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Lecture Presentation

Anne Gasc

Hawaii Pacific University and

University of Hawaii–Honolulu Community College

BIOLOGY OF HUMANSConcepts, Applications, and Issues

Fifth Edition

Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire

1Humans in the

World of Biology

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Humans in the World of Biology

OUTLINE:

Basic Characteristics of All Living Things

Evolution: A Unifying Theme in Biology

Levels of Biological Organization

Scientific Method

Critical Thinking to Evaluate Scientific Claims

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Basic Characteristics of All Living Things

All living things contain the molecules of life and

include four macromolecules

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life.

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Basic Characteristics of All Living Things

All living things:

Are composed of cells

Cells are the smallest units of life

All cells arise from preexisting cells

Grow and are capable of reproduction

Use energy and raw materials to carry out metabolism

Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions that

occur within the cells of living things

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life .

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life.

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life.

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Basic Characteristics of All Living Things

All living things:

Respond to their environment

Maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis is the relatively constant and self-

correcting internal environment of a living organism

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life.

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life.

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Basic Characteristics of All Living Things

Organisms, or individuals have adaptive traits

that allow them to survive and reproduce

Populations will ultimately evolve

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life.

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Figure 1.1 Characteristics of life (1-7).

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Basic Characteristics of All Living Things

Web Activity: Signs of Life

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Evolution: A Unifying Theme In Biology

Scientists assume that shared characteristics

among organisms indicate a common ancestry

Humans share many characteristics with other

animals and show greatest similarity to other

vertebrates, especially mammals

Scientists use Domains and Kingdoms to

organize evolutionary relationships

Several classification systems have been

proposed, the latest includes three domains

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Figure 1.2 One classification scheme showing three domains and

four kingdoms of life.

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Evolution: A Unifying Theme In Biology

Humans are unique

Have a relatively large brain

Stand upright on two legs

Possess culture, which is a set of social influences

that produce an integrated pattern of knowledge,

belief, and behavior

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Levels of Biological Organization

Cells, the smallest unit of life, are composed of

molecules

Cells with the same function are grouped into tissues

Two or more tissues working toward the same

function are organs

At least two organs working together to perform a

function form an organ system

An individual is a single organism made of organ

systems

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Levels of Biological Organization

Many individuals of the same species living

together in a common geographical area are

called a population

When several populations interact, they form a

community

A community and its physical environment are

called an ecosystem

All organisms exist within the much larger

biosphere, the part of Earth where life is found

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Figure 1.3 Levels of organization of life.

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Scientific Method

Science

A systematic approach to answering questions

Scientific method

A logical approach to gathering information and

reaching conclusions includes the following steps

of the scientific method

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Scientific Method—Step-by-Step

1. Make careful observations and ask questions about those observations

2. Formulate a testable hypothesis that provides an explanation about the observations and answers to the questions

3. Provide a prediction and then an experiment with two groups (control and experimental) to determine whether the hypothesis is correct

Both groups should be treated identically except for one variable, the factor whose effect the experiment is designed to reveal

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Scientific Method—Step-by-Step

4. Reach a conclusion based on the results of the

experiment

5. Develop more questions and additional

experiments to further refine the conclusions

6. Over time, after many experiments have

repeatedly confirmed related hypotheses, a theory

may be formed that offers a broad-ranging

explanation for some aspect of the physical

universe

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Figure 1.4 The scientific process.

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Figure 1.5 The design of an experiment.

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Figure 1.7 Use of graphs during the scientific method.

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Scientific Method

Web Activity: The Scientific Method

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Scientific Method

Inductive reasoning

Involves the accumulation of facts through

observation until finally there are enough facts to

draw a conclusion or develop a testable

hypothesis

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Scientific Method

Deductive reasoning

Involves making a general statement, often in the

format of an “if-then” statement, then drawing

more specific conclusions from it

A series of observations leads to a general

statement that often sets the stage for further

experimentation

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Scientific Method

Experiments that deal with medicines or other

materials used by humans are first tested on

laboratory animals, typically rodents

If these tests go well, then the first clinical trials

begin using humans, all of whom must provide

informed consent to participate in the studies

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Scientific Method

Clinical trials

Consist of several experimental groups that receive

different dosages of the drug and a control group that

receives a placebo (a substance made to look like the

drug being tested)

A double-blind study

Occurs when neither researchers nor participants

know which group is receiving the treatment

Epidemiological studies

Look for patterns that occur in large populations

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TABLE 1.1 Tests Performed on a New Drug before It Is

Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

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Critical Thinking to Evaluate Scientific Claims

Critical-thinking skills are used to analyze information

and make informed decisions

It is everyone’s responsibility to ask questions,

evaluate the data, and make informed decisions

Scientists publish their work in peer-review journals

Not all information found on the WEB is relevant,

accurate, or even true

Everyone should remain skeptical and determine the

source of information

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You Should Now Be Able To:

Describe the basic characteristics of all living

things

Understand classification by evolutionary

relationship

Know the levels of biological organization

Appreciate the scientific method

Use critical thinking to evaluate scientific claims