$e%site, and at http:LL$$$ phi%etaiota net, is Edigitally ena%ledF and a aila%le $ith many acti elin+s to %oo+s and other sources cited in %oth the main %ody o" the monograph, and the notes

!his monograph and the t$o preceding monographs can all %e ie$ed or do$nloaded at the %elo$ U.

In the Age o" In"ormation, the primary source o" 9ational /o$er is in"ormation that has %eencon erted into actiona%le intelligence or usa%le +no$ledge In"ormation 5perations is the criticalingredient in early $arning, peace+eeping, sta%ili'ation & reconstruction, and homeland de"ense

Added 8ebruary !(, '!!'

!he 9e$ Cra"t o" Intelligence: Achie ing Asymmetric Ad antage in the )ace o" 9ontraditional!hreats

!his monograph is the third in the Strategic Studies Institute3s EStudies in AsymmetryF Series Init, the author e amines t$o paradigm shi"tsOone in relation to the threat and a second in relation

to intelligence methodsO $hile o""ering a ne$ model "or threat analysis and a ne$ model "or

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intelligence operations in support to policy, ac;uisition, and command engaged in nontraditionalasymmetric con"rontation and competition

See also online:

Chapter @, E!hreats, Strategy and )orce Structure: An Alternati e /aradigm "or 9ational Securityin the 21 st Century,F in Ste en #et' (ed , .e ising the !$o #!7 )orce Shaping /aradigm(Strategic Studies Institute, April 2001 , pp 1 @ 1

Chapter 12 , E/residential


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*epartment o" *e"ense (*o* must %ecome a Ecore "orceF "or the 9ation, a %roader deeper"oundation "or national security than merely $ar "ighting, $ith t$o maKor support "unctions:

1 4e the %asis "or a coherent polity, using the uni ersal dra"t $ith three options a"ter a common %oot camp: Armed )orces, /eace Corps, or omeland Ser ice

2 4e the glo%al general ser ice "or multinational and inter agency communications,intelligence, logistics, and mo%ility

"r%m ase "%rce t% /%re "%rce and e6%nd

eneral Colin /o$ell, USA (.et de ised the concept o" a E4ase )orce F !his inspired me,$hen in ited to spea+ in ermany at the eorge #arshall Center in the 1@@03s, to de ise theconcept o" the ECore )orce F 7ithin *o*, the U S Army $ould %e the Ecore o" the core F

Clic+ on Image to >nlarge

"igure 1: /%re "%rce 7it -ig t Human "uncti%ns

!he Core )orce, the Inner Circle, represents the ser ices o" common concern $ithout$hich no $orld po$er can operate: the a%ility to communicate any$here, anytime the a%ility toac;uire and ma+e sense o" in"ormation so as to produce decision support (@ H unclassi"ied andsharea%le and the a%ility to mo e men and materials "rom any point to any point in a most

e peditious manner, $ith desolate air"ields unsuita%le "or commercial a iation %eing the norm7e can %uild out our Com%atant Commanders as E7hole o" o ernmentF tas+ "orces, $ith theappropriate assistant secretaries mo ing their "lags into the "ield

!he eight human "unctions represent the E alue addedF areas $here the military is uni;uely;uali"ied and competent as the primary element o" go ernment around $hich $e can all rally


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At the ery top is strategic thin+ing and ad ice to policy ma+ers, $ith one %ig di""erence: themilitary6at e ery ran+6must ma+e Espea+ing truth to po$erF astly more important to itsethos than loyalty to the chain o" command !he Constitution is $hat $e s$ear to support in our 5ath o" 5""ice, not the chain o" command !ruth and morality are a primary "orce

9e t do$n are t$o critical domestic roles: %onding our citi'enry (including immigrantsregardless o" age through common training and ser ice and %eing a%le to address domesticchallenges $ith military discipline and e""ecti eness I am among those $ho %elie e the

9ational uard should re ert to %eing primarily a omeland )orce, and one "ocused on locali'eddisaster relie" and the maintenance o" good order and discipline in times o" crisis, $hile alsoa aila%le "or short duration (no more than @0 days missions to aid others outside o" the USA

>lectronic security and ground truth are glo%al missions, missions that re;uire a degree o" per asi e de"ense presence in cy%erspace on the one hand, and a degree o" per asi e %utino""ensi e presence6real humans $ith human eyes, ears, and %rains6e ery$here 7e ha e"ailed at %oth, in part %ecause $e spent too much time on 5""ensi e >lectronic 7ar"are,

something the Chinese ha e mastered, and not enough time on esta%lishing standards that protectall electronic in"ormation, not Kust sensiti e in"ormation

Of all the missions depicted in Figure 1, none is more important than the round Truthmission. !he reality is that our >m%assies ha e %ecome little "ortresses "rom $hich "e$ dare to

enture "ar a"ield !he diplomats are in the minority $ithin their o$n em%assy, and ha eirtually no "unds "or entertaining di erse constituencies, and e en less so "or commissioning

local commercial sources o" legal ethical in"ormation "or speci"ic products Indeed, the only people $ith money to spend in the US o erseas community are the spies, and they insist that onecommit treason %e"ore they $ill listen In com%ination, ho$ $e relate to the rest o" the $orld is

pathologically inept 2

)orce on )orce, and Consta%ulary 5perations or Small 7ars, are t$o completely di""erentendea ors in e ery possi%le sense o" the $ord, and re;uire t$o completely distinct "orces in

%eing that train, e;uip, and organi'e "or their assigned mission !he t$o do not o erlap andcannot %e mi ed !hey can %e orchestrated in those instances $here one "ront is con ention andthe other uncon entional, %ut they are not interchangea%le "orces

7here does this lea e usM ere are the high points:

1 Unclassi"ied decision support6ground truth6is the single most alua%le and rele ant ser icethe U S Army can pro ide to the rest o" *o* and the rest o" the go ernment as $ell as the

9ation (schoolhouses, cham%ers o" commerce, etcetera Unclassi"ied ground truth is not the pur ie$ o" the spies6they ha e reKected that mission, lea ing the $ay open "or Ci il A""airs tocome the om%udsman o" E%est truthF outside the $ire

2 /eer to peer human communication and interaction is the single most alua%le aspect o" aglo%al presence eneral -inni is on record as emphasi'ing the importance o" long termrelationships and the important o" truly understanding the character and nature o" those $ith$hom one is dealing In this ein, the Army Strategy Con"erence o" 200D placed e;ual

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emphasis on the uman !errain System ( !S and on ha ing a Corps o" Ad isors $ho areresident in their respecti e countries, not simply going in and out as #o%ile !raining !eams(#!!

!he importance o" deep cultural +no$ledge cannot %e o erstated Cultural Intelligence is a

+ey "actor in pre enting con"lict as in sta%ili'ing & reconstructing areas torn %y con"lict ?

? /eace"ul pre enti e measures, as called "or %y eneral Al ray, US#C (.et , thenCommandant o" the #arine Corps, are a primary mission o" the US Army, no longer ana"terthought or an un"unded de"iciency Ci il A""airs, not the tan+ corps or artillery or e enin"antry, is the Ping o" the 21 st Century %attle"ield .eal men prevent $ar and i" not, achie eEone man O one %ulletF precision as needed

U+ + Arm6, *%*, and t e Re8u lic

America is at a cross roads !he lac+ o" an integrated inter agency process "or de eloping

coherent sustaina%le (a""orda%le, realistic strategy is at a historic lo$ point 7e ha e less thanse en years to completely recast ho$ $e train, organi'e, and e;uip our national securitycapa%ilities, %oth hard and so"t, and $e ha e at least t$enty years ahead o" us in $hich $e $ill

%e %eseiged "rom all sides "or ha ing lost our legitimacy as EAmerica the ood F B

!his monograph aspires to %e nothing less than a mani"esto "or mental and culturaltrans"ormation o" the US Army, the US *epartment o" *e"ense, all ci ilian elements o" ournational security %ureaucracy, and all e ternal organi'ations such as International 5rgani'ations(I5 and 9on o ernmental 5rgani'ations (9 5 as $ell as )oundations !he core concept$ithin this monograph is this: that the US Army can

1 4e the "irst $ithin the US o ernment to understand6as the Singapore military understoodinstantly6that $e must de"end America against all threats, not Kust hea y metal nation statemilitary threats

2 4e the "irst $ithin the US o ernment to understand6as corporations are no$ rapidlyappreciating6that eneration 2 0 is the "irst generation o" young people that are not Elittle

ersions o" us F !hey are *igital 9ati es, they ha e trans"ormed themsel es in the process o"gro$ing up, and most (not all o" our tried and true E%oot campF processes are history

4e the "irst $ithin the US o ernment to understand that decision support (intelligenceregardless o" classi"ication is the +ey to creating sta%ili'ing $ealth and multi cultural peace in

e ery clime and place? 4e the "irst $ithin the US o ernment to recogni'e that %y le eraging unclassi"iedin"ormation in all languages, and %y mo%ili'ing and nurturing a multicultural decision supportcenter, the US Army can create a lo%al .ange o" i"ts such that QB00 %illion a year controlled

%y others can %e harmoni'ed strategically, operationally, and tactically

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!he greatest strategic error $e ha e made has %een to neglect the education and the ci icengagement o" our pu%lic, a pu%lic that has gro$n out o" touch $ith glo%al realities, lesscompetiti e in the international mar+etplace, and irtually o%li ious to the corporate and "ederaland state and local miss steps enacted Ein our name F In"ormation costs money and con"uses

pu%lic intelligence ma+es money, guides money, and can create a prosperous $orld at peace

!he US Army can com%ine an appreciation o" e ternal reality and a aluation o" our *igital 9ati es %y %ecoming the %rain housing group "or glo%al inter agency and com%ined operationsthat le erage in"ormation peace+eeping

!he "igure %elo$ summari'es the rele ance o" this $or+ to each o" the Army3s Strategic Issues

&l% al ar %n Terr%r Understanding, con"ronting, altering e il %elie"systems Strategic Communications as %eha ior & %udget reality %ased metrics

H%meland ecurit6 Cannot ha e a smart Army %uilt on a dum% population 9eed to %uild a Smart 9ation

Regi%nal Systematic outreach at e ery le el do$n toneigh%orhoods & clans & tri%es

Militar6 / ange #ust train, e;uip, & organi'e inter agency andcoalition teams $ith gendarme andother so"t po$er intelligence and operaitons

trateg6 5nly reality %ased comprehensi e strategy $illha e a chance Cannot +eep 9a y andAir )orce EsharesF o" the %udget constant

.and8%7er erything has changed In"ormation5perations are D0H o" the 9!C5# into a #ultinational*ecision Support Center (#*SC capa%le o" >arly 7arning, /redicti e Analysis, andUnclassi"ied *ecision Support to sta%ili'ation, reconstruction, humanitarian assistance, anddisaster relie" operations


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Under the o ersight o" the *irector o" the *e"ense Intelligence Agency (*IA , this capa%ilitycould %e o""ered to the United 9ations and other 9on o ernmental 5rgani'ations as a means o"

%etter implementing the recommendations o" the *e"ense Science 4oard study on &ransitions toand from Bostilities #ost signi"icantly, this $ould also pro ide a neutral multinational hu%"or recei ing the %ul+ o" the glo%al in"ormation needed to ma+e sense o" the $orld, that is not

no$ a aila%le to the secret national intelligence community o" any nation, and ser e as a"oundation "or harmoni'ing go ernment, corporate, non go ernmental, and charita%le spendingon assistance to all under de eloped andLor unsta%le areas

!his $or+, in support o" the Strategic Studies Institute, the Army 7ar College, and the Army3sStrategic Issues, pro ides "or the "irst time a re ie$ o" the nuts and %olts o" Se enth eneration7ar"are, a le el o" $ar"are pre iously re"erred to as EIn"ormation /eace+eeping,F the logical"ollo$ on to the si generations o" $ar"are so a%ly studied and taught %y Col *r #a#an$aring o" the Strategic Studies Institute

arfare -ra at *% e Need t% 3n%7;

1st eneration >asy: 7here is the armyM2nd eneration >asy: 7here are the trenchesM

rd eneration #oderate: o$ many $ith $hatM? th eneration ard: 7atch e ery non state actorBth eneration ard: 7atch e erything on the "ly

th eneration ard: #a+e sense o" %illions o" %itsGth eneration =ery ard: 2?LG, 1D languages and put our own

strategy, policy, structure C budget in order.

"igure


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In this en ironment, as in the la$ en"orcement en ironment, shooting is the last thing $e $ant asoldier to do, and thin+ing is only thing $e $ill $ant e ery soldier to %e doing '*DE

In this conte t:

•

/%nsensus replaces Command

• -ducati%n replaces *iscipline

• Inf%rmati%n $8erati%ns e ol e to demand greater %udget and manpo$er share6nomore than 10H o" it secret

• Multinati%nal replaces Unilateral

• Researc 6multinational research6replaces unilateral ac;uisition and sharing replaceshoarding

• %ft %7er displaces ard /o$er

• "unding -m8 asis shi"ts "rom comple hea y metal $eapons, to multinational opensources, shared decision support, and "ull spectrum peace operations

• Training emphasi'es multi cultural, agency, disciplinary, and domain in"ormationsharing and sense ma+ing (#?IS2

!he %est concise e planation o" the importance o" the radical departures "rom tradtional

command, communication, education, in"ormation operations, intelligence, and research &training is to o""er t$o competing ie$points o" $hat the primary role o" e ery Army or otherser ice person is:

%very soldier will be a riflemanF or

%very soldier will be a collector, consumer, producer, C provider of information C intelligence.

*igital Nati es

A maKor challenge "acing this U S Army is the changing nature o" its population, %oth o""icer

and enlisted 4elo$ are summari'ed the competing6the star+ly distinct6natures o" the population entering on duty (


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/re"er parallel processing andmultitas+ing

/re"er singular processing and singleor limited tas+ing

/re"er processing pictures, sources,and ideo %e"ore te t

/re"er to pro ide te t %e"ore pictures,sounds and ideo

/re"er random access to hyperlin+edmultimedia in"ormation

/re"er to pro ide in"ormationlinearly, logically and se;uentially

/re"er to interactLnet$or+simultaneously $ith many others

/re"er students to $or+independently rather than net$or+and interact

/re"er to learn EKust in timeF /re"er to teach EKust in caseF (it3s onthe e am

/re"er instant grati"ication andinstant re$ards

/re"er de"erred grati"ication andde"erred re$ards

/re"er learning that is rele ant,instantly use"ul and "un

/re"er to teach to the curriculumguide and standardi'ed tests

"igure =: *ifferences et7een Inc%ming 9 /%mmanding !>'

At its most "undamental, G th eneration 7ar"are is total, per asi e, sustained, nuanced,and can only %e $on %y "ighting ideas, not $eapons 10 Soldiers must %e 45! "irst to "ightA9* "ighting smart

Sun !su had it right !o de"eat the enemy $ithout "ighting is the acme o" a $arrior3s s+ill 7eha e $asted "i"ty years, and destroyed tens o" millions o" li es, eradicating entire cultures,

%ecause $e "ailed to heed /resident and eneral I+e >isenho$er3s $arning a%out the militaryindustrial comple , and %ecause our "lag o""icers ha e "orgotten their 5aths o" Commission andcon"used loyalty to partisan politicians, $ith their responsi%ility to respect the integrity o" theConstutition and al$ays6$ithout e ception6tell the truth, the $hole truth, and nothing %ut thetruth !he plague o" "alsi"ied reporting, including operational test & readiness reporting andcasualty as $ell as suicide statistics, is a disgrace to the


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U#A9 Intelligence ( U#I9! has %een mori%und in the United States o" America (USAsince the 1@G03s i" not earlier, as the USA rushed to su%stitute technology "or thin+ing(intelligence producers and partisanship "or discourse (intelligence consumers Counterintelligence (CI , Security, Analysts, and Consumers are included in my de"inition o"

U#I9! 5 er the course o" se eral decades $e ha e destroyed clandestine U#I9!, $hile

also neglecting CI and Security, depreciating 5pen Source Intelligence (5SI9! !1


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02 In"ectious *isease

0 >n ironmental *egradation

0? Inter State Con"lict

0B Ci il 7ar

0G 5ther Atrocities

0D /roli"eration

0@ !errorism

10 !ransnational Crime

"igure ?: Ten Hig @.e el T reats t% Humanit6

!he Ca%inet departments recei e no intelligence (decision support o" note "rom the secret USIC, and are inept at creating their o$n unclassi"ied decision support6they actually representthe recipients o" ta payer largesse, not the pu%lic interest or e en less so, the ta payersthemsel es !his places the %urden on *o* and the U S Army

!he /resident6li+e all others in go ernment6is a good person trapped in a %ad system 9either the 9ational Security Council (9SC nor the 5""ice o" #anagement and 4udget (5#4 , nor theCongress o" the United States $ith its aried sta"" elements including the generally super%

o ernment Accounta%ility 5""ice ( A5 , are capa%le o" ser ing the pu%lic interest "or onesimple reason: $e are a Edum% 9ationF in $hich the ta payers ha e a%dicated their ci ic duty toattend to go ernment, demand a .eturn on In estment (.oI "or their ta es, and e ercise theirresponsi%ility to be the so ereign .epu%lic that the go ernment serves

A Nati%n s est *efense

)rom 1@DD on$ards, inspired %y all that I learned as a co "ounder o" the #arine CorpsIntelligence Center (today a Command , I ha e sought to re"orm national intelligence, no$ onthe tail end o" the second o" three eras 22

!he "irst era, the era o" secret $ar and ostensi%ly denia%le co ert actions tantamount toundeclared $ar, ended $ith the con iction o" the USA in the 7orld Court, "or mining the har%orso" 9icaragua 2 !he second era, the era o" strategic analysis "ostered %y Sherman Pent in thea"termath o" 7orld 7ar II (77II , lost the last o" its integrity in the =iet 9am $ar, $henEreasona%le dishonestyF and the politici'ation o" analysis castrated the Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA CIA has %ecome a gulag, 2? both %ecause it lost its integrity and it "ailed to get agrip on openly a aila%le in"ormation 2B

!he 1@D03s $ere an interregnum 2 and as one o" the "irst o""icers to %e assigned terrorism as a primary target, I can testi"y that $e $ere not serious then and I do not %elie e $e are serious no$ 6not %ecause $e do not try, %ut %ecause $e do not understand the Esystem o" systemsFapproach to $aging peace alongside irregular $ar"are (my de"inition: one man, one %ullet 2G

!oday the pu%lic is disco ering that its elected and appointed leaders lac+ the depth and %readtho" understanding6or the intelligence (decision support 6to ma+e sense o" and address the ten

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high le el threats to humanity 2D 5ur leaders to date ha e %een incapa%le o" or un$illing toharmoni'e the t$el e core policies 2@$ithin our o$n go ernment (to include production o" asustaina%le %alanced %udget , and also appear o%li ious to the impending collapse o" an o erlycomple Etop do$nF go ernance structure that has "ailed to adapt and is in no $ay anticipatory,coherent, resilient, or sustaina%le

!here is good ne$s !he related concepts o" 5pen Source Intelligence (5SI9! , %ottom upECollecti e Intelligence,F and the social creation o" EIn"inite 7ealthF are emergent It is in thisconte t that I %elie e $e $ill see a re%irth o" the intelligence pro"ession 7e are at the ery

%eginning o" a ne$ era o" Smart 9ations, Cle er Continents, and the 7orld 4rain complemented %y an >arth ame in $hich all humans ha e access to all in"ormation in all languages all thetime !he time has come to sharply redirect national and de"ense intelligence I suggest $e

%egin $ith uman Intelligence ( U#I9! , 0 and that $e rede"ine U#I9! as %eingcomprised o" education, intelligence, and research, $ith the citi'en (and the soldier in the "ieldas the prime "actor

!his may not seem important to the U S Army at "irst glance, %ut it is, %ecause %ad decisionsmade in isolation "rom the totality o" our national interests (e g surging in A"ghanistan %eingtreated as an isolated decision $ithout regard to the state o" the economy or o" the treasuryultimately lead to the U S Army %eing put $ay out on a lim%

9A Nation’s best defense is an educated citizenry.: Bumanity Ascending is the mission, B4nlarge

"igure B: .inear ersus *iam%nd Intelligence r%cess

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!he linear process is $hat $e still ha e in place today, and EintelligenceF is placed %e"ore the/resident Kust once a day, in a largely sterile E/resident3s *aily 4rie" (/*4 Intelligenceis not Eat his sideF throughout the day 9o$ imagine a completely ne$ process in $hich the/resident (or $hate er EdeciderF is %eing ser ed is e posed to the complete range o" all human+no$ledge in all languages, most o" it not secret and sharea%le, as needed


"igure C: utting t e resident in T%uc 7it Humanit6 and Realit6

!he a%o e construct is e;ually applica%le "or e ery policy ma+er in *o*, "or e ery ac;uisitionmanager, "or e ery commander, "or e ery sta"" action o""icer all the $ay to e ery A !eamcommander or company commander in the "ield

HUMINT f%r t e ecretar6

7hen eneral A ray, US#C, then Commandant o" the #arine Corps (C#C directed thecreation o" the #arine Corps Intelligence Center (#CIC in the early 1@D03s, he $as dri en %ythe same ision that led to the creation o" the #arine Corps Uni ersity: no one else6not theU S 9a y, not the U S Army, not the U S Air )orce6$as properly and "ully addressing theneeds o" the 9ation3s only com%ined arms e peditionary "orce >ach o" the other ser icesde eloped policies, ac;uisition programs, and operational campaign plans %ased on %eing the

%iggest $ith the moistest, $ith ample time to deploy and no $orries a%out logisticssupporta%ility #y mission, as the senior ci ilian $ho also designed the #CIC "rom scratch as a#arine Captain on .eser e duty, $as to create a center that $ould meet the Commandant3sneeds "or intelligence support to policy, to ac;uisition (%oth re;uirements "or and

countermeasures against , and only tangentially, to also support the )leet #arine )orce ()#)that $as in theory ade;uately supported %y the ne$ consolidated Joint Intelligence Centers (JIC$ithin each theater

!he "act that there $as literally nothing at all in the secret data%ases a%out D0H o" the $orld6 the D0H $here the #arines al$ays $ent6and that no one at any le el had access to opensources o" in"ormation in 1D languages, most o" it not online (still true today , only %ecameclear a"ter $e spent the "irst Q20 million


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As the Secretary o" *e"ense see+s to address the E=alley o" *eathF in de"ense ac;uisition, along $ith the continuing recalcitrance o" the three %ig ser ices reluctant to ris+ %udget

share %ecoming "aster, %etter, cheaper , ? he $ould do $ell to remem%er o$ard 5dum3scounsel on the need to understand (and I $ould add, in"luence the system o" $hich one is a parto" B /ut %luntly, not only can the military not Edo it alone,F $hich the Secretary recogni'es,

the military also cannot succeed in the "uture unless $e "irst restructure and re%alance all o" theinstruments o" national po$er

A%sent a complete ma+e o er o" national and de"ense intelligence as $ell as de"enseengineering, *o* $ill continue to operate in the conte t o" a pathologically de"icient policyma+ing en ironment di orced "rom holistic reality a 1@B03s go ernment structure that isse erely de"icient in e ery respect %eginning $ith a sto e piped planning, programming, and

%udgeting system (//4S and an international spectrum o" players, $hat I call the Eeighttri%es,F G that is see+ing leadership6intellectual and intelligence leadership or decisionsupport, on ho$ to create a prosperous $orld at peace D

!he Secretary is o erloo+ing the actiona%le truth right under his nose: until he as+s the right;uestion, he $ill continue to get the $rong ans$er @

T e "ailure %f HUMINT art I ( t% e8i8es, egregati%n, 9 ecrec6)

#a 7e%er is reno$ned "or his theory o" %ureaucracy, a model or system "or controlling people,things, and most importantly, in"ormation Under this theory, Elanes in the roadF or Esto epipesF

%ecome sacrosanct "ie"doms Under this theory, applied in the academic $orld, speciali'ationleads to segregation, and segregation ultimately leads to stupidity6ignorance o" the $hole, e enignorance o" the role the special element plays in the $hole

/ut di""erently, the entire %ody o" human +no$ledge has %een mis directed to$ard reductionism,+no$ing more and more a%out less and less, to the point that no one has the $hole pictureSecretary *onald .ums"eld made this criticism o" the classi"ied $orld $ith respect to its+no$ledge o" missile de"ense intelligence, it is e en truer o" all unclassi"ied +no$ledge ?0


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"igure D: cattered 3n%7ledge

T e "uture %f HUMINT ( r%adl6 and r%8erl6 *efined)

uman Intelligence (%roadly and properly de"ined $ill %e the heart, soul, and %rain o"

21st

Century intelligence, not only $ithin go ernments, %ut $ithin all eight tri%es o" intelligence?1 In addition to CI and Security, I e plicitly include %oth analysts o" indi idual technicalcollection disciplines and all source analysts and consumers at e ery le el "rom /resident toAction 5""icer (A5 ?2

U#I9! at the strategic le el $ill %e a%out Smart 9ations, Cle er Continents, and the 7orld4rain At the operational le el it $ill %e a%out multinational in"ormation sharing and sensema+ing to achie e mutual o%Kecti es %y harmoni'ing up to Q1 trillion a year in spending ia anonline lo%al .ange o" 9eeds !a%le that harmoni'es organi'ational %udgets %y location and

policy o%Kecti e $hile also inducing direct charita%le gi ing %y the D0H o" the one %illion richthat do not no$ gi e no$ !he harmoni'ation $ill occur oluntarily through the use o" shared

decision support ?

At the tactical le el, U#I9! $ill %ecome the Rueen o" the intelligence chess%oard, pro idingdirect support to the Ping6 any decision ma+er6%y harnessing the distri%uted intelligence o" allhumans in all languages all the time6%oth those in the speci"ic area o" interest, and thoseoutside $ho ha e something to contri%ute6and %y restoring human primacy in relation to alltechnical intelligence operations6technical $ill e cel with U#I9!, not alone

)inancially and technically, U#I9! should control and redirect SI I9!, I#I9!, and#ASI9! %ecause "or the "irst time, the managers o" U#I9! $ill understand t e HUMINTTrifecta :

1 >ducate and nurture the all source analysts and consumers

2 *emand .eturn on In estment (.5I metrics "or all sources and methods o" intelligence !his$ill cut technical "unding in hal" to the %ene"it o" education, U#I9!, and research and

/ro ide the decision ma+er $ith concise, conte tually grounded all source insights in a EKustenough, Kust in timeF manner that lea es no decision6$hether o" policy, ac;uisition, oroperations6$ithout a "irm "oundation ?? such that $e eliminate "raud, $aste, and a%use

!he "uture o" U#I9! lies in creating the 7orld 4rain ?B and the >arth ame , ? $ith

clandestine and co ert acti ities playing the ital %ut "ractional role they merit in the largerconte t o" all humans, all minds, all the time $ithout H%M&'T, most technical intelligence isnoise. $ithout H%M&'T, decisions will continue to (e made in a )acuum, at great cost.

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"igure >: Integrated "ull@ 8ectrum HUMINT Management !=C'

In the a%o e "igure pert ?D !his "igure isthe culmination o" my thirty or so years in the intelligence %usiness I $ill not %ela%or the "actthat many other 9ations are astly superior to the USA in their management o" E"ull spectrum

U#I9!,F %ut I $ill mention t$o: the /eople3s .epu%lic o" China (/.C , and the Islamic.epu%lic o" Iran ?@ 7hat I no$ understand a"ter 0 years o" ser ice is ho$ ery "ragmentedthe single discipline o" U#I9! has %ecome It has no leadership o" the $hole, in part %ecausethe 5""ice o" #anagement and 4udget (5#4 ga e up the E#F in the 1@D03s i" not sooner, andin part %ecause $ithin the IC and *o* $e are still organi'ed into sto epipes that do not play $ellamong themsel es B0 !his lea es the /resident6and all Ca%inet Secretaries including Sec*e"

6$ithout any decision support at all $hen it comes to the core presidential duty6aided %y $hatone $ould hope $ere a "ully in"ormed Ca%inet6o" ensuring that the US is trained, e;uipped,

and organi'ed to preser e and protect the USA B1 *ut most directl+, managing H%M&'T as & suggest will immediatel+ enhance decision ma-ing (+ the *resident, the a(inet /ecretariesthe ongressional ommittees, and Field ommanders.

As I discuss each o" the "i"teen U#I9! elements in the %alance o" this monograph, I amacutely conscious o" the "ailure o" our national educational system I %elie e $e ha e "ailed ourchildren (and conse;uently our recruiting pool "or the U S Army in three $ays:

)irst, $e ha e allo$ed local go ernment insiders to cheat the educational system %y pro idingta %rea+s and pu%lic land and pu%lic ser ices to corporations, reaping handsome commissionsand "ees "or themsel es, $hile dramatically reducing the ta %ase that supports locally "unded

education B2

Second, $e ha e "ailed to update a school system initially designed around the needs o" "armers(summers o"" and then o" "actories (rote learning , and more or less %eaten much o" thecreati ity and curiosity out o" our children %y the time they enter the "i"th grade B !hey ha eto "ight their $ay out o" the %o $e %uild around them 7e should %e in year round education$ith apprenticeships that nurture E$hole personF gro$th $ith a "ull range o" human trade and

pro"essional s+ills that are needed "or locali'ed resilience 7e should %e emphasi'ing team



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learning, proKect learning, challenge e aminations %ased on distance learning, and real $orld pro%lem sol ing 7e should %e teaching the art o" glo%al multinational in"ormation access

!hird, $e ha e %ro+en the lin+s %et$een the natural $orld6the >arth6the human $orld6somecall this the anthroposphere B? 6and the $orld o" "aith, spirit and mind, %e it an

agnostic noosphere BB or a "orm o" religion B

5ur children, in %rie", ha e %een raised in a %u%%le, and ha e not learned ho$ to do $holesystems thin+ing in a spontaneous or collecti e "ashion At the same time, $e ha e %ro+en theaccounta%ility and transparency lin+s %et$een those $ho pay ta es, and the go ernment o""icialsthat spend that re enue

In my ie$, the "uture o" U#I9! demands that $e create an 5pen Source Agency (5SA ascalled "or %y the @ 11 Commission, BG and that $e ma+e 5SI9! our top priority "or %oth"unding and the attention o" our national and de"ense intelligence leaders, as called "or %y theAspin 4ro$n Commission BD It is only in the conte t o" $hat 5SI9! can do, and speci"ically

the "ollo$ing, that clandestine U#I9! and the other slices o" U#I9! can %e "ully e""ecti eAs pro ided "or in the Smart 9ation O Sa"e 9ation Act, B@ an 5SA "unded %y *o* $ould pro ide the "ollo$ing U#I9! "oundation "or all eight tri%es:

1 5""ice o" In"ormation Sharing !reaties and Agreements (5IS!A 0

2 5""ice o" the Assistant Secretary eneral "or *ecision Support (AS *S $ithin the U9, anda U9 alidated lo%al .ange o" 9eeds !a%le to harmoni'e USQ1 trillion a year in spending %yothers 1

#ultinational *ecision Support Center (#*SC , along $ith regional centers (one per

continent 2? A #ultinational *ecision Support Uni ersity to train e ecuti es (all le els "rom all nations,all eight tri%es o" intelligence, together

I $ill %egin my re ie$ o" the "i"teen slices o" U#I9! in the 21 st century $ith a ;uotation "romSenator *aniel /atric+ #oynihan (* 9T , $ho in ited me to testi"y ? to the #oynihanCommission B )rom their letter o" transmittal:

&he $ommission’s report is unanimous. #t contains recommendations for actions by the %+ecutive ;ranch and the >egislative ;ranch, with the obGect of protecting and reducing secrecy

in an era when open sources make a plenitude of information available as never before inhistory.

!he United States o" America (USA has lost the a%ility to intelligently collect, process, e ploit,and analy'e glo%al +no$ledge, all o" it originating $ith indigenous humans spea+ing ? corelanguages G and thousands o" additional dialects and micro languages !his has happened

%ecause the political leadership o" %oth parties has %een captured %y 7all Street and the militaryindustrial comple , to the detriment o" diplomacy, de elopment, and democracy, all three o"

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$hich demand rigorous respect "or all rele ant in"ormation (@ H o" $hich is openly a aila%leaccording to eneral !ony -inni, US#C (.et D is hard earned and practical o%ser ationis ital to the "uture o" U#I9!:

!" of what # needed to know as $#N$%N& !0 # # got from open sources rather than classified

reporting. And within the remaining '!", if # knew what to look for, !23# # found another ()". At the end of it all, classified intelligence provided me, at best, with *" of my commandknowledge.

U#I9! since 77II has %een mis directed Separately I ha e pu%lished an early e aluation o" $hy 5SI9! is so important to e ery aspect o" military policy, ac;uisition, and operations, and$ill not %ela%or the point here other than to state my ie$ that radical "orce structure redesign isnot properly supported %y military or ci ilian intelligence today %ecause they don3t +no$ ho$ totrain, e;uip, and organi'e in order to pro ide 7hole o" o ernment decision support, or ho$ toser e e ery le el o" decision across e ery mission area, %oth military and ci ilian G1

The time has come to redefine H%M&'T concepts, doctrine, and practices.

HUMINT: *efining 9 Managing t e "ifteen lices

!oday each o" the 1B slices is %eing managed in isolation, and that must not %e allo$ed tocontinue *o* can "i this "or 7hole o" o ernment %ene"it

/itiEen as ens%r 9 ense@MaFer

In 1@D , managing /roKect >5. > (Smiley in the 5""ice o" In"ormation !echnology (5I! atCIA, I de"ined the needs "or I! support to %oth clandestine operations and all source analysis,

and that is $here I had my %linding "lash o" insight on the challenges o" data entry !he %ottomline is that no one go ernment, and less so any one agency, can a""ord, understand, or e ecuteglo%al data entry !he only possi%le solution is one that harnesses the distri%uted intelligence o"the 7hole >arth, i e all humans, all minds G2

In 1@@? I reali'ed that it is not possi%le to ha e smart spies in the conte t o" a dum% nation, andin 200 , $or+ing $ith Congressman .o% Simmons (. C! 02 , I reali'ed that B0H o" the dotsneeded to pre ent the ne t @ 11 (or to respond to a natural disaster such as Patrina $ill %e

%ottom up dots "rom citi'ens and cops on the %eat !hose dots ha e no place to go today in2010, nine years a"ter @ 11 7e need unclassified state %ased "usion centers in $hich sensiti ein"ormation "rom all eight tri%es can %e processed, G and that is $hy the Smart 9ation O Sa"e

9ation Act G? that I de ised includes USQ1 B 4illion to create B0 state %ased Citi'enIntelligence Centers and 9et$or+s to %e manned %y the 9ational uard ($hich can hold %othlocal la$ en"orcement commissions along $ith "oreign intelligence clearances , the other USQ1 B4illion "unding "oreign open source in"ormation ac;uisition and processing initiati es thatharness all that the U9 System and our multinational partners can help us access, e ploit, andshare "rom schoolhouse to 7hite ouse, and $orld $ide



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!he one thing the USA can do "or our "uture generations is to get a grip on U#I9! in all its"orms, and help the eight demographic challengers GB implement the 7orld 4rain and the >arth

ame ia "ree cells phones "or the poor, and call centers that teach the poor Eone cell call at atime F G

A


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credi%ility)lood 7arning )loodS#S

enocide >ight stages start $ith easy to detectdemoni'ation

.oad$ay )atalities Sa"e.oad#apsSe ual arassment >gypt pilot proKect!ra""ic #any locations, olume, noise, pollution=andalism Anonymous te ting as it happens, >ngland=iolence India, else$here, on erge o" @11 S#S plotting7ar Actions in a'a AlKa'eera, distinguishes among Air Stri+es,

Announcement, *eaths, Israeli Casualties,Israeli )orces, IAid, Casualties, /rotests,.oc+et Attac+s

"igure 10: *irect /ell %ne Re8%rt 6stems Using M

>ducating the rest o" the $orld, "ree, is part o" this slice, I lea e it at that D

%ldier as ens%r ($ ertG$8en ignals)

In this monograph the term soldier em%races %oth military and ci ilian personnel ser ingdomestically or o erseas !he concept o" the Estrategic corporalF is $ell esta%lished, D? %oth %y)ield #arshall >r$in .ommel, and more recently (1@@@ %y eneral Charles Prula+, US#C

DB !he concept o" Ecommander3s intentF is also $ell esta%lished, ha ing %een gi en glo%alcachet %y eneral Al ray, US#C, then Commandant o" the #arine Corps (C#C D

o$e er, our soldiers continue to %e treated as a E;uantityF good rather than a E;ualityF %eingUp to this point, $e ha e trained, e;uipped, and organi'ed our military around high cost, highmaintenance technologies $ithout regard to the needs or a%ilities o" the indi idual solider, and$e ha e not treated the indi idual soldier $ith the respect each merits $hen properly educated,trained, led, and listened to !he soldier is the ultimate U#I9! asset DG

>specially trou%ling to me is the continuing resistance to the concept de eloped %y the S$edishmilitary and enhanced %y mysel": DD


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communications tool+it on a "lash dri e, consisting o" )reeL5pen Source So"t$are ()L5SS thatanyone can use $ithout cost D@

ere again, $e see the ital need "or education and training in the conte t o" a national strategy,a military strategy, a ro%ust nation $ide education system, continuing adult education, and

multinational in"ormation sharing

H%M&'T starts in the classroom and is then augmented in real life. It is essential tothe success o" the secret elements o" U#I9! that $e plan "or the "ullest possi%le e ploitationo" the non secret elements /atrolling %y in"antry is ho$ $e patrol to create a 0degree human sa"ety net$or+ @0 Similarly, $e ha e allo$ed our )orce .econnaissance6ourdeep humans6to %e reduced in num%ers, e perience, and utility 5n the %attle"ield, it is forcereconnaissance that emplaces Eclose inF technical de ices

$8erati%nal Test 9 - aluati%n ($T9-)

I reali'ed that 5perational !est & > aluation (5!&> must "all under the o ersight o" theUndersecretary o" *e"ense "or Intelligence (US*(I %ecause spea+ing Etruth to po$erF cannotapply only to EredF "orces, and no$ as $e understand it, to E$hite,F Eyello$,F and EgreenF"orces, %ut to our o$n E%lueF "orces as $ell


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$hich assuredly alerted him @1 #ore recently, $e ha e %een using drones to +ill clusters o"indi iduals, mostly %ystanders 7e are o%li ious to the long term human impact o" our actions

I ha e come to the conclusion that not only must all $eapons, mo%ility, and communicationssystems %e alidated %y US*(I across the re;uirements and procurements process, and in

5!&>, %ut that speci"ic operational plans re;uire US*(I alidation as $ell 7e ha e to stopcarpet %om%ing illages, and get do$n to one man one %ullet e""icacy $hile nurturing e eryoneelse

Ins8ect%r@&eneral ($rganiEati%nal, U &, Internati%nal)

Inspector eneral (I endea ors in the past ha e spanned the "ull spectrum "rom o er 'ealousin estigations o" minor in"ractions through largely ceremonial and entirely predicta%leinspections o" administrati e minutia

#ore recently, e""orts %y the *irector o" 9ational Intelligence (*9I to integrate I "unctions

across the si teen agencies nominally under his authority, and the e;ually recent emergence o"interest in transnational or regional I colla%oration $ithin select intelligence, military, and la$en"orcement communities, are %oth $orthy o" note @2

> ery graduate degree in pu%lic administration re;uires a course in program e aluation, and it isthere, not in regulatory compliance and a"ter the "act in estigation that the I can ma+e a realcontri%ution !he I , li+e each o" the other slices in the larger U#I9! EpieF must %e anintegrated part o" the totality o" "ull spectrum U#I9! $ith an intimate constructi e6not

puniti e6relationship $ith and among all slices

A *irector o" 5#4, $hich has done some good things in its search "or common solutions, might

consider the aried I cadres as an e tension o" 5#43s reach, and $or+ hard to restore themanagement "unction o" 5#4 $hile also redirecting the I "unction to$ard impro edremediation and o ersight o" re;uirements de"inition, capa%ilities ac;uisition, and operationale""icacy

!he A5 can no longer %e shut out o" the US IC >asily D0H o" secrecy is %eing used to a oidaccounta%ility, @ and as parado ical as it may sound, transparency is something that isdesperately needed $ithin the secret $orld, at least $ith respect to "inancial inputs andconse;uential outputs In my ie$, at least hal" i" not t$o thirds o" the entire US IC %udgetcould %e, should %e, a aila%le "or redirection %y the /resident to$ard education, 7hole o"

o ernment and multinational intelligence (decision support that is not secret, and research

"ocused on the eradication o" the ten high le el threats to humanity, eight o" $hich are no$ignored

At the same time, $e need to ;uestion the entirety o" our military assistance %udget In %rie", $eneed an I inspection o" our "undamental assumptions a%out $ar and peace in the 21 st Century

At the strategic le el, the I s should all %e in alliance $ith the A5 and 5#4 and SA,see+ing to de"ine completely ne$ 21 st Century o%Kecti es that are trans"ormati e o" the means,

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$ays, and ends o" go ernment, not Kust see+ing to %e more e""icient and ElegalF $ith old means,old $ays, and old ends

ecurit6 $ ser ati%nGRem%te e camsG"l%ating erisc%8es

umans are the essential element in security o%ser ation and in the e ploitation o" distri%utedsecurity cameras including the ne$ $ireless (and some solar po$ered $e%cams 4ased on myo$n e perience, I "ind three general areas that could %e impro ed:

)irst, no one country can %e co ered %y a single security plan, e en one that distinguishes amongmission, "acilities, mo ement, and indi iduals In one particular country, $e "ound the need "orthree separate security sur eillance and preparation plans, one "or the north, one "or the south,and one "or the capital city Indeed, I am reminded o" eneral !ony -inni3s e tremely use"ulo%ser ation that =iet 9am $as actually si $ars: a S$amp 7ar, % /addy 7ar, c Jungle 7ar, d/lains 7ar, e Saigon 7ar, and " *#- 7ar each $ith its o$n lessons, tactics, and sometimese;uipment di""erences @?

Second, $e ha e %een slo$ to empo$er our distri%uted "orces $ith %oth modern securitysur eillance technology, and the tactical processing po$er needed to do E"ace traceF or "indother anomalies that might %e missed %y the human eye @B In contrast, the #etropolitan /oliceo"


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I ha e t$o reactions: "irst, gi en the num%er o" indi iduals li ing in A"ghanistan that spea+ andread *ari $hile also %eing reasona%ly "luid $ith >nglish, I see our security mind sets inter"ering$ith tactical needs "or rapid e ploitation o" captured documents !here are a num%er o" $ays toachie e time and ris+ %ased security $hile meeting the needs o" the tactical commanders I cando *ari translations "rom the "ield $ithin ? hours 7hy is this still a pro%lemM 5ld minds and

processes

#y second reaction is to $onder $hy $e ha e not implemented a glo%al gridusing $$$ telelanguage com , and "ield digiti'ation (to include pen %ased digiti'ation that cango directly "rom the "ield to a *ari translator on call in that gi en instant 4elo$ is an illustrationo" generic capa%ilities since 1@@G


"igure 11: &l% al /%llecti%n, Translati%n, and Ann%tati%n ! 4#

!his area is urgently in need o" a multinational %urden sharing net$or+ I consider ele ennations tri ial6@0 nations is my standard @@

All@ %urce Anal6sts 9 &l% al -#8erts

Although the classical de"inition o" U#I9! emphasi'es clandestine collection and co ertaction (agents o" in"luence, propaganda, paramilitary operations , I %elie e that in an age $henD0 @0H o" the in"ormation "rom humans is o ert, and secret intelligence pro ides, Eat %est,F ?Ho" a com%atant commander3s in"ormation, $e ha e to re thin+ U#I9!

I respect"ully su%mit that %oth CIA, $ith its policy o" hiring ery young people unpro en atclandestine or analytic tradecra"t, and *o*, $ith its policy o" using enlisted personnel "or manytas+s that in my ie$ re;uire a li%eral arts college education, are in error in their currentapproach to manning

I %elie e that o er the ne t ten years $e must migrate a$ay "rom putting ne$ hires into anythingother than 5SI9! e ploitation, and emphasi'e mid career hires "or the senior all source analytic

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positions as $ell as U#I9! collection and CI positions (the latter retaining their li"e3s patternas legitimate co er

At the same time, $e must empo$er all source analysts $ith the resources and the multinationalsocial s+ills $ith $hich to le erage glo%al e perts regardless o" nationality, and $ith the a%ility

to dra$ on the #*SC "or reach %ac+ to all eight tri%es o" any gi en country

As a general rule o" thum%, I %elie e each di ision manager should ha e USQ1 million a yearthat each %ranch manager should ha e USQ2B0,000 a year and that each indi idual analyst, nomatter ho$ Kunior, should ha e USQB0,000 to spend, on a mi o" e ternal e pertise, com%inedtra el to con"erences or in house seminars and sounding %oards6anything that is legal to %uy

100

It costs less than USQ1,000 to identi"y the top 100 pu%lished e perts in any "ield %ased oncitation o" their $or+, and another USQ1,000 or so to communicate $ith each o" the pu%lishede perts so as to identi"y the top 2B 100 unpu%lished e perts > ery analyst should such a

net$or+ Eon call F

In the o ert arena, clandestine case o""icers s+illed at Etradecra"tF cannot cut it It ta+es asu%stanti e e pert $ith tangi%le re$ards to o""er in the "orm o" legally sharea%le in"ormation,

pri ileged access, uncon entional insights, or straight up modest consulting "ees (at little asUSQ2B0, as much as USQB,000 to $or+ the glo%al o ert e pertise grid

9ota%ly a%sent "rom my thin+ing are %elt$ay %andits and their costs 101 I am s+epticala%out the alue o" E%utts in seats,F and also a strong proponent o" centrali'ed 5SI9! contractmanagement along $ith rigorous metrics "or accounta%ility, as $ell as a E%uy once "or allF5SI9! ac;uisition system I %elie e the U S Army must de elop %oth strategists and "oreign

area specialists $ithin its o$n ran+s, not as an out sourced "unction, and must nurture theseindi iduals o er the course o" a career, not Eone tour and out F

*efense Attac es, Tec nical .iais%n

!his category includes e ery human assigned any "orm o" inter national or inter agencyresponsi%ility, and I especially $ish to include our o""icers assigned to #ilitary roups(#I< ./ , to the schools o" other nations, and to all Ee ternalF %illets including "ello$ships atthin+ tan+s, command e change tours, and so on Ci ilian intelligence personnel distri%utedamong the Com%atant Commands are no$ under *L*IA o ersight, and that is a good start "or*o* Country !eams remain a +ludge o" singleton representati es "rom multiple agencies that

o"ten out num%er (and out spend the diplomats, and %y no stretch o" the imagination can any>m%assy %e considered to %e EcoherentF in ho$ e ery person is harmoni'ed to create a $hole102

In my ie$, $e are long o erdue "or a top to %ottom re ie$ o" ho$ *o* as a $hole, and eachindi idual ser ice, handle the selection, assignment, and on going o ersight and e ploitation o"all o""icers as $ell as non commissioned and enlisted personnel ser ing in e ternal %illets !hesame is true "or all the other agencies, most o" $hich are incapa%le o" addressing contingencies



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or "ielding tas+ "orces that are trained, e;uipped and organi'ed "or short to long term operationsunder conditions more o"ten than not ha'ardous 10

)or this group, ery possi%ly the Ecenter o" gra ityF "or U#I9! as a $hole, I ha e a "e$thoughts

1 !here is no su%stitute "or continuity in country and on the des+ in 7ashington, * C 7e needto get serious a%out deep language training and repetiti e area tours Ideally I $ould li+e to see

D year assignments $ith assured promotions, and staggered tours so the second o""icer arri esmid$ay through the longer tour o" the person %eing replaced e entually

2 #I< ./s are a $asted asset "rom an I5 point o" ie$ I had an e cellent tal+ $ith a#I< ./ liaison o""icer at the U S /aci"ic Command (US/AC5# in 1@@?, and learned that#I< ./s ha e no in"ormation sharing or sense ma+ing responsi%ilities to spea+ o"6they arethere to "ocus on mo ing US military e;uipment into the local pipeline !hat needs to change

> en i" the rest o" the US IC and the rest o" the US are not ready "or 7hole o" o ernmentoperations, *o* needs to ta+e the lead A good start $ould %e to create a special sense ma+ingunit $ithin *IAL* that deals o ertly and respect"ully $ith e ery single *o* %ody (and in theideal, $ith e ery other US EsingletonF %odyF assigned to an e ternal %illet $orld $ide , $hiletreating the 1 G *e"ense AttachW (*e"Att locations as the core mass, %uilding "rom there

Human Terrain Teams (HTT)

.arely does one encounter a program that is at once so $ell intentioned and also so ery %adlymanaged 7hile there must certainly %e t$o sides to the story, and a good manager $ill engagein compassionate listening and a 0X e aluation %e"ore ma+ing changes, I understand "rom

multiple sources that this program is out o" control to the point o" %eing dangerous to %oth theindi iduals %eing mis directed into the program, and the commanders and troops ostensi%lyrecei ing this Esupport F I %elie e this program must immediately %e su%ordinated to *L*IA andtherein su%ordinated to *IAL* , $hich should %e e panded to pro ide leadership andmanagement, including resource o ersight, "or all "i"teen slices o" U#I9!

In its o$n $ords, 10?

2Buman &errain /ystem3 B&/ is a new proof6of6concept program, run by the 4./. Army&raining and 5octrine $ommand H& A5-$I, and serving the Goint community. &he near6term

focus of the B&/ program is to improve the military’s ability to understand the highly comple+

local socio6cultural environment in the areas where they are deployedF however, in the long6term, B&/ hopes to assist the 4/ government in understanding foreign countries and regions prior to an engagement within that region.

!.A*5C is running this as an e perimental program, and they don3t appear to ha e the+no$ledge6 or e en the net$or+ to ac;uire the +no$ledge6needed to manage this potentially

alua%le glo%al grid o" culturally astute S#>s 10B



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I am trou%led %y the arious photographs that contrast hea ily armed, hea ily armoredindi iduals $earing sunglasses and trying to do the Ehearts and mindsF deal $ithout the s+ills toassimilate themsel es and %e e""ecti e

5 erall, program management, personnel selection, insistence on clearances, a marginal training

program, and ery %adly managed in country assignments and o ersight appear to demand anurgent and complete re direction o" !!

!he e isting $e% pages are replete $ith +no$n errors (e g this is not the "irst time this has %eenthought o" , 10 in"lated claims, and a reading list that $ould ma+e any real anthropologist$eep 10G !his program appears to need a complete ma+e o er 10D

5one right, HTT should (e inter disciplinar+ and multinational, and should notre6uire clearances at all.

Interr%gat%r@Translat%r Teams (ITT)

I ha e a special a""ection "or Interrogator !ranslator !eams (I!! , and a real sense o" a$e at thecapa%ilities o" ne$ "orms o" "or$ard deployed tactical analysts $ho among other achie ementssni""ed out Saddam ussein3s "inal hide out, something no national intelligence capa%ility $asa%le to do

)or the purposes o" this monograph I $ant to %roaden the I!! category to include #ilitary /olice(#/ , Ci il A""airs (CA , Com%at >ngineers (C> , and all the "ol+s that come into contact $ith

%oth /risoners o" 7ar (/57 , $hich in the #arine Corps is an S 1LAdKutant house+eeping Ko%rather than an S 2 intelligence e ploitation Ko%, and $ith ci ilians, including our logisticians($ho are constantly star ed "or intelligence support at the same time that they ha e so much to

o""er in terms o" practical insights a%out access and tra""ica%ilityIn peacetime it has o"ten trou%led me that I!! as $ell as CI personnel tend to %e "armed out tota+e care o" all the !emporary Additional *uty (!A* demands on a gi en ead;uarters, and atthe 4attalion le el, to "ind the least desired #arine o""icers going into the S 2 Ko% 5" course my+no$ledge is dated, %ut some things ne er change

I %elie e the time has come to %oth "ence all intelligence personnel "rom non intelligenceassignments, and to dramatically augment the assignment o" intelligence personnel do$n to thes;uad, platoon, and company le el I ha e %een enormously impressed %y the initiati e o" somecompany commanders in A"ghanistan, ta+ing e eryone $ith an IR a%o e 120 or $hate er

num%er needed to get at least si smarter than a erage indi iduals, to create company le el adhoc "ield intelligence analysis units 10@

I participated in t$o "orce structure studies $hen ser ing the #arine Corps as the second ran+ingci ilian in #arine Corps intelligence, and my arguments "or reducing shooters and increasingthin+ers consistently $ent no$here

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9o$ is the time "or the US*(I and *L*IA to ta+e a "resh loo+ at U#I9! across the %oard,ta+ing great care to de"ine U#I9! as all humans, all minds, all the time, and $or+ing "romthere U#I9! is no longer something that can %e isolated as an arcane speciali'ation6notonly can the commander not delegate Eintelligence,F 110 %ut the intelligence sta"" o""icer mustconcei e and e ecute a ne$ "orm o" U#I9! campaign plan that simultaneously educates,

trains, in"orms, empo$ers, and ultimately protects e ery mem%er o" the inter agency team that is %eing supported, and that is %oth conscious o"6and a%le to e ploit6e ery human se eral timesremo ed in their respecti e net$or+s 111

%ldier as ens%r ( atr%lling, "%rce Rec%nnaissance, /% ert Hides )

/atrolling is a "undamental element o" in"antry operations, and appears to rise and "all in cyclesIts companion, "orce reconnaissance, also tends to rise and "all !here is no su%stitute "or ahuman %rain attached to human eyes and ears, particularly $hen real time conte tualunderstanding and $arning is needed 7hile Unmanned Aerial =ehicles (UA= and )or$ard Air Controllers ()AC and Aerial 5%ser ers (A5 can %e most help"ul, it is the human on the ground

that produces Eground truth,F a E 0 degreeF appreciation that cannot %e achie ed %y anycom%ination o" technologies, close in or remote !his is as true o" peace+eeping operations as itis o" "ull spectrum hostilities 112

/ro"essor .ichard Aldrich, $hose chapter, E)rom Ireland to 4osnia: Intelligence Support "or UP


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*efensi e /%unterintelligence

7e no$ cross the line "rom the "irst ele en Eo ertF elements o" U#I9!, and mo e into the"inal "our, each replete $ith classi"ied sources and methods that cannot %e discussed here 11

#y "irst point is that CI is a completely distinct speciali'ation, not to %e con"used $ithclandestine U#I9! !he "irst re;uires the detection, without warning , o" the Ein houseFsuspect o" illegal or e en unsanctioned acti ities and disclosures potentially threatening to theUSA 11G

*espite the "act that /residents (e g .onald .eagan 11D and Senators (e g *ur%in, atch,.oc+e"eller, and Shel%y 11@ lea+ and destroy sensiti e capa%ilities o ernight and $ithout anyrecrimination, de"ensi e CI is supposed to %e the pro acti e means %y $hich $e pre ent, detect,and decei e those $ho see+ to %etray our national security enterprise "rom $ithin Contractors,in my ie$, are D0H o" the challenge

Aldrich Ames (CIA and .o%ert ansen ()4I are note$orthy "ailures o" de"ensi e CI Ames$as dri ing a Jaguar and paid cash "or a Q?B0,000 house 7hen as+ed to in estigate his claimthat his Colom%ian $i"e inherited the money, the CIA Chie" o" Station (C5S in 4ogota %le$ o""the re;uest ansen, a study in contradictions, "rom ostensi%ly de out Catholic to $orshipping astripper, "ailed to arouse any serious attention

*e"ensi e counterintelligence, as

Documents

Human Intelligence(HUMINT)