also termed as GUSTATION consists of the primary tastes:sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. the stimuli for this sense are thesoluble substances in the saliva. the taste papillae contains clustersof taste buds, the smallest ''organizedunit'' of taste sensation.

minimal amount of energy that can

produce a sensation.

the organ involved in the

sense of touch is the skin.

a. Epidermisb. Dermis

c. Subcutaneous Apidose Tissue

Factual Experience

-Pressure-Pain

PAIN is classified in two ways:

1. Direct pain- pain sensation is

directly experience where

the stimulus is applied.

2.Referred pain- is felt in an

area different from where the

stimulus is applied.

ex. Headache

Thermal Experience

-Warmth-Cold

Sense of Active Movement

(Kinesthetic Sensation)

-a sensory system that informs usof the position and movement of bodyparts: muscles, tendon, and joints.

Sense of Passive Movement

(Vestibular Sensation)

-gives us information about bodyposition movement and acceleration.

- this sensation tells us of ourbody orientation in space also called asvestibular, static and balanced sensations.

Vestibular Portion is composed of

three parts:

Saccule and Utricle (Vestibule)

-gives the sensation of our body movement.

Semi-Circular Canal

-gives the sensation of head movement.

Sense of Internal Bodily Movement (Organic

Sensation)

-sensation resulting from the sensitivity of the visceral & other internal organs of the body such as stomach, intestines, internal sex structures, throat, lungs & heart.

Equilibratory Senses

-deals with total body position in relation to gravity & with motions of the body as a whole.

-the sense organ for this sense are located in the inner ear.

the giving of meaning to a stimulus received by the sense organs.

-perception is the process by which we organize, interpret, or make sense of our sensory experiences.

-one of the most important contribution of visual perception is the transformation of two-dimensional retinal image into 3D world.

-Ability of one’s eye & brain toadd a third dimension to all visualperception and most accuratemeans of extracting depthinformation into visual ones isknown as depth cues.

Monocular Cues –require the use of only one eye.Linear Perspective

- shown by the convergence of parallel lines as they become more distant.Texture Gradient

- refers to an increase rate of change in texture density as we look from the front to the back of slanting object.

Interposition- closer object that partially obscures the view of

a more distant one tends to be seen nearer.

Shading- flat, two dimensional surfaces do not cast

shadows, while the presence of shading indicates the presence of a three dimensional object.

Relative Movement- also called “ motion parallax” which refers to

the movement of an objects image over the retina . It involves objects at different distances to move in diff. directions and at diff. speeds.

Relative Size- in 2 similar objects in different sizes, the farther

the objects, the smaller it is seen.Relative HeightAtmospheric Perspective

- distant objects become less distinct in their outline and texture as seen farther from the view because of haze in the air.

Binocular Cues –require the use of both eyes.Convergence- refers to the cue provided by the eyes

turning inward more at a close objects than with one that is farther away.

Retinal Disparity- determines the distance o f objects as a result of disparity by the images on the retinas, also called stereopsis.

Gestaltists described certain principles or laws for

grouping stimuli together:

○ Proximity

elements that look similar are perceived as part of the same form.

○ Similarity

elements that look similar are perceived as part of the same form.

○Continuityelements that produce few points of

interruptions to smoothly curving lines are grouped together.

○Closureincomplete figure is perceived

complete even without its missing part.

○Connectedness

Perceptual Constancies- another function of the visual perceptual system is to perceive objects as constant, regardless of position, light and distance.

Brightness Constancy

Shape Constancy

Size Constancy

Location Constancy

Visual illusions are two dimensional objects that are mistakenly seen or perceived

by people.

1. Mullen-lyer Illusion- most famous visual illusion of line length. The horizontal line on above seems longer than the horizontal line below, although they are the same.

2. Ponzo Illusion- this applies two horizontal lines that are actually of the same visual angle.

3. Zollner Illusion- illusion that involves systematic distortion of lines that are actually straight, yet they appear jagged or curved.

4. Ambiguous Figures- these are representations of 3 dimensional objects at first glance.

Extraordinary Perception or ESP – consist of perception that does not involve the stimulation of the five senses.

Telepathy

Clairvoyance

Precognition

Psycho kinesis(PK)

Real motion helps to localize an object by knowing the motion of moving objects. Apparent motion can occur in various ways such as:

A. Stroboscopic Motion

B. Induced Motion

It is generally defined as the general state of

awareness of external and internal stimuli.

Non-conscious The degree where we are not aware of some activities that

takes place in our body.

Preconscious The degree where memories are available to

consciousness but are not recallable at the given moment.

Unconscious The degree where it explains certain behavior like

forgotten memories or emotions that we do not understand.

PassiveReceptive stage (e.g. listening to music)

ActiveProductive Mental Activities (e.g. initiating plans)

-consists of a continuously changing flow of awareness.

• Controlled Processesactivities that required full

awareness, alertness and concentration to reach some goal.

•Automatic Processesactivities that require little

awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

•Daydreamingactivity that requires a low level of

awareness that often occurs during automatic processes and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake.

Waking State of Consciousness- Normal behavior

Altered State of Consciousness- Not the normal ones.

Meditation- effort to produce a desired state of consciousness by following prescribed exercises.

Psychoactive Drugs- chemical substances that affect the brain functioning, causing changes in behavior, mood and consciousness.

Hypnosis- the responsive sate achieved following a typical induction.

Sleep Deprivation- an overall lack of the necessary amount of sleep.

Medications that affect people psychologically are called psychoactive

drugs. They are often helpful in treating depression, anxiety, insomnia, and other psychological complications.

Depressants or “downers”

Stimulants or “uppers”

Narcotics

Hallucinogens or psychedelic drugs(from the Greek for “Mind Manifesting”.)

Referred as “downers”, they are chemicals that act on the central nervous system to suppress or slow down bodily cognitive processes.

Also referred to as “uppers”, these are drugs that act on the central nervous system to increase its overall activity and responsiveness.

These drugs are also called opiates because they are derived from opium and function as an analgesic or pain reliever.

They are called psychedelic drugs (from the Greek for “mind manifesting”). Despite small amount of doses, they may produce strong effects on the central nervous system.

Chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes.

Current treatment of addiction focuses essentially on behavior

modification. Hypnosis induces a mental state when an individual

experiences increased awareness.