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Chapter 4
The Floweringof Religion
Faith and the Power of Belief in the Early First Millenium
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Sects of Judaism
in the 1st Century CE
The Pharisees were a scribal group associated with the masses. They
considered the Jerusalem Temple to be polluted and its priests,
particularly the Sadducees, to be corrupt
The Sadducees were priests and high priests associated with the
aristocracy
The Essenes were the most conservative. They banned women from
their community and moved outside of Jerusalem to Qumran so thatthey might live a life of celibacy and purity. The Essenes probably were
the group that produced the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest
extant version of the Hebrew Scriptures
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Model of the SecondTemple of Jerusalemca. 20 BCE
The Second Temple was enlarged by the Roman client king, Herod the Great (r. 47-4 BCE).
Today only the Western Wall survives; for centuries it has been known as the Wailing Wall.
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Rome and the Jews
In 63 BCEthe Romans, led by Pompey, conquered Judea (modern
Israel)
Rome became less and less tolerant of the Jewish faith. In 66 CE,
the Jews revolted. In 68 CE, the Romans destroyed Qumran. In 70
CE, they sacked the temple in Jerusalem
In 135 CE, after yet another Jewish revolt, the Emperor Hadrian
rebuilt Jerusalem as a Roman city, which Jews were forbidden to
enter
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The Rise of Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth was born about 4 BCE
After his followers identified him as the Messiah, or Saviorhe did
not make the claim for himselfboth conservative Jewish leaders and
Roman rulers were threatened
An enemy of the state, Jesus was crucified in about 30 CE outside the
city walls on a hillside known as Golgotha, now the site of the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre
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Cutaway Drawing of the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
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Early Christian Art
Very little early Christian art survives, and most of what we do have
dates from the third and fourth centuries from paintings decorating
catacombs and a few sculptures
In almost all these works it is not so much the literal meaning of the
image that matters, but rather its symbolic significance
A very common image is that of Christ as the Good Shepherd, which
derives from Jesus promise, I am the good shepherd. A good
shepherd lays down his life for the sheep (John 10.11)
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The Good ShepherdMarble, 3', ca. 300 CE
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Christian Symbolism
Over the course of the first 200 years of Christianity, before freedom
of worship was legalized, Christians developed many symbols that
served to identify them to each other and to mark the articles of
their faith
The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and omega,
symbolize Christs presence from the beginning to the end of time
Alpha and omega often flank the initials I and X, the first letters ofJesus and Christ in Greek
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Alpha and Omega and Chi Rho
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Christian Rome
By the end of the third century, the Roman Empire included about 5
million Christians, nearly a tenth of the population
In 312 Constantine I (r. 306-337) won a decisive battle after claiming to
have seen a vision and then having his troops decorate their shields
with crosses
In 313 he issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious freedom toall, ending religious persecution in the Roman Empire
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Saint Peter's Basilica
Begun under Constantine in 320 on
the site of Peters crucifixion and
tomb in Rome
Consisted of a narthex, or entrance
hall, and a nave with two aisles oneach side
A traverse aisle, or transept, crossed
between the nave and the apse
The nave was two stories high, the
aisles one story, allowing for a
clerestory, a zone with windows that
lit the length of the churchReconstruction drawing and plan of Old
St. Peters, Rome
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The Church of Santa Costanza
The Church of Santa Costanza initially was conceived as a mausoleum
for the daughter of Constantine, Constantia, a devout Christian who
died in 354
The central plan church is a circular structure topped by a dome
A double ring of paired columns separates the circular central space
from the barrel-vaulted ambulatory, the walkway or passage around
the outside
Later Christian churches would adopt this ambulatory to encircle the
apse
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The Church of Santa CostanzaRome, ca 350 CE
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A Syncretic Religion
As the early Christian churches developed from existing Roman plans,
the religion itself incorporated many Greek and Roman traditionsa
practice known as syncretism
From the cult of Bacchus (Roman Dionysus) came the idea of sacrifice(a bull) with the promise of reborn for eternity for whoever received
the bulls blood. This ritual occurred near the beginning of the
Christian Easter season
From the cult of Mithras came baptism, periods of fasting, a communalmeal of bread and wine, and sacrifice for the good of humanity. The
birthday of Mithras was celebrated each year on December 25
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Mithraic Reliefearly 3rdcentury
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The Spread of Christianity by 600 CE
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The Byzantine Empire
In 325, Constantine, the first Christian ruler of the Roman Empire,
decided to remake Byzantium, a relatively unimportant harbor city
on the shores of the Bosporus Sea, as his new imperial capital
Strategic locationstraits linking the Black Sea with the Aegean, lesslikely to be invaded by the Germanic tribes that were threatening
Rome
He renamed the city to Constantinople, the polis of Constantine
Following Romes collapse in 476, Constantinople would serve as the
center of Christian culture throughout the early Middle Ages
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"Building Constantinople
From Trials and Triumphs in Rome: Christianity in the 3rd and
4th Centuries (length: 2:33). Item #9360 1999 on FMG
Video will play automatically.
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Hagia Sophia
First Hagia Sophia, erected by Constantines son, Constantius II, had
burned
Justinian (r. 527-65) hired as architects two mathematicians, Isidorus of
Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles
Their completely original design consisted of a giant dome (184 high and
112 in diameter) on a square base, the thrust of the dome carried on four
giant arches. Between the arches are triangular curving vault sections,
called pendentives
At the base of the dome, 40 windows create a circle of light that makes the
dome appear to float above the naos, underscoring its symbolic function
as the dome of heaven
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Hagia Sophia532-537
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Interior of Hagia Sophia
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Ravenna and the Western Empire
The most extensive examples of Byzantine art survive in Ravenna, a
relatively small city in northern Italy that in 402 had been made capital
of the Western Empire
Due to its position on the Adriatic, it became a thriving trade center
As many as 60 churches may have been built in the city from 400 to
750
San Vitale features a unique octagonal central plan building and
interior mosaics, two of the most famous featuring Justinian and his
empress Theodora
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Emperor Justinian with Maximian, Clergy, Courtiers, and SoldiersSan Vitale, Ravenna, 547
Haloed Justinian carries a paten, the plate on which the bread is placed in
celebration of the Eucharist.
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Empress Theodora with Courtiers and Ladies of Her CourtSan Vitale, Ravenna, ca. 547
The Empress holds a chalice of wine for the Eucharist. On the bottom of
her robe are the Three Magi, who like her come bearing gifts to the Virgin
and Child.
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The Rise of Islam
In Mecca, in about 570, the prophet Muhammad was born to a
prominent family that traced its ancestry back to Ishmael, son of
Abraham
Muhammad received a message in 610 CEfrom the Archangel Gabrielcommanding him, Recite!
Over the next 22 years Muhammad received more messages through
Gabriel from Allah (the Arab word for God)
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The Muslim Worldca. 700CE
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Islams Five Pillars
Shahadah: Repetition of the shahadah, or creedThere is no God butAllah; Mohammad is the messenger of Allah
Prayer: Five times daily (dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall)
facing Mecca
Alms: Giving at least one-fortieth of ones assets to the poor and needy
Fasting: Abstaining from food, drink, medicine, tobacco, and sexual
intercourse from sunrise to sundown during the lunar month of Ramadan
Hajj: At least once, in the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the
undertaking of a pilgrimage to Mecca
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The Quran
The Quran is a work of poetry that is believed to be the direct word
of Allah
Translations of the Quran are problematic because the beautiful,
melodic qualities of the Arabic language are lost in translation.Further, since the Quran is believed to be the direct word of God as
dictated to Muhammad, a translation of the Quran is no longer the
Quran
In Islamic culture, calligraphyartistic, stylized writingdevelopedinto the preeminent form of art. Because the language of divine
revelation was believed to have a sacred nature, the writing, too, was
thought to have a divinely inspired power
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Page from the QuranInk and gold on parchment, 7"10"
Syria, ninth or tenth century
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The Mosque
The mosque plan was based on Muhammads house in Medina, which
was surrounded by a large, open courtyard, which served as a
community gathering place, on the model of the Roman forum
Hypostyle (from the Greek hupostulos, resting on pillars)a many-
columned covered area is a required feature of all Muslim mosques
Other required features were the qibla, a wall that indicated the
direction of Mecca, the minbar, the stepped pulpit for the preacher,
and the mihrab, a niche commemorating the spot at Medina where
Muhammad planted his lance to indicate the direction in which peopleshould pray
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The KaabaCenter of the Haram Mosque, Mecca
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The Spread of Islam
Following the death of Muhammad in 632, Islam spread with a
rapidity that is almost unimaginable
It appealed both as a religion and as a form of social organization
The mosque was the umbilical cord that linked the faithful to their
cultural center and spiritual home; it served as the community
meetinghouse, courthouse, council chamber, military complex,
administrative center, and eventually grew to have teaching colleges,
or madrasas
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Islam in Africa and Spain
After gaining control of virtually all of the Middle East, the Arabic
Muslim armies moved into North Africa in 639
Part of the reason for their success in Africa was Muhammads
authorization of slavery, a just spoil of war. Because the faithful wereexempt from slavery, many Africans may have converted to Islam to
avoid becoming slaves
Starting in Alexandria, they took Carthage in 698 and crossed into Spain
at the Strait of Gibraltar in 711, then turned northward into France,where in 732 they were defeated by Charles Martel (Charles the
Hammer) and pushed back south of the Pyrenees
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Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktuca. 1312
This mosque was built by Mansa Moussa, the fabulously wealthy king of Timbuktu who
embarked on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1334, distributing so much gold along the way to the
poor that in Egypt the value of gold fell dramatically and did not recover for a number of years.
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Great Mosque of CrdobaBegun 785
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Buddhism: The Path of Truth
Buddhism originated in India
Its founder, Shakyamuni Buddha (563 to 486 BCE), was born Prince
Siddhartha Gautama and raised to be a ruler
Troubled by the suffering of humankind, he abandoned the luxurious
lifestyle to live six years in the wilderness
Buddhism, which aims to end suffering, became the official state
religion of India as a reaction to warfare
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Buddhisms Four Noble Truths
1. Life is suffering
2. This suffering has a cause, which is ignorance
3. Ignorance can be overcome and eliminated
4. The way to overcome this ignorance is by following the Eightfold
Path of right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration
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Buddhist Architecture:
The Great Stupa
A stupa is a kind of burial mound
The earliest were built around 483 BCEas reliquaries for Buddhas
remains, which were themselves divided into eight parts
It is a deeply symbolic form, consisting first and foremost of a
hemispheric dome (the Dome of Heaven). Atop the dome is a small
square platform supporting three circular discs or umbrellas (the
tree under which Buddha achieved enlightenment and the three levels
of Buddhist consciousness)
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The Great StupaSanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India
3rdcentury BCEto 150-50 BCE