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Human Relationship TheoriesDien Anshari, S.Sos., M.Si.School of Public HealthUniversity of Indonesia
1.Attraction theory
2.Social penetration theory
3.Social exchange
Attraction Theory
Attraction
theory
People form
relationships on
the basis of four
major factors:
Similarity: people like those who are
similar to them in nationality, race,
abilities, physical characteristics,
intelligence and attitudes (Pornpitakpan,
2003).
Proximity: people attract to others in
physical closeness.
Reinforcement: people attract to others
who give rewards or reinforcements.
Physical attractiveness and
personality: it is easier to like someone
that is physically and personally attractive.
Social Penetration Theory
Social penetration theory
A theory of what happens when relationships do
develop. This theory describes relationships in terms
of the number of topics that people talk about and their
degree of “personalness” (Altman & Taylor, 1973):
The breadth of a relationship: the number
of topics you and your partner talk about.
The depth of a relationship: the degree to
which you penetrate the inner personality
of the other individual.
Social Exchange Theory Social Exchange Theory
• This theory explains social change and
stability as a process of negotiated
exchanges between parties.
• all human relationships are formed by the
use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis
and the comparison of alternatives.
• For example, when a person perceives the
costs of a relationship as outweighing the
perceived benefits, then the theory
predicts that the person will choose to
leave the relationship.
What is Social Exchange theory?
Social Exchange theory explains how we feel
about a relationship with another person as
depending on our perceptions of:
� The balance between what we put into
the relationship and what we get out of
it.
� The kind of relationship we deserve.
� The chances of having a better
relationship with someone else.
What is Social Exchange theory?
Gambaran pertukaran
Thibault & Kelley (1952) mengemukakan
hal-hal yang menyebabkan pertukaran
adalah Rewards (ganjaran), Cost (biaya),
Outcome (hasil), Comparison Level
(pembanding) & CL alternatif.
� Outcome = Rewards – Cost
� Rewards > Cost = Outcome > CL > CLalt
Gambaran kepuasan, stabilitas &
dependensi
1. Outcome > CL > CLalt
2. Outcome > CLalt > CL
3. CLalt > Outcome > CL
4. CLalt > CL > Outcome
5. CL > CLalt > Outcome
6. CL > Outcome > CLalt
Referensi
Richard Nelson-Jones. 2006. Human Relationship Skills.
Routledge.
Joseph DeVito. (2004). Fundamentals of human
communication. McGraw-Hill, Inc.