Humanistic Theory Final Pp

7/31/2019 Humanistic Theory Final Pp

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Humanistic Theory

The Individual and theStruggle for Meaning

Diana Frank & Jonathan Green


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Maslow, Rogers and The Development &

Significance of the Third Force

Humanistic Theory divides the history of psychology into three

forces: The First Force is behaviorism which measures human

response to stimuli.

The Second Force is psychoanalysis which says that the

unconscious mind determines conscious behavior. The Third Force is humanistic theory which is based on the

concept that human beings have an inherent value aboveand beyond their ability to be exploited.


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Carl Rogers

Was born in 1902 in OakPark, Illinois to strict Protestantparents.

He studied agriculture, thenhistory and eventually decidedto become a minister.

After taking Psychologyclasses at the Teachers Collegeof Columbia University while aseminary student, he transferredto Teachers College andstudied Psychology


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Abraham Maslows

Hierarchy of Human Needs


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Physiological Needs

The base of the pyramid is made up of the basic

human needs for existence:

Food

Water

Air

Sleep


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Safety Needs

Then come the needs for:

Security

Stability

Freedom from fear and chaos

Freedom from anxiety and threats


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Belongingness and love

Followed by the needs for Intimacy and affection

provided by:

friendship

family lover.


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Self Esteem

At the top of the pyramid are the needs for:

Self respect

Respect of others

Achievement

Attention

Appreciation


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Self Actualization

After all the previous needs are met a person strives for selfactualization.

The question now is what are the motivations of self-actualizing people, asked Maslow.

When all your physical and emotional needs are met. Whatmotivates you to you move forward as a human being?

The answer: A person discovers a mission in life and therewards of that mission.

The mission is not necessarily something theywantto dobut something theyfeel responsibilityto do.


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Approaches to Counseling

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy

Rollo Mays Existential Psychology


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Client Centered Therapy, continued

Goals: Promote the clients understanding of

their development.

Empowerment Self-directed change


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Existential Therapy

Existentialist theory stems from Humanistic style of

thought, but differs in this way:Humanists see people as basically good; existentialists seehuman nature as neutral. Whether the person becomes goodor evil is a matter of personal choice. One can decide to begood or evil. (White)

Disregard the clients past and focus on theirpresent and future choices.

Past choices can be used for reflection, butultimate goal is to experience the present.

Rollo May


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Mays Stages of Development

InnocenceThe Infant. Innocence is neutral, but has a drive to fulfillbasic needs.

Rebellion - Childhood and Adolescence. The rebel wants to be free butdoes not understand that freedom comes with responsibility.

Ordinary - Normal adult. The normal adult has learned responsibility,but avoids it and finds comfort in conforming to traditional values.

Creative - Authentic adult. The Existential stage is beyond selfactualizing. The person faces anxiety/destiny with courage.

May says that we have lost our values and need to create new ones.To help us do this we need new myths that will support us, toreplace the myths of the past that only serve to make us feelinadequate. Ex: The Horatio Alger Myth Work hard, live right

and you will achieve success.


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What is work?

Any job is mostly made up of a series of chores.

What are the great rewarding moments that makethe chores worthwhile?

The motivational life of self-actualizing people isnot only quantitatively different but also

qualitatively different from that of ordinarypeople. Maslow writes in Motivation and

Personality.

Accordingto Maslow


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What do you love about your work?

Of a lawyer he asks,where are the thrills? Where are therewarding moments?

The lawyer answers, I love the law.Then he says I love justice.

WHY?,Maslow asks.I hate when things are unfair. he says.

Why do you care?, Maslow asks.The lawyer responds, I hate injustice, Ilove justice.

The love of justice is an end value which is not a means to

an endbut a value unto itself.


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How Do We Get There?

As a therapist Carl Rogers found the best way to help a

person is: To be aware of your feelings and to be willing to

express them.To be real.

To accept the person as a separate individual.To have

respect.

To understand the persons feelings.To have empathyso they are free of judgment and free to explore.


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Finding the Capacity for Growth Within

The individual has the capacity and tendency tochange.

In a safe psychological environment the tendency tobecome self-actualized, to mature, to move forward

will be released.

This theory can be applied to all human relationships.In becoming aware of ourselves and making aconscious attempt to be real, respectful and to haveempathy for others forming a helping relationshipwith ourselveswe will be more able to formhelping relationships with others.

According to Rogers


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Eupsychian Management

In the summer of 1962, Maslow spent time at Non-

Linear Systems Inc. a manufacturer of digital electricmeasuring instruments that had never been unionized.This resulted in his Eupsychian Management Policy inwhich he applied self-actualization to the workplace.

Several assumptions are necessary for the theory to beworkable. There are 36 assumptions so I will just list afew of them.

Having a good (eu) mind (psyche) or soul


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Eupsychian Assumptions For the

Workplace orIs that how it works in your neighborhood, Chester?

Trust everyone.

Everyone knows all the facts. No hierarchical relationships.

Good will of everyone at any level. [No sociopaths at the

top. -Ed.](Cannon)

Goal of self actualization by making friends, making mistakesand learning from them.

Everyone enjoys teamwork, friendship, belonging and love.

Everyone would rather love the boss than hate him and have

respect rather than disrespect for him.


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Criticism Of Eupsychian Management

In his 1975 article, The Non-Linear Systems Experiment inParticipative Management,Erwin Malone examines the

experiment and why it failed.Some of the changes that were implemented at the factory

were: All employees were paid $100 a week regardless of age

or seniority. (changed after older workers complained.)

No deductions were made for late arrival or leavingearly.

Breaks were taken at the employees discretion. No records were kept of time. Time clocks were eliminated.


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More Criticism Of Eupsychian Management

Because higher employee satisfaction was observed the closerthe worker was to the finished product the production lines

were dismantled.

Each work cell was manned by 3-12 people. The groupassembled, inspected, calibrated and packed each unit.

Employee training began at the factory where the worker was

made aware of internal policies and received on the job training.

After initial training any employee could receive any type oftraining inside or outside the plant at company expense.


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What is our Human Potential?

Have weevolvedenough?

Is this as faras we can go?

Are we tappedout ?


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Antonio Gramsci: The Concept of the

Organic Intellectual1891-1937 (died in prison)

Workers are educated by themselves andeach otheras producersas opposed to wageearners (wage slaves).

Skilled, unskilled, administrative, engineers,technical directors will cooperate with eachother to understand themselves as a part ofthe entire production process in order tobecome conscious of their power in the

workplace and in society as a whole.

All people have the potential to be organicintellectuals if they participate in building anew society as class conscious workerswhitecollar or blue collar. If you work for pay, you

are a worker.

Italian Communist imprisoned by the fascists


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Where are we now?

We are now in 2010, 112 years afterthe United Mine Workers won theright to an 8 hour work day. Allemployers did not agree with this andthe struggle for it continued in theform of a nationwide general strikeon May 1, 1886. A few days later at arally in Haymarket Square in Chicago

a bomb was thrown. Four men,Albert Parsons, Albert Spies, AdolphFischer & George Engle were hangedfor the crime. (They wereposthumously pardoned.) The 8 hourday did not become standard until

1935.

Putting Theory into Practice


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Where are we now?

According to Public RadioInternational the real

unemployment rate is 16.5%

What would it be if we worked a4 hour day?

What would it be like if weworked with each other makingwhat we need?


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Who decides?THEM?


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Or Us?Self actualize! Self actualize! Self actualize! Self actualize!


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References

Kinnes, T. (2009-2010). Rollo May and existentialism. The gold scales. Retrieved fromhttp://oaks.nvg.org/rollo-may.html

Smith, M. K. (1997, 2004). Carl Rogers and informal education. The encyclopedia of informal education.Retrieved fromwww.infed.org/thinkers/et-rogers.htm

association for humanistic psychology overview, (nd.) Retrieved fromhttp://www.ahpweb.org/index.html

Boeree, C. (2006). Personality theories, abraham maslow Retrieved 10/25/10

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html

Rothman, M. (2002). Psyography: Carl Rogers Retrieved 10/25/10

http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/carlrogers.html

Pyramid Image from Bunny got blog. Retrieved http://bunnygotblog.com/taking-care-of-

business/maslows-hierarchy-of-human-needs
http://oaks.nvg.org/rollo-may.htmlhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rogers.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rogers.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rogers.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rogers.htmhttp://oaks.nvg.org/rollo-may.htmlhttp://oaks.nvg.org/rollo-may.htmlhttp://oaks.nvg.org/rollo-may.html


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References

Kirst-Ashman, K. & Zastrow, C. (2010). Understanding Human Behavior andthe Social Environment. Belmont CA: Brooks-Cole,.

Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper &Rowe

Maslow, A. (1966). Self actualization. audio Retrieved fromhttp://www.abrahammaslow.com/audio.html

Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston, MA: Houghton MifflinBoston.

Boeree, C. (2006). Personality theories, rollo may. retrievedhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/may.html


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References

White, I. (n.d.) The existential theories of rollo may retrieved fromhttp://facultyfp.salisbury.edu/iewhite/Rollo%20May.htm

Seams like old times. dir. Jay Sandrich. With Chevy Chase & Goldie Hawn.Columbia Pictures, 1980

Cannon, S. ed. (n.d.) These assumptions underlie eupsychian managementphilosphy, retrieved fromhttp://www.maslow.org/sub/assumptions.htm

Maslow, A. (1965). Eupsychian management, Richard Irwin Inc. & The DorseyPress. Homewood, IL.

Malone, E. (1975). The Non-linear systems experiment in participativemanagement, The Journal of Business 48, 52-64
http://facultyfp.salisbury.edu/iewhite/Rollo%20May.htmhttp://facultyfp.salisbury.edu/iewhite/Rollo%20May.htm


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References

Mayo, p. (2008). Antonio gramsci and his relevance for the education of adults,Educational Philosophy and Theory, 40, (3) Retrieved from

http://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-

rate2118.html

The Illinois Labor History Society, (n.d.) The haymarket martyrs, Retrieved fromhttp://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/haymkmon.htm

Mayday image retrieved from http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/

Norman, Irving, (1977). The meeting of the elders 3 Retrieved fromhttp://www.irvingnorman.com/master_image_htmls/1977_elders_3.htm

US Federation of Worker Cooperatives Retrieved from http://www.usworker.coop/about

Conference Poster for Fire the Boss, The worker control solution from buenos aires to chicagoRetrieved from http://www.naomiklein.org/meet-naomi/tour-dates/2009-05-15-fire-bosses
http://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/haymkmon.htmhttp://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://www.irvingnorman.com/master_image_htmls/1977_elders_3.htmhttp://www.usworker.coop/abouthttp://www.usworker.coop/abouthttp://www.irvingnorman.com/master_image_htmls/1977_elders_3.htmhttp://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://kasamaproject.org/interviews/the-origins-of-may-first/http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/haymkmon.htmhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.htmlhttp://www.pri.org/business/economic-security/the-real-unemployment-rate2118.html

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Humanistic Theory Final Pp