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A Key question:
Is Human Security a Political Concept or a Humanitarian
Concept ?
NGOs in Afghanistan
Afghanistan: A Call for Security
June 17, 2003
We the undersigned humanitarian, human rights, civil society and conflict prevention organizations call
on the international community to accord NATO a robust stabilization mandate in Afghanistan. This
mandate should include the expansion of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to key locations and major transport routes outside of Kabul and the active support for a comprehensive program of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of
all militia forces outside the control of the central government. Current efforts to train representative, professional Afghan national security forces must be
accelerated.
NATO & Humanitarian Interventions
A humanitarian intervention is an armed intervention in another state, without the
agreement of that state, to address (the threat of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular
caused by grave and large-scale violations of fundamental human rights.
This definition was adopted by a NATO seminar in
Scheveningen on the topic in November 1999.
Who are the Actors
Belligerants
States
UN General Assembly
UN Security Council
Private companies
USAID
ECHO
Medias
Human rights organisations
National Societies of RC/RC
UNHCR
UNICEF
WHO
NGOs
ICRCP
olitical Hu
man
itarian
Human Security and the Concept of Humanitarian & Political Frameworks
Based on:. Principles. Law. Means
• Humanity
• Impartiality
• Neutrality
• Independence
• Proportionality to needs
• No political interests
• No economic interests
Humanitarian Framework
• Long term commitment
• Consent from the Parties
• Humanity
• Impartiality
• Neutrality
• Independence
• Proportionality to needs
• Possible political interests
• Possible economic interests
Political Framework
• Consent from the Parties: Y or N
International Humanitarian
Law
Human Right Law
Refugee Law
International Humanitarian
Law
Human Right Law
Refugee Law
Charter of United Nations
(Chapter 7)
Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations
Political agreements
between States
NATO Resolutions
Humanitarian Framework
Political Framework
Legal Framework
Human SecurityAffected
Population
Diplomatic means
Use of Armed forces
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Humanitarian Framework
Political Framework
Means of Actions
Human SecurityAffected
Population
Definition of a Humanitarian Framework
Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to needs
IHL, HR Law
Diplomatic means
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Human SecurityAffected
Population
Definition of a Political Framework
UN res. NATO Res. …. IHL, HR Law
Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to needs
Political interests
Economic interests
Long term commitment
Consent from the Parties
Diplomatic means
Use of Armed forces
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Human SecurityAffected
Population
Hu
ma
nit
y
Im
pa
rtia
lity
Ne
utr
ali
ty
In
de
pe
nd
en
ce
Pro
po
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na
lity
to
n
ee
ds
IHL
, H
R L
aw
Dip
lom
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c m
ea
ns
Lo
gis
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me
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s
Le
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ea
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Me
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s
Fin
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ea
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Ec
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Human SecurityAffected
Population
UN
res. NA
TO
Res. …
. IH
L, H
R L
aw
Hu
man
ity
Imp
artiality
Neu
trality
Ind
epen
den
ce
Pro
po
rtion
ality to n
eeds
Po
litical interests
Eco
no
mic in
terests
Lo
ng
term co
mm
itmen
t
Co
nsen
t from
the
Parties
Dip
lom
atic
mean
s
Use o
f Arm
ed
forc
es
Lo
gis
tic m
eans
Leg
al Mean
s
Med
ia mea
ns
Fin
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Eco
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s
Definition – ECHO 2002The aim of humanitarian aid is to provide help to people in third
countries, who have been victims of natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, droughts, hurricanes), or man-made disasters (wars, conflicts,
outbreaks of fighting) or structural crises (severe political, economic or social breakdowns). The focus is mainly on providing goods and services
(e.g. food supplies, medicine, vaccinations, water conveyance, psychological support, minesweeping, clothes, shelter, rehabilitation). The
aid is also preventive (planting of trees to counter floods, etc.). Its sole aim is to prevent or relieve human suffering. This assistance is directed
mainly towards vulnerable people and, as a priority, to those in developing countries. A key point is that it is accorded to victims without
discrimination on the grounds of race, religion, sex, age, nationality or political affiliation. Humanitarian aid decisions are to be taken
impartially and solely according to the victims' needs and interests. As a result, there are no criteria or conditions for the aid, which is non-
refundable.
Definition – NATOA humanitarian intervention is an armed intervention in another state,
without the agreement of that state, to address (the threat of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular caused by grave and large-scale
violations of fundamental human rights.
This definition was adopted by a NATO seminar in Scheveningen on the topic in November 1999. The key aspects of this definition are related to sovereignty and human rights. Firstly, for an action to be intervention,
sovereignty of the state being intervened in must be breached. Under this definition, INTERFET action in East Timor, while motivated by
humanitarian concerns, was not an intervention as the action was undertaken with the consent of the Indonesian government (questions of the power of that government to enforce the decision aside). Secondly, for
an intervention to be humanitarian, the desire to address violations of human rights should be the driving force in the intervention decision
CSS Strategic Briefing Papers - Volume 3; Part 1; June 2000 -ISSN 1175-1452 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION:
DEFINITIONS AND CRITERIA
Criteria – NATOCriteria for Humanitarian Intervention 1. The threat or occurrence of grave and large-scale violations of human rights.2. Clear and objective evidence of such a threat or occurrence.3. The government of the state is unwilling or unable to take remedial action.4. There is clear urgency.5. The use of force should be the last resort.6. The purpose is clearly explained to publics and the international community.7. The purpose is limited to stopping the human rights abuses.8. The action is supported by those for whom it is intended.9. There is support of regional states.10. There should be a high probability of success.11. There should be a mapped-out transition to post-conflict peace building.12. The use of force should be proportionate to achieving these goals.13. International law on the conduct of war should be followed during the action.
Definition – NIC
US National Intelligence Council - 2002
"Humanitarian emergencies" are defined as situations in which at least 300,000 civilians require international
humanitarian assistance to avoid serious malnutrition or death. Our definition includes those situations in which
people need protection in order to facilitate access to humanitarian aid.
Humanitarian action is significantly more than the delivery of relief goods. Humanitarian principles stress the primacy of action to address human suffering and
the right of civilians under international law to be protected from discrimination, violence, torture, and other serious violations of human rights; they also
stress the right of civilians to receive, in exceptional circumstances, material assistance necessary for their survival. Independence, impartiality, and neutrality are
central to achieving these goals and must be respected during humanitarian operations in conflict areas such as the former Yugoslavia and Somalia.
Toward Cooperation Between Humanitarian Aid
And Military Forces
Sergio Vieira de Mello
Director of Policy Planning and Operations, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (1995)
Definition of Humanitarian Interventions The term humanitarian in the notion of humanitarian
interventions is itself open to a whole spectrum of interpretations. The broadest ones includes any form of
interventions against any form of human suffering, whether caused by flood, famine, war, civil conflict, or tyranny. The narrowest ones implies staying away from the political and
the military dimensions, from states and coercion together. It postulates that an interventions ceases to be humanitarian if its motives include a selfish calculus of economic or strategic
interests, or if its means or consequences lead it to choose sides, to be selective among its beneficiairies, or, even worse,
to threaten or inflict suffering or death in the name of protection and peace
Hassner P. Hard Choice (1998) – From War and Peace to Violence and Intervention
Activities
What are the criteria to define a « humanitarian Activity » ?
To stop Violations: UN
• Coercitive diplomaty
• Peacekeeping
• Peace enforcement
Integrity
Substitution to services
which normally are supposed to
protect people
Actors
What are the criteria to define a humanitarian actor ?
Médecine Humanitaire
Actors & Activity
Actor
Activity
Political Field
Humanitarian Field
X
The fundamental objectives of humanitarian action is to alleviate suffering and save lives.
Definition of Humanitarian intervention
Ideally humanitarian action should also be free of particularistic and political considerations of the parties involved and of the aid donors.
Humanitarian action focuses on people and is based on rights.