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© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking
& Modern Day
Slavery
Cleveland Police
Headquarters
5 September 2014
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Welcome &
Introduction
Barry Coppinger Cleveland Police and Crime Commissioner
Vera Baird QC Northumbria Police and Crime Commissioner
Alan Reiss Durham Police & Crime Commissioner Chief of Staff
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Setting the Scene
Allan Doherty Hope for Justice
Hope for Justice
Hope for Justice is a charitable organisation that exists to see the end of human
trafficking and slavery in the UK, in our generation.
What is Human Trafficking?
3 Elements • The Act, what is done, i.e. recruitment, transportation,
harbouring or receipt of persons
• The Means, how it’s done, i.e. threats or use of force, coercion, abduction, deception or abuse of power
• The Purpose why it’s done, i.e. the type of exploitation
Types of Trafficking
• Sexual Exploitation
• Forced Labour
• Domestic Servitude
• Criminal Activity
• Organ Harvesting
Types of Trafficking
Nationality of Victims
UKHTC: National Referral Mechanism Statistics 2013
General Indicators Signs of being controlled including:
• Being fearful of police/authorities
• Being fearful of the trafficker, believing their lives or family members’ lives are at risk if they escape
• Exhibit signs of physical and psychological trauma e.g. anxiety, lack of memory of recent events, bruising, untreated conditions
• Be fearful of telling others about their situation
• Be unaware they have been trafficked
General Indicators
• Have limited freedom of movement
• Be unpaid or paid very little
• Have limited access to medical and dental care
• Seem to be in debt to someone
• Have no passport/ID documents or someone else is holding them
• Be regularly moved to avoid detection
• Be controlled by use of witchcraft e.g. Ju Ju
• Identifies victims
• Ensures victims receive appropriate support and protection
• Allows the collection of statistics
• Provides a 45 day reflection and recovery period
National Referral Mechanism
National Referral Mechanism
To be referred into the NRM, potential victims must be referred by an authorised agency,
known as the ‘first responder’,
to a ‘competent authority’.
First Responders • Police forces • UK Border Force • Home Office Immigration and Visas • Gangmasters Licensing Authority • Local Authorities • Health and Social Care Trusts (Northern Ireland) • Specific NGOs
– The Salvation Army – Poppy Project – Migrant Help – Medaille Trust – Kalayaan – Barnados – Unseen – TARA Project (Scotland) – NSPCC (CTAC) – BAWSO – New Pathways
Competent Authorities in the UK
• The UK Human Trafficking Centre
– Deals with referrals from the police, local authorities, and NGOs
• The Home Office Immigration and Visas
– Deals with referrals identified as part of the immigration process, e.g. where trafficking may be an issue as part of an asylum claim
How can Hope for Justice help ?
A charitable organisation with four aims:
• Investigate and Rescue victims
• Assist Aftercare from victim to survivor to overcomer
• Perpetrator Accountability, criminal or civil
• Campaign, Raise awareness and Train front line professionals
Since 2013 Hope for Justice
Directly Rescued
83 victims victims
Assisted
143
Operation Angelstoke
• Multi-agency partner operation
• Pre-planned
• Victim reception centre
• Hope for Justice engaged with victims who were unwilling to cooperate with police
• Hope for Justice provided assistance with entering the victims into the NRM
Convictions
»
2013 2014
1 trafficker convicted for forced labour
2 traffickers convicted for exploitation into and within the UK
Orsos Illes 5 years 3 years
Training
So far in 2014, Hope for Justice has trained 939 professionals how to spot the signs of human trafficking, including:
- 280 who work for NGOs
- 357 who work for local authorities
- 292 police
West Yorkshire PCC funding
• Hope for Justice won a bid from the Ministry of Justice via West Yorkshire PCC
• Committed to training over 3000 Police and Local Authority and NGO professionals within West Yorkshire this financial year
• Anti-trafficking Network
• Purpose Project
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking &
Modern Day Slavery:
The International
Perspective
Judith Kirton-Darling
MEP
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking &
Modern Day Slavery:
The National Perspective
Liam Vernon UK Human Trafficking Centre
Organised Crime Command
National Crime Agency
OFFICIAL
Modern Slavery
UK National Perspective
Liam Vernon
UK Human Trafficking Centre
5th September 2014
OFFICIAL
SUMMARY
• UK Modern Slavery threats
• UK national response
• EU threats
• EU law enforcement response
OFFICIAL
Current Victim Trends - UK
• Nigeria – mostly females for sex exploitation and girls for domestic servitude
• Vietnam – boys for labour exploitation and females for sex exploitation
• China – adult labour exploitation and adult female sex exploitation
• Romania –men for labour, children for labour and women for sex exploitation
• Poland - men for labour, children for criminal exploitation
• Lithuania – men for labour
• Slovakia – men for labour, children for criminal exploitation
• Hungary – men for labour
• Czech Rep – men for labour, women for sex
• UK – girls for sexual exploitation and men for labour
OFFICIAL
Labour exploitation - UK
National Crime Agency find that:
• Reported victims for labour exploitation exceeded those for sexual exploitation in the last six months
• Key source countries include UK, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Romania, Lithuania and Hungary
• Sectors include agriculture, factories, food processing, construction, domestic work, fisheries, car washes
• Good practice developed with multi-agency victim reception centres
OFFICIAL
UK national response
• Modern Slavery Bill – new powers, Commissioner
• Modern Slavery Strategic Plan – launch Autumn 2014
• Ministerial led Stakeholder Group » IDMG
• Minister monthly meeting
• NRM review – to report Autumn 2014
• E&W adult victim care contract – for 2015
• Strategic Governance Group – OIC & Modern Slavery
• Modern Slavery – A High Priority threat
* Scotland and Northern Ireland participate in these or have similar arrangements
OFFICIAL
Modern Slavery Threat Group
• Framework of Pursue, Prevent, Protect and Prepare
• Coordinated by NCA, reports to National LE Leaders
• Focus is on OC and National Control Strategy
• Is multi-disciplinary: LEA/Gov’t/ NGO/Academia
• Activity against key objectives in Strategic Action Plan
• Reports through a key threat narrative to the quarterly Threat Group – Chaired by Mr Pennant and CC Sawyer
• Modern Slavery – A High Priority threat
OFFICIAL
Modern Slavery Threat Group
• Operational objectives for the group include:
1. Increased intelligence sharing to disrupt OCG’s
2. Activity in priority source countries to reduce threat
3. Identify and disrupt OCG’s
4. Identify and disrupt cases of child trafficking
5. Improve awareness of trafficking for labour exploitation
6. Target criminal finances
7. Identify and share best practice of investigations
OFFICIAL
NCA Support to Regions
• Each ROCU has an NCA Coordinator and team
• Partnerships at senior level – Director Force Intelligence
• Link in to wider NCA resources through tasking
• Oversee all high priority crime groups including Modern Slavery
• Intelligence support – Intelligence Hub assessments – UKHTC intelligence disseminations - operations
• Operations – link for developing cases and common action days
• Provision of specialist and NCA niche capabilities to tackle the criminal groups involved in Modern Slavery
OFFICIAL
NCA Support to Forces
• Specialist support from OC Command – UKHTC
1. 24/7 Tactical advice – shared with Force SPOC
2. NRM case management EEA nationals
3. Intelligence development – disruptive/investigative and duty of care cases identified and disseminated
4. Thematic and trend assessment products each quarter
5. Development/ sharing of best practice to National Policing Lead and front line staff
• OC Command has Strategic lead for Modern Slavery in NCA
OFFICIAL
THB threats in the EU
Europol find that: • Levels of intra-EU trafficking are escalating
• OCG’s are flexible and adapt to changes in legislation and
law enforcement tactics
• The number of cross-border investigations should be increased
• THB remains low risk and high profitability
OFFICIAL
Labour exploitation - EU
Europol find that: • THB serves well established criminal markets and
businesses involved in labour exploitation in the EU
• Sexual exploitation is reported more than labour exploitation
• The exploitation of social welfare systems is linked to labour exploitation
• Legal business structures are used by OCG’s
• Source countries include Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine
OFFICIAL
EU Policy cycle 2014-2017
• Under Lisbon Treaty – In 2010 Justice and Home affairs Council implemented a new model and policy cycle to tackle serious and organised crime: named EMPACT
• A pilot phase ran from 2011-2013 and from 2014-2017 a new strategic cycle instigated
• THB is 1 of 12 EU organised crime threats – taken from Europol serious organised crime threat assessment 2013
• Led by UK and Netherlands involving 23 other EU MS, Switzerland, Europol, Eurojust, EC, Frontex, CEPOL, Interpol and EEAS.
OFFICIAL
EU Policy cycle 2014-2017
It’s key features are:
• EU Serious Organised Crime Threat assessment (SOCTA) developed by Europol to identify the threats
• Intelligence-led and targeted approach to crime control
• Focus on the identification, analysis and ‘management’ of persisting and developing ‘problems’ or ‘risks’
• Partnership approach across MS, EU agencies, 3rd countries and public/ private
• Proactive and reactive measures
• 4 year Multi-Annual strategic Plan (MASP) adopted by COSI
• MS and EU agencies convert this into a Operational Action Plan for each priority
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking &
Modern Day Slavery:
The Local Perspectives
Detective Superintendent
Paul Goundry Durham Constabulary
Human Trafficking &
Modern Day Slavery
Where are we in County Durham ?
D/Superintendent Paul Goundry
Child and adult victims
• Forced Labour
• Sexual Exploitation
•Domestic Servitude
• Begging/stealing
•Organ harvesting
• Benefit fraud
January 2014
Durham Constabulary submitted the required data return to ACPO for intelligence in regard to Modern day Slavery and trafficking for April 2012 to December 2013.
Classifications Labour
Exploitation Sexual
Exploitation Domestic
Servitude Forced
Marriage Organ
Harvesting
Intelligence: (Number of)
Mapped OCGs: 1 2 0 0 0
Intelligence Development
Operations/Intelligence Cells: 0 0 0 2 0
Intelligence Submissions: 12 18 0 5 0
Subject / Problem Profiles Created:
(Please specify a point of contact
where appropriate) 0 3 0 0 0
Additional Comments: (Please expand or attach further details if required)
For Example - issues around details, intelligence gaps, Source Information and recognition as Human Trafficking Intelligence. D/Supt Goundry , Safeguarding Unit,
lead for all above issues. Further CSE profiles to be completed April 2014 in conjunction with Missing & Exploited Group, coordinator Helen Murphy. CEOP On & Offline profiles completed 2013, plus one further area specific analysis. CSE Profiles
highlighted no links to modern slavery or trafficking.
Performance: (Number of)
Reported Incidents: (Are any of these incidents linked?)
0 0 0 3 0
Reported Crimes:* (Please include a breakdown in crime classification where possible)
0 0 0 0 0
Charges: 0 0 0 0 0 Brought to Justice Outcomes: 0 0 0 0 0
NRM Referrals Made: (National Referral Mechanism) 0 0 0 0 0
Intelligence
But what do we know 2014
• Detailed CSE Profile Produced
• Dozens of Car Washes often with transient
workers,
• Growing Trend in Nail Bars.
• Cannabis Grows found weekly
• Six Companies registered as Gangmasters in
County Durham
Escort or Exploited
AGE LOCATION INCALLS OUTCALLS UNPROTECTED
22 Darlington Yes No Yes 23 Darlington Yes No Yes 22 Darlington Yes No No 20 Darlington Yes No No
28 North Road, Darlington Yes No No
22 Darlington Yes No No 21 Darlington Yes No Yes 29 Darlington Yes No No 25 Darlington Yes No Yes 30 Darlington Yes Yes No
42 Darlington Yes Yes No 26 Darlington No Yes No
33
Darlington
Teeside
Sunderland Newcastle No Yes No
25 Co. Durham Darlington No Yes No
35 Darlington Yes Yes No 34 Richmond Yes Yes No 19 Darlington Yes Yes No 21 Darlington No Yes No
23 Newcastle Darlington No Yes No
AGE LOCATION INCALLS OUTCALLS UNPROTECTED
22
Darlington, Durham
Bishop Auckland, Middlesbrough No Yes No
27 Darlington No Yes No 27 Darlington No Yes No
33 Co. Durham Darlington Yes No No
19 Darlington No Yes No 41 Darlington Yes Yes No 40 North East Yes Yes No 27 Darlington Yes Yes No 25 Darlington Yes Yes No 22 Darlington Yes Yes No 31 Darlington Yes Yes No
24 Darlington No Yes No
35 Bishop Auckland Darlington Yes Yes No
58 Darlington No Yes No 20 Darlington No Yes No
The Way Forward
• Governance
• Clear Marker on our command and control
systems and Intelligence to ID our HD&MDS
and understand the full picture.
• Pro-active in understanding the labour
market where links to slavery have been
seen elsewhere
• Work more closely with GLA and use their
expertise.
The Way Forward
• Strengthen Liaison with Health/Third Sector
to work alongside and with Escorts and
workers in the sex industry.
• Communication plan and training to raise
awareness in Police Front line.
• Ncalt E-Learning compulsory.
• Appoint Senior Officer as Force Lead
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking &
Modern Day Slavery:
The Local Perspectives
Superintendent
Alastair Simpson Cleveland Police
‘Human Trafficking and
domestic servitude – the local
picture’
Superintendent Alastair Simpson
Cleveland Police
A victim’s story
At the age of 16 the victim, an orphan, was sent by
his foster parents to Russia from his home in
Vietnam. He stayed in Russia for 6 years, working
in a restaurant. He was then told he was coming to
the UK, which he was happy about. He travelled to
the UK in a truck with a number of others, in a
journey that lasted several days, arriving in London
in August 2013.
A victim’s story
He was taken to a restaurant and worked as a
waiter and pot washer, and went on to work at a
clothes factory. He was given accommodation but
never paid any money. In May 2014, he was taken
from London to a house in the Cleveland area. He
was given some food and told to look after some
(cannabis) plants. He didn’t leave as he had been
threatened and was told he still owed money to the
males who took him there.
Statistics
3 referrals to UKHTC in 2014
13 pieces of intelligence suggesting possible
involvement of victims or perpetrators in Human
Trafficking, Labour exploitation and domestic
servitude in last 12 months.
37 offences of non-familial child sexual
exploitation in 2013-14
3 arrests for internal trafficking for sexual
exploitation in 2013 (Op. Fibre).
A wider view The Cleveland area has some of the highest
deprivation levels in the country.
Unemployment levels are nearly double the
national average
The proportion of non-UK nationals within the
local population has seen a substantial increase
since 2006.
Teesport is one of the busiest container ports in
the country
In the last 12 months, over 1500 foreign
nationals from nearly 100 different countries of
origin were arrested in Cleveland.
A wider view
Organised criminal gangs have used premises
in Cleveland to run commercial cannabis farms,
using non-UK nationals as ‘farmers’.
The sexual exploitation of children and
vulnerable people takes place in this area.
93 vulnerable people are currently subject to
VEMT groups across Cleveland.
Sex workers are particularly vulnerable due to
abusive relationships, drug and alcohol
dependency
So what?
It is likely that the following aspects of
modern day slavery are taking place in our
area:
Labour exploitation
Sexual exploitation
Domestic Servitude
Internal trafficking
How would a trafficking victim
present?
Signs of self harm
Untreated or neglected injuries
Poor physical condition
Anxiety / hesitation / confusion
Passivity / Obedience – not used to making own
decisions
No ID documents or mobile phone
Can’t speak without controlling person present
Where would a trafficking
victim present?
Fast food restaurants / takeaways
Cannabis farms
Farming, fisheries and building trades
Care homes
Overcrowded housing
Misconceptions
There must be elements of restraint or
physical force.
Trafficked victims are always brought to
the country illegally
Trafficked victims are always foreign
nationals
Trafficking is only perpetrated by
sophisticated organised gangs.
Now what?
Intelligence requirement
Raising awareness
Use the National Referral Mechanism
Increase the skills of our investigators
Safeguarding board focus
Intelligence requirement
Are people being forced into labour, domestic, sexual
exploitation, forced marriage and/or criminal activity?
Who is doing this (lone offenders and/or organised
groups)?
Who are the victims and what nationality/country are
they from?
How are offenders identifying, targeting and controlling
their victims?
Where is this occurring (residential, commercial and/or
other properties and locations)?
How are people being brought into Cleveland or
transported from Cleveland?
The most important thing we can do is to
believe and help the victims of human
trafficking and domestic servitude when
they have the courage to come forward.
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking &
Modern Day Slavery:
The Local Perspectives
Detective Chief Inspector
Steve Barron Northumbria Police
© Home Office / Crown Publications
• Introduction including the impact of the Violence
Against Women And Girls delivery plan.
• Examples of human trafficking intelligence received
by Northumbria Police in the last twelve months.
• Operation Sanctuary.
www.cleveland.pcc.police.uk www.cleveland.pcc.police.uk
‘Your Force Your Voice’
• Operation Shelter - The investigation into a series
of serious sexual offences, including human
trafficking, committed against vulnerable women
and girls and occurring predominantly in the West
End of Newcastle.
• Operation Shield - The Forcewide investigation
into a series of sexual offences committed
against women and girls by taxi drivers and
bogus taxi drivers.
• Operation Jupiter - The investigation into a series
of serious sexual offences committed against
vulnerable women and girls in the
Sunderland/Wearside area.
Trafficking in persons’ shall mean the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of
persons, by means of the threat or use of force or
other forms of coercion, or abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments of benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another person, for the
purposes of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the
exploitation of the prostitution of others or other
forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or
services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or the removal of organs.
“
“
• Multiple offenders trafficking vulnerable women and girls to
dwellings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. At these
scenes multiple male offenders supply the victims with alcohol
and drugs before subjecting them to serious sexual offences.
• Children and young people are vulnerable solely due to their
age, who also may have additional influences in their lives
that increases their vulnerability have been trafficked from
various locations, including their homes or areas in the
community, and this can also include the residence identified
for them by the Local Authority if they are looked after children
• 'Lone wolf' offenders engaging/ grooming vulnerable women
and girls and then trafficking such victims to venues to be
abused as above. This method has again sometimes involved
a female facilitator encouraging/ transporting the victims.
• Full liaison with the UK Human Trafficking Centre and CEOP.
• Use of a full time, embedded children's social worker.
• Use of two dedicated adult social care workers.
• Use of SCARPA to engage with repeat missing people and those
deemed at risk of Child Sexual Exploitation.
• The Senior Investigating Officer (SIO) attending four weekly complex
case abuse meetings with partners.
• The SIO chairing weekly partnership meetings with senior managers
from Children's Services from Newcastle and Northumberland.
• Partnership working to place six particularly vulnerable victims into
secure accommodation.
• The use of a partnership strategy which ensured that every potential
victim was subject to an individual, multi agency strategy or
information sharing meeting.
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Gangmasters
Licensing
Authority
Paul Broadbent Chief Executive
Gangmasters Licensing Authority
Human Trafficking
& Modern Slavery
Paul Broadbent
CEO
• Working in partnership to protect vulnerable and exploited workers
Slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory
labour – Modern Slavery Act 2014
• holds another person in slavery or servitude and
the circumstances are such that the person knows
or ought to know that the other person is held in
slavery or servitude, or
• the person requires another person to perform
forced or compulsory labour and the
circumstances are such that the person knows or
ought to know that the other person is being
required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
Types of Modern Slavery
• Bonded Labour*
• Forced Labour*
• Forced Marriage
• Sexual Exploitation
• Criminal Exploitation
• Organ Harvesting
• Egg Harvesting
• Trafficking*
• Domestic Servitude*
Indicators – Power and Profit
• No or limited access to earnings or labour contract
• High dependency on employer for services – work,
transport, accommodation
• Restriction of movement/confinement to workplace
• Limited social contact
• Imposed place of accommodation
• Evidence of control including movement
• Found in/connected to known area of exploitation
• Threats against person or family
FEAR & HOPE
Scale & Nature of Problem – forced labour
• Worldwide 21 million
• Europe 880,000
• UK Temp. Workers 1.6m
• UK 3-5000
• Prevalent wherever low paid, low skilled, high
demand labour is required.
• Agriculture, food processing, cleaning, catering,
construction, car wash, care homes, charity bags,
leaflet drops
Scale & Nature of Problem 2013
• Potential victims through NRM 1,746 = 47%
increase year on year (566 Q1 – 2014)
• Victims for labour exploitation exceeds sexual
exploitation for first time 511, 141, 581
• Approx. 300 current live investigations
• Young men more than women
• Trawlers, Nail Bars, Cannabis farms,
UK Response
• Legislation – Modern Slavery Bill, NI, Scotland
• Home Secretary led Governance
• Modern Slavery Minister
• Public Commentary
• Home Office Modern Slavery Plan – victim
focussed
• National Policing Lead
• Home Office Campaign
• Migration – Illegal working - GLA
• Pockets of excellent practice
The GLA
• Who - NDPB, 68, significant risk
• What – Regulate & police provision of labour
• Where - UK
• When - 2005 onwards
• How - compliance, enforcement, consent
• Investigate, impact statement, expert witness,
stakeholder liaison
Target dismantle and disrupt serious &
organised crime/early identification of human
trafficking
Provide effective, meaningful
engagement with stakeholders thereby enhancing reputation
Work with industry to recognise & address
non compliance without formal GLA
intervention
Tackle tax evasion, HSE negligence, fraud,
breaches of employment and other
law/regulations
Maintain credible licensing scheme
creating level playing field & promoting
growth
Identify & tackle forced/bonded labour
by licensed & unlicensed
Gangmasters
Tackling
unlicensed/criminal
activity & ensuring
those licensed operate
within the law
Protecting
vulnerable
workers
Preventing
worker
exploitation
PROUD
Values &
Principles
Working in
partnership to protect
vulnerable and
exploited workers
Compliance and Enforcement
• Regulatory - 8 civil standards
• Application and compliance inspections
• 1151 licences
• Law enforcement - Criminal offences
• Power of arrest, search, seizure
• Prosecution - conviction
2005 2014
• Localised National/Multinational/International
• Immigration Migration
• Standard Complex/Sophisticated
• Exploitation Exploitation + +
rogue landlords
forced labour
bonded labour
intimidation/violence
modern slavery
Limited resources – unlimited risks
Mercedes GLA
They even named a car after us
GLA Subject Experts
• Foremost Investigation Agency
• Tactical Advice
• Entire labour market
• Expert witness, impact statements
• @UK_gla
• 0800 432 0804
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Human Trafficking
Research
Dr Evi Boukli Teesside University
Research on
Human Trafficking
Dr. Evi Boukli
Senior Lecturer in Criminology
School of Social Sciences, Business & Law
5th September 2014
Structure & Key Points
• Introduction
• Research background
• Challenges from the fieldwork
• Thinking through these challenges & need
for improving Functionality,
Communication & Cooperation (FCC)
• Recommendations
• Closing remarks
Background • Criminology, Sociology and Law
• 2002-2005 - Practical qualification working
with the Psychiatric Hospital of Athens,
Greece
• 2007 - London School of Economics, MSc
• 2008 – London School of Economics, PhD
• Trafficking in women – Greek Case Study
& Criminological theory
• 2012 - Birkbeck Law School
Focus on legislation & Greece
• UN Palermo
Protocol
• EU Anti-trafficking
Convention
• Law 3064/2002 and
PD 233/2003
Victims’ Services in the Greek
Case Study
Source:
http://www.astynomia.gr/index.php?option=ozo_content&lang=%27..%27&perform=view&id=302&Itemid=255&lang=EN
Key Challenges
• “Dark figure”
• Complex academic debates – unclear priorities
• Cooperation
• Interagency communication & synchronisation
• Functionality
• Funding
• Clear targets & publicising outcomes
• Raising public awareness
• Utilising the education system
• Incorporating human rights
• Acknowledging structural
vulnerabilities
Cooperation
• Inter-state
• Inter-agency (operational plans)
• Bilateral Agreements:
02/2006 between the Albanian & the
Greek Government aimed at assisting
Albanian children trafficked into Greece
Communication & Functionality
• Lack of knowledge & sensitisation
• Communicating objectives
• Working with/educating the public & agencies
• Ongoing engagement
• Making strategic decisions that engage the community
• Gradually acknowledging
“root causes”
Suggestions: improving FCC
• Functionality increased through academic
institutions
• Raising awareness
Awareness of gender-based violence
Awareness of structural inequalities that
influence criminality & movement
• Strengthening cooperation
with/within communities
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Young People as
Peer Supporters
Abbie Rodgers
Caitlin Boy Barnardos
© Home Office / Crown Publications
Next Steps
Barry Coppinger Cleveland Police and Crime Commissioner
Vera Baird QC Northumbria Police and Crime Commissioner
Alan Reiss Durham Police & Crime Commissioner Chief of Staff
