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6.1 Digestion

Digestion System Introduction Crash Course Digestive System, Part 1

1. List the six main steps of the digestive system (1:54)

2. What are enzymes used for (2:53)

3. What are monomers and provide the 4 types (3:40)

4. What is one thing that may be done with the energy obtained for the absorption of nutrients?

(8:40)

https://www.slideshare.net/smullen57/61-digestion-hl-year-one

6.1 S.1 Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system. 1. After watching animation: Organs of Digestion Hyperlink on slide 4, what is the one-way movement of the Bolus called?

2. Label and annotate the diagram below. (Slide 7)

6.1 U.3 Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.

3. Most food molecules start as large molecules called polymers, why are they broken down? (Slide 8)

4. What are three ways food is broken down during the digestive process? (Slide 8)

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5. What is the role of enzymes in the digestive process? (Slide 9)

6. Fill in the chart below that explains the substrate (material broken down), the source of the enzyme, and the optimum pH for that enzyme. (Slides 10-13)

Digestive EnzymesEnzyme Salivary amylase Pepsin LipaseSourceSubstratepH

6.1 U.3 Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.

7. Identify the enzyme and the macromolecule broken down in each location of the digestive tract (Slide 10)

Location Carbohydrates Proteins FatsMouth No Digestion No Digestion

Stomach No Digestion No Digestion

Small Intestine (lumen)

Small Intestine (Epithelium cells)

No Digestion

6.1 U.1. The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut.

8. What are the two main functions of peristalsis? (Slide 16)

9. Draw a quick sketch of peristalsis from the animation on slide 16 below

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6.1 U.4 Villi increase the surface area of epithelium over which absorption is carried out.

10. The small intestine is made up of many finger-like projections called villi. (Slide 19)a. Label the structures of the villus below. b. Explain how the structure of the villus is related to its role in absorption and transport of the

products of digestion.

Visible structures Function/ effect

a.

b.

c.

d.

6.1 S.2 Identification of tissue layers in transverse sections of the small intestine viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph.

11. Label the cross section of the small intestine (Slide 20)

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12. The small intestine contains four distinct tissue layers from the lumen list them and their function. (Slide 20)

Visible structures Function/ effect

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.1 U.2 The pancreas secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine

13. Identify three enzymes produced in the pancreas and the organic compound each breaks down. What conditions do these enzymes work best in acidic or alkaline conditions (Slide 21)?

6.1 A.1 Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of starch and transport of the products of digestion to the liver.

14. One of the many jobs is to emulsify fats. Describe emulsification. (Slide 23)

15. Outline the steps of glucose conversion in the liver. (Slide 24)

6.1 U.5 Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins. 6.1 U.6 Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients.

Method of Transport

Nutrients Outline

Simple Diffusion

Lipids

Facilitated Diffusion

Water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules use channel proteins to pass phospholipid bilayerand enter the epithelial cells (down the concentration gradient)

Active Transport

Glucose, amino acids and mineral

ionsEndocytosis (pinocytosis)

Antibodies from breast milk

The plasma membrane folds inward to form vesicles to absorb larger molecules without digesting them

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Method of

transport

Nutrients Outline

Simple diffusion

Lipids

Facilitated Diffusion

Water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules use channel proteins to pass phospholipid bilayerand enter the epithelial cells (down the concentration gradient)

Active Transport

Glucose, amino acids and mineral

ions

Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

Antibodies from breast milk

The plasma membrane folds inward to form vesicles to absorb larger molecules without digesting them

16. Distinguish between absorption and assimilation. (Slides 28-29)

Digestive System, part 3: Crash Course

1. Describe U.S Army surgeon William Beaumont’s patient and the discoveries made from him about the stomach. (Crash Course Digestive System Part 2) (1:00)

2. What are the two roles of the stomach (2:00)

3. What is the ball of food created in your mouth called? (3:45)

Method of

transport

Nutrients Outline

Simple diffusion

Lipids

Facilitated Diffusion

Water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules use channel proteins to pass phospholipid bilayerand enter the epithelial cells (down the concentration gradient)

Active Transport

Glucose, amino acids and mineral

ions

Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

Antibodies from breast milk

The plasma membrane folds inward to form vesicles to absorb larger molecules without digesting them

7

6.2 and 6.4 Human Transport and Respirationhttps://www.slideshare.net/smullen57/62-and-64-transport-and-respiration

1. Identify some of the materials that are transported around the body by the blood. (Slide 4)

2. Define the following: (Slide 7)

Components of BloodName if Blood component Material Carried

Plasma

Transports Oxygen

Phagocytes (eat up pathogens)Lymphocytes (B and T Cells)

Plateles

6.2 U.1 Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body. AND 6.2 U.2 Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibers in their walls. AND 6.2 U.3 The muscle and elastic fibers assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles.

3. Draw the three types of blood vessels. (Slide 8)

Artery Vein Capillary

6.2 U.1 Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body. AND 6.2 U.2 Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibers in their walls. AND 6.2 U.3 The muscle and elastic fibers assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles

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4. Explain why the walls of the arteries need to be thick with a lot of elastic tissue (Slide 9)

6.2 U.5 Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart. AND 6.2 U.6 Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow

5. How are the structures of arteries and veins similar and how are they different? (Slides 8-11)

6. Describe how blood travels back to the heart from extremities (feet and hands) with pumping (Slide 11)

Nature of Science: Theories are regarded as uncertain - William Harvey overturned theories developed by the ancient Greek philosopher Galen on movement of blood in the body. (1.9)

7. Galen said that blood was made in the liver, and got into the arteries through holes in the septum of the heart. He said that blood was continually being made to make up for the fact that it was used up by the body. How long were Galen’s idea accepted? Watch the video in the PowerPoint and explain how William Harvey idea was different? (Slide 15)

8. William Harvey refused to accept doctrines without evidence. Are there any academic disciplines where doctrines can be accepted on the basis of authority rather than evidence gathered from primary sources? Identify criteria that might be used when deciding whether to accept evidence provided by authority.

6.2 U.7 There is a separate circulation for the lungs

9. Describe why the flow of blood is considered a double circulation. (Slides 16-17)

10. Identify the Circuit that contains deoxygenated blood. (Slides 16-17)

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6.2.S.2 Recognition of the chambers and valves of the heart and the blood vessels connected to it in dissected hearts or in diagrams of heart structure

11. Label the vessels, chambers and valves in the heart: (Slide 21)

Blood vessels Chambers of the heart Valvesa. e. i.b. f. j.c. g. k.d. h. l.

6.2 U.8 The heart beat is initiated by a group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node. 6.2 U.9 The sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker. 6.2 U.10 The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal that stimulates contraction as it is propagated through the walls of the atria and then the walls of the ventricles

12. Label the location of the SA node and the AV node and the steps leading to contraction of the atria and ventricles. (Slides 24-25)

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6.2 U.11 The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain.

13. What causes the human heart to increase it rate of beating? (Slide 27)

14. Other then gas concentrations in the blood is there any other way to increase a human’s heart rate? (Slide 28)

15. Outline the cardiac cycle. (Slides 29-31)

6.2 A.2 Pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle

16. When is ventricular pressure highest? (Slide 33)

6.2 A3 Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries. 6.3 A1 Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary

17. Outline a cause for a blocked artery? Outline the result of a blocked coronary artery? (Slide 34)

Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease (Slide 36)

Family history of high cholesterol/blood pressure

Age

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Increases in fat intake lead to higher levels of cholesterol and increase formation of plaque

Exercise

Increase in blood pressure which leads to increase plaque formation in the arteries

1. What is a ventilation system needed for in lining organisms (Slides 40-41)

6.3 U.4 Air is carried to the lungs in the trachea and bronchi and then to the alveoli in bronchioles.

2 a. Label this diagram of the human ventilation system. (Slides 44-46)

a. Trachea

b.

c.

d.

e.

2 b. Draw and label a magnified alveolus next to human ventilation system

3. Define the following:

Ventilation Movement of air into and out of the lungs. (1)Gas exchangeCell respiration

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DeoxygenatedOxygenated

4. Explain the need for ventilation in humans.

Size Humans are large, land-based organisms that cannot exchange gas sufficiently with the air through diffusion alone. A central ventilation system allows gases to be exchanged with the blood and carried around the body to the cells that require it.

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Concentration gradient

5. Deduce the number of membranes an oxygen molecule must pass through in order to enter an erythrocyte.

6. Label the features of the alveoli and describe how they are adapted for their function.

a.

b. Many invaginations and millions of alveoli – large surface area

c. Moist membranes.

d. Membranes only one cell thick.

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7. Label this diagram of the human ventilation system.

f. Trachea

g.

h.

i.

j.

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8. Explain the method of ventilation of the lungs.

Feature Inhalation ExhalationExternal intercostal muscles

Contract, pulling ribcage up and out.

Internal intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

Abdominal muscles

Lung volume

Pressure in lungs Decreases, sucking air into the lungs.

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6.3 Immune System

https://www.slideshare.net/smullen57/immune-system-hl-127908575

1. Define pathogen (Slide 6)

2. Outline one example of an infection by each of the following types of pathogens: (Slide 6)

Type of pathogen BACTERIA VIRUS FUNGI PROTOZOA

Example disease E. Coli

Description Thread-like particles that reproduce by taking over living cell

Human diseases caused by pathogen

Ringworm, athlete’s foot, poisoning

Malaria, Diarrhea, sleeping sickness

Methods of Disease Transmission (Slide 11)Method of transmission Example Type

Droplets in airFood Food Poisoning

Mosquito Malaria

Sexual Sexual intercourse PolioTouch Skin or saliva

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3. Immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. (Slide 11)

Nonspecific defense mechanisms Specific defense mechanismsFirst Line of Defense Second Line of Defense Third Line of Defense

4. Your immune System: Natural Born Killers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeVtPDjJBPU

a. What part of you immune system is your digestive

tract 2:40b. What is the meaning of Phagocytes 5:36c. What is an Antigen 9:00d. What are the two types of Lymphocytes 9:45

6.3 U.1 The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.

5. Label some of the primary defense provided by the 1st line of defense of the immune system (Slide 14)

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6.3 U.2 Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting. platelets. 11.1 U.2 Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.

6. Once the skin compromised (a cut) what is the body’s response? (Slide 15)

6.3 U.3 Clotting factors are released from platelets

7. Outline the clotting mechanism (Slide 16)

6.2 A.3 Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries

8. What is a cause of an occlusions in an arterial wall? (Slide 17)

6.3 A.1 Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary

9. Describe the consequences of deposits building up on arteries. (Slide 17)

6.3 U.5 Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

10. Outline the role Phagocytic cell play in the 2nd line defense of the immune system (Slides 18-19)

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6.5 Neurons and Synapse

https://www.slideshare.net/smullen57/65-neurons-and-synapses-131687642

6.1 Neurons transmit electrical impulses4. Define the types of nerve cells (Slides 4-5)

5. State the name each of the labeled structures of this motor neuron. (Slide 6)

A = Dendrite

B =

C=

D =

E =

F =

6. What are three things a functioning nerve cell need to do to transmitted a signal? (Slide 7)

6.5 U.1 Neurons transmit electrical impulses 6.5 U.3 Neurons pump sodium and potassium ions across their membranes to generate a resting potential

4.  Video 1 Resting     Membrane     Potential video clip     (3:44  min)

5. Outline the 3 steps in the transmission of a signal from a nerve cell. (Slide 7)

6. At resting potential what is the overall charge inside the nevre cell? (Slide 10)

7. How is the overall negative chage of the nerve cell achieved? (Slides 11-12)

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8. Describe how the nerve cell changes upon recieveing a stimulus? (Slide 14)

  9. Video 2 Edpuzzle: Action     Potentials     2     Voltage-Gated     Ion     Channels     (4:27     min)

6.5 U.4 An action potential consists of depolarization and repolarization of the neuron.

6.5 U.6 Propagation of nerve impulses is the result of local currents that cause each successive part of the axon to reach the threshold potential.

7. What are the ions and charge inside and outside of a resting nerve cell? (Slide 9)

8. What it the charge of a nerve cell at resting potential? (Slide 11)

9. Outline how a nerve impulse travels. (Slides 13-17)

10. Describe how a nerve cell re-sets itself back to resting potential. (Slide 21)

11. Explain the significance of the labeled features of this graph, showing an action potential. (Slide 23)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6

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12. Compare resting potential and action potentials.

Resting potential Action potential

Also known as… -polarization - polarization

Internal potential is… (positive/ negative)

Sodium ions are…Potassium ions are…

6.5 U.2 The myelination of nerve fibers allows for saltatory conduction. 6.5 U.5 Nerve impulses are action potentials propagated along the axons of neurons.

13. Distingue between myelination conduction and saltatory conduction (Slides 27-28)

14. Label the diagram below (include the direction of the charge). (Slides 27-28)

6.5 U.7 Synapses are junctions between neurons and between neurons and receptor or effector cells.

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6.5 U.8 When presynaptic neurons are depolarized they release a neurotransmitter into the synapse.

15. Label these features of the synapse. (Slide 32)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

6.5 U.9 A nerve impulse is only initiated if the threshold potential is reached.

16. Explain the process of synaptic transmission, referring to all of the labeled structures above. (Slide 34)

Nerve impulse reaches terminal end of pre-synaptic neuron Depolarization: causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open

6.5 A.1 Secretion and reabsorption of acetylcholine by neurons at synapses.

17. Outline the transmission of a nerve signal from one nerve cell to another using Acetylcholine (Slide 34)

6.5 A.2 Blocking of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses in insects by binding of neonicotinoid pesticides to acetylcholine receptors.

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18. Describe Neonicotinoids and their uses? (Slide 35)

19. Death of the Bees Explained video questions a. What has been the calculated loss of the honey bee? 1:00b. List several causes for Colony collapse. 1:30c. Neonicotinoids are an alternative to what chemical? 3:10d. What percentage of corn crops were sprayed with neonicotinoids? 3:35e. What are some of the result on the bees to the pesticide? 4:05