Human Populations Human Populations Pt IIPt IIThe development of social groupsThe development of social groups

Clues to Social Clues to Social DevelopmentDevelopment

Prehistoric Plant and Animal remains gives clues to:Prehistoric Plant and Animal remains gives clues to: Hunting and gathering customsHunting and gathering customs Agriculture and livestock practicesAgriculture and livestock practices Dietary PreferencesDietary Preferences

From these clues we can:From these clues we can: Learn how they lived together sociallyLearn how they lived together socially Learn how they altered the environment through Learn how they altered the environment through

agriculture and foragingagriculture and foraging Learn what helped cause extinction of plants and animalsLearn what helped cause extinction of plants and animals

Hunting and GatheringHunting and Gathering From the beginning of man until From the beginning of man until

12,000 years ago, man hunted, 12,000 years ago, man hunted, foraged and scavengedforaged and scavenged These hunter-gatherer communities killed These hunter-gatherer communities killed

off many species of plant and animaloff many species of plant and animal These groups were usually nomadsThese groups were usually nomads

Roamed from place to placeRoamed from place to place Experts at using the lands resources and Experts at using the lands resources and

locating food/waterlocating food/water Moved on when food ran outMoved on when food ran out

Some people still live this waySome people still live this way Ex: Kalahari BushmenEx: Kalahari Bushmen

Fire:Fire: Allowed these people to live in cold areasAllowed these people to live in cold areas Eat food previously inedible and preserve Eat food previously inedible and preserve

foodfood

ToolsTools

First tools made by AustralopithecinesFirst tools made by Australopithecines Rocks used to dig up roots and crack open animal bonesRocks used to dig up roots and crack open animal bones

Early tools made out of stone with flakes chipped offEarly tools made out of stone with flakes chipped off Used as knives or spear headsUsed as knives or spear heads

Other tools included sticks to probe for insects, heavy Other tools included sticks to probe for insects, heavy stones for battering and large sticks as weapons, animal stones for battering and large sticks as weapons, animal bones and hornsbones and horns

-Bones and horns were used to make fish hooks, buttons -Bones and horns were used to make fish hooks, buttons and sewing needlesand sewing needles

PotteryPottery Pottery are objects made from clayPottery are objects made from clay

Learned to make these by seeing baked Learned to make these by seeing baked or burned clay soilor burned clay soil

11stst pottery made from hollowed lumps pottery made from hollowed lumps of clay which were bakedof clay which were baked

Later came clay mixed with straw to Later came clay mixed with straw to make it less brittlemake it less brittle

Allowed for cooking and storing of Allowed for cooking and storing of foodfood Breads, soups and stews added to Breads, soups and stews added to

human diethuman diet Buying and selling of goods made Buying and selling of goods made

possible with potterypossible with pottery Pottery started modern commercePottery started modern commerce

Domestication of Plants Domestication of Plants and Animalsand Animals

Agriculture started ~10,000 years ago in Agriculture started ~10,000 years ago in Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia

Within 2,000 years, using animals and Within 2,000 years, using animals and plants for domestic reasons was plants for domestic reasons was practiced from Greece to Pakistanpracticed from Greece to Pakistan

Farming and livestock breeding allowed Farming and livestock breeding allowed civilizations and economy to begincivilizations and economy to begin Sumeria, Egypt, Rome and GreeceSumeria, Egypt, Rome and Greece

Agriculture: Seed CropsAgriculture: Seed Crops Seed crops came firstSeed crops came first Planting occurred were Planting occurred were

harvesting was easiestharvesting was easiest Crops most plantedCrops most planted

GrassesGrasses WheatWheat RyeRye BarleyBarley CornCorn RiceRice

These crops grew well and These crops grew well and were nutritionally valuablewere nutritionally valuable

Other crops included:Other crops included: Squash, root crops, grapesSquash, root crops, grapes

Agriculture: Rain ForestsAgriculture: Rain Forests Rainforests have nutrient Rainforests have nutrient

poor soilpoor soil To make room for crops, To make room for crops,

sections of forest were sections of forest were burned downburned down The ashes mixed with the The ashes mixed with the

soil making it fertilesoil making it fertile Only a few harvests could Only a few harvests could

take place before the soil take place before the soil was no goodwas no good Farmers moved on when Farmers moved on when

soil was used upsoil was used up Still practiced in some Still practiced in some

rain forests around the rain forests around the worldworld

Agriculture: WoodlandsAgriculture: Woodlands The soils is very fertile in The soils is very fertile in

woodlandswoodlands Trees were cleared out and soil Trees were cleared out and soil

used for various cropsused for various crops The invention of the Plow The invention of the Plow

increased productivityincreased productivity Plows cut up, lift and turn over soilPlows cut up, lift and turn over soil

The plow was a huge development The plow was a huge development and began modern technologyand began modern technology Allowed creation of more foodAllowed creation of more food Humans became less dependent on Humans became less dependent on

nature and able to alter the nature and able to alter the environment for themselvesenvironment for themselves

Humans began to learn trades, arts Humans began to learn trades, arts and science because they worked and science because they worked in the fields lessin the fields less

The plow leads to new The plow leads to new advancesadvances

As populations grew due to more food, interest in As populations grew due to more food, interest in other areas grewother areas grew Ex: Arts, sciences and tradesEx: Arts, sciences and trades

Larger populations mean more needs for timber Larger populations mean more needs for timber and mineralsand minerals Some early civilizations may have fallen because of Some early civilizations may have fallen because of

overuse of some of these materialsoveruse of some of these materials Domestication of animals and plants occurred to Domestication of animals and plants occurred to

cope with growing human needscope with growing human needs Ex: Wolves scavenged human kills and eventually were Ex: Wolves scavenged human kills and eventually were

domesticated into modern dogsdomesticated into modern dogs Ex 2: Pigs and wild birds were bred for food in AsiaEx 2: Pigs and wild birds were bred for food in Asia Ex 3: Sheep, cattle and goats were used for food and to Ex 3: Sheep, cattle and goats were used for food and to

help with agriculture labor such as plowinghelp with agriculture labor such as plowing

Impact of DomesticationImpact of Domestication Once domesticated, uses for Once domesticated, uses for

plants and animals went beyond plants and animals went beyond food and clothingfood and clothing

Selective breeding allowed Selective breeding allowed humans to pick and choose traits humans to pick and choose traits they wanted the mostthey wanted the most Ex: Milk production in cows, disease Ex: Milk production in cows, disease

resistant plants for food, strength in resistant plants for food, strength in livestocklivestock

Increased productivity allowed Increased productivity allowed populations to expandpopulations to expand

More people learned trades and More people learned trades and craftscrafts Cities were born with commerce, Cities were born with commerce,

trade, government and religiontrade, government and religion

QuestionsQuestions1.1. Give two examples of hominid artifacts.Give two examples of hominid artifacts.

2.2. What animals were probably the first to What animals were probably the first to be domesticated by humans?be domesticated by humans?

3.3. What are tools? What did the first ones What are tools? What did the first ones look like?look like?

4.4. Where do scientists think hominids Where do scientists think hominids originated? originated?

5.5. How did standing upright help humans How did standing upright help humans advance?advance?